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Benefici ambientali della mobilita elettrica nell’area ... · Regenerative braking drive mode...
Transcript of Benefici ambientali della mobilita elettrica nell’area ... · Regenerative braking drive mode...
Maria Lelli, Carlo Liberto, Gaetano Valenti
EXPERT PANEL FOR POLLUTING EMISSIONS REDUCTION – EXPAPER Roma, 19 gennaio 2017
Benefici ambientali della mobilita ̀ elettrica nell’area di Roma
ENEA Research on Transport Systems
Innovative vehicle technology
New mobility concepts and tools
STMA - Laboratory of Systems and Technologies for Sustainable Mobility and Electric Energy StorAge
Research staff: 25 permanent members
Innovative Vehicle Technology
Laboratory Equipment and Instrument:
•Vehicle Rolling test bench
•Engine test bench equipment
•Battery/Super-Capacitors Testing Hall – Equipment
Research and Experimental Activities:
•Battery/Super-Capacitors Hybrid Energy Storage System
•Contactless Charging Solutions
•Electric Vehicle Fast Charging Technology
•Fuel Cells and Methane/Hydrogen mixtures fueled engines
•Simulation Tools for Vehicle Evaluation and Testing
•Remote diagnostic/monitoring of vehicles and goods
New mobility concepts and tools
Demonstrating better urban transport solutions: •Mobility management •Alternative mobility services •Demand Responsive Transport System •City logistics • Intelligent Transport System application
Developing and applying analytical models and tools to support: •Estimation of National Transport policy and funding •Multimodal freight transport planning and management (SILOG, SIFEG) •Traffic management including emergency situations (STREET, ROMA
Project) •Mobility management actions (HOWMOVE) •Urban transport monitoring and planning (PRIMO) •Energy consumption and emissions analysis (ECOTRIP) •Green driving (STYLE) •Urban freight delivery operations (CITYLOG) •Pedestrian safety in high-frequented places (SIMP) •Shift towards e-mobility for Public Transport, private cars and fleets
Overview of the study
Objective: gaining a better understanding of the changes in energy demand, as well as in CO2 and selected air pollutant emissions from the expected development of electric mobility in urban area.
Scope: conducting a complete well-to-wheel life cycle assessment for different prospective scenarios taking into consideration the diffusion of electric passenger cars and PT buses in the metropolitan area of Rome.
Approach: combining and analyzing data and information from multiple sources:
1. Extended floating car data system; 2. Stationary traffic detectors; 3. ATAC’s Open Data Portal; 4. Statistics and trends for the vehicles registered in Rome; 5. Figures on energy production and imports; 6. Scientific publications and reports on emission factors and
energy efficiency.
• refers to technology that collects trajectory information from a set of individual vehicles which float in the traffic flow; • is an affordable and reliable way to identify traffic states and to understand mobility and
spatio-temporal traffic patterns;
Extended Floating Car data-OctoTelematics
More than 2.5 million of vehicles equipped with On Board Units (OBU) in Italy (4.0 million in the world);
offer integrated and seamless telematics solutions for insurance companies, car rental and fleet management, motor manufacturers and governmental authorities
OBUs collect different measurements and the vehicle position every 2 kilometers or 30 seconds transmit the data to a remote control center every 40 records
Rome FCD collections
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Raw floating car data processing
trip/trajectories reconstruction
Paths identification on digitalized road map
Raw data cleaning and validation Storing into PosygreSQL/Postgis
Map-Matching algorithm steps
Digitalized road network
GPS trajectories set
Path computation between candidate links
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Candidate links identification
Path selection
Octo floating cars penetration rate estimation
Floating Cars flows Traffic flow measures
Average penetration rate of 6,43%
95% confidence interval 6,31% to 6,54%
Loop Inductive Traffic detectors
Rome Public Transport Open Data
This dataset provides PT schedules and geographic data in the The General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) format
Rome bus network figures Number of bus stops: 8.179 Length of network: about 5000 km Number of lines/routes: 324 Number of weekday trips: 34.417 Weekday km travelled: 383.000 km
ECOTRIP© OUTLINE
A software tool designed to provide geo-referenced
estimates of fuel consumption and atmospheric
pollutant emissions from large numbers of travel
traces collected by fleets of vehicles over long time
periods.
Its estimation procedures consider the speed-
dependent hot emission factors described in the
EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook (2013
update Sept. 2014);
The Artemis deliverable 3 (Dec. 2013) is considered
to estimate the cold start emissions for passenger
cars.
ECOTRIP© was implemented in Java in a complete
Open Source environment, including the database
PostreSQL and its spatial extension “PostGIS”, to
facilitate advanced geo-spatial queries and map
model results
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Car Specs 100% Electric Drivetrain Regenerative braking drive mode Lithium-Ion Battery: 24 kWh Overall length: 4.455 mm
Kerb weight: 1.500 kg Max. speed: 140 km/h Max. engine power: 80 kW
Experimental Campaign • More than 3000 kilometers traveled in urban and interurban roads • Test bench using standard driving cycles
Experimental Investigation of energy consumption in Nissan Leaf
Consumption factors for electric cars
• 4 urban buses categories: MINI, MIDI, STANDARD, ARTICULATED
• 3 load factors: 0%, 50%, 100% • 5 slope gradients: -4%, -2%, 0%, 2%, 4%
• On 23 real driving cycles (Ravenna, Torino, Bologna): Mean speed: from 10 to 17,5 km/h Trip length: from 3 to 39 km
EC (kWh/km) = aVb
Consumption factors for electric buses
Simulations: Università degli Studi dell’Aquila - DIII3 – Ing. Villante
Processing To Tank Consumption
Electric Energy Cycle: • Literature data • Official statistics:
• ISPRA • TERNA
• Our measures on charge station and battery charge operations
Fuel Cycle: • JRC: WTT Report • Phases: transformation near market Conditioning & distribution
WTT = WTP + PTT PROCESSING + DISTRIBUTION + REFUELLING
Processing To Tank Emissions
EMEP-EEA INVENTORY GUIDEBOOK: ENERGY AND REFINERY emissions in relation to energy used, not produced (Electricity, fuels)
ELECTRIC ENERGY:
• Emission Factors estimation from ISPRA annual E.E. production, included FER, and ISPRA annual emissions
• CO2 emission factor: ISPRA estimation for E.E. production
FUELS: Emission Factors estimation from • ISPRA annual sector emissions (evaporative and gas flaring emissions included) • MiSE National Energy Balance: Oil refineries (Petroleum Refineries) products
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SCENARIOS
PASSENGER CARS: - CURRENT FLEET: ACI - 2.7 millions - 5% annual renewal for 10 years: 50% new cars - SC.1: new cars 3% hybrid, 7% by gas fuels, Euro 6 by
conventional fuel - SC. 2: new cars 20% BEV (10% of the total fleet), 3%
hybrid, 7% by gas fuels, Euro 6 by conventional fuel
PUBLIC TRANSPORT BUSES: - Current fleet: ATAC - 2.440 BUSES (400 CNG buses) - SC.1: old diesel buses substituted by diesel EURO VI
buses and 10% electric buses - SC.2: old diesel buses substituted by diesel EURO VI
buses and 30% electric buses
SCENARIO INVARIANTS: Vehicles registrations and km ( 20109 vei-km and 132106 bus-km)
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RESULTS – ENERGY CONSUMPTION
SCENARIO 2
- PASSENGER CARS: •Annual final energy consumption for BEV (371,1 GWh) 2,5% of annual E.E. consumption of Rome Province •E.E. production needed daily for BEVs: 1,45 GWh in weekdays, 1,18 GWh on holydays • primary energy consumption reduction = 12%
- PUBLIC TANSPORT: -E.E. production needed daily for electric buses service: 120 MWh in weekdays - 71 MWh for holydays
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RESULTS – POLLUTANTS AND GHG EMISSIONS
PASSENGER CARS
PUBLIC TRANSPORT
PTW Emissions reduction
PTW Emissions reduction
• Sc.2: 29% CO2 eq. emission lower than Current Sc., 27% lower than Sc.1
• Sc.2: 15% CO2 eq. Emissions lower than Current Sc., 9% lower than Sc.1
• DIESEL EURO 6: waiting for RDE EU directive…
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Upgrades and conclusions
Critical aspects: - EURO VI/6 vehicles emissions underestimation - Electric vehicles (city car, buses) consumption measures
Future studies and developments:
- Hybrid Plug-In vehicles - More “structured” Scenarios - Infrastructure aspects (battery charge stations – EE needs for electrical buses
service..) - …
THANK YOU for
YOUR ATTENTION