BenchMark II Key Info

• Chapter 11: The French Revolution• Chapter 12: Age of Industry• Chapter 13: Cultural Revolution

The French Revolution• Know the Estate System :• 3 estates in France of 1780s: • 1st estate was the Roman Catholic Clergy (both higher and

lower) made up 1% of population• 2nd estate: the Nobles, 2% of population• 3rd Estate: Everyone else! 97% of population, this group had

NO political power as they were always outvoted by other 2.

French Revolution Continued

• Know the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

• This document outlined basic beliefs of the Newly formed National assembly which replaced the Estates General.

• Was based primarily on Enlightenment Ideas.

French Revolution Continued• King Louis XVI was ultimately found guilty of treason

(due to letters found at Versailles where he asked foreign for help in keeping his throne…)

• He was put on trial and sentenced to Death by guillotine…

French Rev and Napoleon

• Napoleon takes power from National Assembly in 1799 and declares himself “First Consul” and in 1804 named himself “Emperor”.

• He puts in place a New Law code called the Napoleonic Codes….

• These were based on Enlightenment principles such as equality of all citizens (except Napoleon of course)

French Rev and Napoleon

• Key military Battles (when the French Military forces under Napoleon attempts to conquer all of Europe)

• Battle of Austerlitz: 1805 in Austrian Empire. (Battle of 3 Emperors) Major victory for Napoleon & French. He defeats a combined Russian-Austrian Army with clever tactics of surprise troop marches and key timed cavalry charges.

• Battle of Trafalgar 1805, off the coast of Spain. Was a major defeat of the French Navy by the English Navy under Lord Nelson. Because of this loss the French Navy could never be strong enough to mount an invasion of England. French Navy begins it’s decline.

• 1812 Invasion of Russia: French army of 450,000 men (largest ever assembled) crossed the river Neman and entered Russia on 24 June 1812. Ends as disastrous defeat with less than 10,000 in French Army able to return to Europe by 14 dec 1812. Russians had won using scorched earth tactics (burning down/destroying anything that could have been of value to French invaders)

• 1815: Waterloo: Napoleon’s final battle and his final defeat in the Netherlands by an English/Dutch army under Wellington and a Prussian army which came to help late in the battle.

French Rev and Napoleon

• As Napoleon conquered large portions of Europe including Italy, Spain, Austria, the Netherlands and Prussia many conquered peoples rose up in revolt due to a sense of nationalism. (pride in one’s own nation).

• This nationalism idea tended to encourage nationalist movements against French rule.

• Napoleon left Europe a legacy of a New law code, new military tactics (divide and conquer) and made Great Britain a leading military and commercial power.

Age of Industry

• Started in Great Britain in 1700s• Why? Britain possessed:

1.Capital (which is money to used by entrepreneurs to invest in industry)

2. Natural resources : Rivers for transport and power, coal and iron for running and building machinery

3. Large labor supply: plenty of people to work in new factory system.* Key term: Industrial capitalism: where profits made by a company

(which was started by an entrepreneur) are reinvested back into the company to help it to grow thus making even more profits!) (investing in new machinery, new buildings ect.)

Age of Industry

• Know the difference between the domestic system and the factory system.

• Domestic System: people working from home… happened before 1700s.. In industries like wool production and clothing production.

• Factory System: Gathering together workers, capital and machinery in one location (early on it was by rivers for water power for machines)

• Factory system was improved with scientific studies which led to an assembly line system which practiced a “division of labor” where workers where divided into completing small specific tasks down a “line” where at the end a finished product resulted. Fredrick Taylor was the industrialist who encouraged other entrepreneurs to use this system to increase profits.

• Eli Whitney: pioneered the idea of using “interchangeable parts” where machine made parts are exactly alike and can be switched out easily.

Age of Industry

• The Workers:• Early working conditions in factories of the 1800s were terrible. • 1800-1900s Groups of workers began to form Labor Unions in order to

collectively bargain for better wages, safer conditions and less hours of work . These unions worked in reducing work week to Mon-Sat.. They supported no more than 10 hours of work per day, safer working conditions (No more Triangle Shirtwaist Fires!) and no more child labor.

• Child Labor: Was often used by employers because poor families often needed their kids to help earn family income and were considered part of the family economy. Kids could be paid far less than adults, could reach into small spaces of machinery (often with great danger of injury) and could be beaten easier of they misbehaved or failed to get work done fast enough….

Cultural Revolution 1740-1914:

• After the Industrial Revolution New ideas emerge as society becomes divided into “haves” and “have nots”.

• Social Sciences emerge: using scientific methods to study human behavior. 2 key social sciences: Psychology and Sociology. (late 1800s Sigmund Freud biggest name in psychology; where unconscious mind governs human behavior)

• Adam Smith: Economist: supported idea of “laissez-faire” capitalism in which private citizens and corporations would control economic decisions.

• Karl Marx, 1840s: thought capitalism was very bad…and put forth idea that his ideas on communism would eventually replace capitalism across the world. In communism all property is shared and distributed evenly among the people of the society.

• Charles Darwin: 1830s. He set off on voyage of scientific collection and discovery in 1831 on HMS Beagle where he collected and studied plants and animals and then developed his Theory of Evolution based on natural selection. (Published On the Origin of Species)

• Vla review: Sigmund Freud:http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=ho4PzRp3Fwk • Age of Industry Child labor:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_tFFQyEu_Q