ASPIRE: The Amundsen Sea Polynya International Research Expedition
Benchmark historical clothing Lesson Plan 1...
Transcript of Benchmark historical clothing Lesson Plan 1...
Benchmark historical clothing 1
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Lesson Plan Attachment
George HavenithL hb h U i itLoughborough University
RoaldAmundsen1872‐1928
Robert FalconScott1868‐19121872 1928 1868 1912
‘Amundsen’ ‘Scott’Amundsen Scott
• Same distance2500 km
• Same equipmentSame equipment• Same food• Same clothing
Keo films 2006Keo films 2006
Scott Amundsen Modern Arctic
6
5
3
4
ion (Clo)
2
3
Insulat
0
1
0Scott full outfit
Amundsen Sealskin outer
Amundsen Reindeer outer
ModernArctic Suit
1.2
1.0
1.2
0.8
o/ kg
8 4 8 1 8.2 5.00.4
0.6Cl
8.4kg
8.1kg kg kg
0.2
0.0 Scott full outfit
Amundsen Sealskin outer
Amundsen Reindeer outer
Modern Arctic Suit
Benchmark historical clothing 2
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Lesson Plan Attachment
Addition of Down and Lightweight Fabrics
Energy intake by food was unable to matchactual energy use (19% weight loss of which 60% muscle)actual energy use (19% weight loss of which 60% muscle)Caused by extreme extreme workload of sledgeghauling
What was the contribution of clothing to this problem of energy use?to this problem of energy use?
Dorman, Havenith & Thermprotect Network 2005 2006
Energy need increased 3 – 22%
Thermprotect Network 2005, 2006
Energy need increased 3 – 22%Issues other than clothing weight contribute more than half of this effect
Weight distributionNumber of clothing layersNumber of clothing layersFrictionStiffnessB lkiBulkiness
(%) 25
Clothing
20
se due
to
15
Energy Us
10
crease in
E
5
Inc
0Scott
Sledge Pulling
Amundsen
Sledge Pulling
Amundsen
Dog Sledge
Modern Suit
Pulling/Dog SledgeSledge Pulling Sledge Pulling Dog Sledge Pulling/Dog Sledge
substantial knock‐on effects for energy useS tt l thi % th d l thiScott clothing 10% more than modern clothing
Reconstructed (2005)M d il bl f t ti b M t i H it T tMade available for testing by Mountain Heritage Trust
Benchmark historical clothing 3
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Lesson Plan Attachment
Royal Geographical Society
Royal Geographical Society
6
5
6
4
2
3
1
2
0Scott Amundsen Amundsen + Modern Mallory FullScott Amundsen
SealskinAmundsen +
ReindeerModern
Arctic SuitMallory Full
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0 2
0.4
5 kg 4 5kg8 2kg8 1kg8 4kg
0.0
0.2 5 kg 4.5kg8.2kg8.1kg8.4kg
Scott AmundsenSealskin Outer
Amundsen +Reindeer Outer
ModernArctic Suit
Mallory
InsulationVapour ResistanceWind effect on Insulation and Vapour Wind effect on Insulation and Vapour ResistanceSustained Heat Production
Insulation of still air layer
0 8
0.9
1
lo)
Insulation of still air layer
0 5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Insulation
(Cl
0.4
0.5
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Altitude above sea level (m)
Fukazawa et al. 2000
120%
80%
100%
60%
20%
40%
Wind Reduction
0%
static 2 kmph static 4 kmph static 8 kmph static 24 static 40 static 40
Wind Reduction + Altitude Increase
wind wind wind kmph wind kmph wind kmph wind (plastic)
Condition
90
100
80
90
60
70
40
50
20
30
0
10
S tt A d A d M d M llScott AmundsenSealskin Outer
Amundsen + Reindeer Outer
ModernArctic Suit
MalloryFull
Benchmark historical clothing 4
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Lesson Plan Attachment
( ) d l d ( )
1600120
VO2max (%) and Maximal Heat Production (Watt)
1000
1200
1400
80
100
evel Max power
Everest
600
800
1000
40
60
of Sea
L
S t i bl
Everest
200
400
20
40
% o Sustainable power
Oxygen
00
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
AltitudeAltitude
I i i l i i h l i d Increase in insulation with altitude: up to 14%4Decrease in Vapour Resistance (50%?)Reduced Heat Production by up to 75%Oxygen at 2 2 l/min will bring this back Oxygen at 2.2 l/min will bring this back up (partially).
Royal Geographical Society
HeatProduction300WattHeat Production 300 Watt
7
5
6
Breathing Oxygen
Modern(at altitude)
3
4Mallory(at altitude)
Breathing Oxygen
1
2
3
at 7 km/h wind
(at altitude)
0
1
‐45‐40‐35‐30‐25‐20‐15‐10‐50
at 40 km/h wind
Temperature (ºC)
A d Cl thi S i t S tt’Amundsen Clothing Superior to Scott’sScott’s Clothing sufficient insulation for man‐hauling l dsledgesMain improvement to modern clothing
i l i f i h insulation for weight reduced energy cost per kg of clothing
Mallory’s clothing lightweight designed for fast Mallory s clothing lightweight, designed for fast approach, energy efficient.Insufficient insulation for turn of weather: high winds Insufficient insulation for turn of weather: high winds and low temperatures
Thanks to:K FilKeo Films
Mallory Clothing Reconstruction TeamMountain Heritage TrustMountain Heritage Trust
Colleagues at Loughborough
Ph i l i l t h t d ldPhysiological responses to heat and coldHeat transfer in protective clothingBody mapping of sweat rates.....
6 0
5.0
6.0Whole body
Head
Torso
Hips
4.0
Arms
Legs
Hands
Feet
3.0
1 0
2.0
0.0
1.0
2 km/h 4km/h 8 km/h 24 km/h 40 km/h +plastic
Benchmark historical clothing 5
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Lesson Plan Attachment
Upper Body FootwearUpper BodySilk wool vest 140 gSilk shirt (beige) 342 gh l d ll
FootwearBlue socks 108 gMixed Shetland socks 82 g
l kShetland pullover 314 gSilk shirt (green) 248 gFlannel (wool) shirt 595 g
Argyle socks 82 gPuttees 106 gSub Total 356 g
Burberry jacket 824 gSub total 2675 g
Lower bodyTOTAL WEIGHT
excluding boots 4516 gyCotton long‐johns 275 gGreen Shetland long‐johns 320 gB Sh tl d l j h
g 45 g
Brown Shetland long‐johns 450 gBurberry breeches 440 gSub Total 1485 g
Source: Mallory Myths and MysteriesBy Mike Parsons and Mary Rose
Total 4160 g
Boot weight Crampon TotalBoot description per half pair weight weightBoot description per half pair weight weight
1975,Galibier Makalu double boot,neoprene over‐boot 1600 g 600 g 2400 g p g g 4 gLate 1970s Plastic shell boot with closedcell foam lining 1400 g 600 g 2000 g 2004 Scarpa 8000 with integral gaiter 1400 g 600 g 2000 g 1953 Everest boot 1200 g 600 g 1800 g George Mallory boot 1924 800 g No crampon 800 g
Source: Mallory Myths and MysteriesBy Mike Parsons and Mary Rose
Under garments
Outerwear
1 x Reindeerskin anorak with hood
1 x sealskin anorak with hood Under garments
1 x pair of Wolsey woollen long johns and thermal long sleeved vest
1 x Devold Basic long sleeved thermal top +
1 x seal skin trousers
1 x Burberry style windproof trousers
1 x Burberry style windproof jacket with hood
i f ( d b f ) Devold Basic long johns
1 x Aquaduct long sleeved thermal top + Aquaduct thermal long johns
I l
1 x pair of puttees (to wrap round bottom of trousers)
Head and neck gear
1 x woollen balaclava (designed and made especially)
1 x woollen hat from DevoldInner layer top
Cotton/wool shirt x 1 or 2 supplied by team members themselves
1 x Devold woollen Nordsjosweater with turtle
1 x woollen hat from Devold
1 x woollen scarf
Footwear
4 x pairs of Devold thick Nansen socks1 x Devold woollen Nordsjosweater with turtle neck
1 x Devold woollen Nansen sweater with crew neck
2 x pairs of Devold Active thinner socks
2 x pairs of Wolsey woollen half length sock
4 x pairs of Wolsey full length hose sock
Inner layer bottom
1 x Pair of corduroy trousers (tbc possibly not necessary)
(variety of sizes for each man for layering)
1 x Finnesko boot
Hands
1 x pair of large reindeer mits 1 x pair of large reindeer mits
2/3 x pairs of ordinary woollen gloves from Ulvang
1 x pair of large woollen mittens from Ulvang
Inner layer bottom
Under garments
Inner layer bottom
1 x corduroy trousers tbc
1 x woollen trousers tbc
OuterwearUnder garments 1 x pair of Wolsey woollen long johns and thermal long sleeved vest1 x Devold Basic long sleeved thermal top
1 x Burberry style windproof trousers
1 x Burberry style windproof jacket without collar
1 x pair of puttees (to wrap round bottom of trousers) 1 x Devold Basic long sleeved thermal top + Devold Basic long johns1 x Aquaduct long sleeved thermal top + Aquaduct thermal long johns
Head and neck gear
1 x woollen balaclava (designed and made especially)
1 x woollen hat from Devold
1 x woollen scarfAquaduct thermal long johns Inner layer top Cotton/wool shirt x 1 or 2 supplied by team members themselves
1 x woollen scarf
Footwear
4 x pairs of Devold thick Nansen socks
2 x pairs of Devold Active thinner socks team members themselves1 x Devold woollen Nordsjosweater with turtle neck 1 x Devold woollen Nansen sweater with
p
2 x pairs of Wolsey woollen half length sock
4 x pairs of Wolsey full length hose sock
(variety of sizes for each man for layering) 1 x Devold woollen Nansen sweater with crew neck 1 x woollen waistcoat j j k t/ lt ti thi
1 x Finnesko boot
Hands
1 x pair of large reindeer mits
i f l t lb fi l l ith itt 1 x pyjama jacket/alternative thinner jumper tbc
1 x pair of long to elbow fingerless gloves with mitten covering
2/3 x pairs of ordinary woollen gloves
1 x pair of large woollen mittens