BELLS!• The treaty that said the church had the Sole power to elect bishops:

– Concordat of Worms

• What City was attacked in the Fourth Crusade?– Constantinople

• What 3 Religions found importance in Jerusalem?– Christians, Jews, and Muslims

• What was the Goal of the Reconquista?– To retake Spain by pushing Muslims out

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• Who kicked off the first Crusades in order to gain power and the Holy City of Jerusalem?– Pope Urban II

• The Two Main Factions of Islam– Sunni and Shia (Shiite)

• Who was the Unpopular King who took the throne upon the death of his Brother King Richard?– King John

• What documents was signed in 1215 limiting the Kings power?– The Magna Carta (The Great Charter)

England Develops

England Develops• William duke of Normandy Became

known as William the Conqueror– Oct. 14, 1066 The Battle of Hastings,

the Normans and Saxons fought the battle that changed the course of English history.

– Harold was killed by an arrow in the eye, the Normans won a decisive victory. William laid the foundation for centralized government and becomes King of England. (William grants fiefs to 200 Norman Lords in exchange for a pledge of a loyalty.)

England Develops• King Henry, a descendent of William

the conqueror, rules from 1154 to 1189

• Henry marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. She was a wife to two kings and a mother to two kings.

• Henry strengthened the royal courts of justice by sending royal judges to every part of England at least once a year.• They collected taxes, settled lawsuits,

and punished crimes.

England Develops• King Henry also introduced the use

of the jury in English courts. A jury in medieval Europe was a group of loyal people—usually 12 neighbors of the accused—who answered a royal judges questions about the facts of a case. • Jury trials became a popular means of

settling disputes. Only the king’s court was allowed to conduct them.

• He increases royal power by TAKING power from the local lords and develops a system of common law.

England Develops• King Henry was succeeded first by his

son Richard the Lion-Hearted, hero of the Third Crusade.

• When Richard died, his younger brother John took the throne.

• John was an extremely poor king. The last straw was when he raised taxes. The nobles revolted.• John was forced to sign the

Magna Carta (Great Charter) in 1215 AD. It limited the power of the King and helped the lords gain back some power

England Develops

• King Edward I needed to raise taxes for a war against the French in 1295.

• King Edward I summoned two burgesses (citizens of wealth and property) from every borough and two knights from every county to serve as a Model Parliament, or legislative group.

England Develops

• Two groups gradually formed in Parliament:– House of Commons (Knights & Burgesses)

– House of Lords (Nobles & Bishops)

• At first Parliament was meant to be a tool to weaken the great lords. As time went by, however, Parliament became strong.

• Like the Magna Carta, it provided a check on and limited royal power.

England Develops

French Monarchs• Phillips II – 1180-1223 – Regained French lands

controlled by England. He strengthened the monarchy after a series of weak leaders

• Louix IX – 1226 – 1270 – The greatest of the French kings. He ended feuding and wars among nobles. He reformed the tax system and the courts and pushed for written law and trial by jury. He was made a saint after his death.

• Philip IV – 1285 – 1314 – He increased the size of France and increased royal revenues. He called for the first parliament.

Church Reform• The state imposed the practice

of Lay Investiture, the installation of a person in a church by someone other than church officials. Banned by Pope Gregory the VII in 1075 AD

• By the 11th century church officials realized that they needed more control over appointments to the church.

Henry IV vs. Pope Gregory VII

• Henry sent a letter to the Pope which declared that the Pope was a fake and had no real authority. His letter ended, “I, Henry, king by the grace of God, with all of my Bishops, say to you, come down, come down, and be damned throughout the ages”

• Obviously, the Pope was not pleased by this. Pope Gregory VII excommunicated Henry IV and supported the overthrow of his power.

•Henry IV, was faced with the prospect of losing his kingdom to lords who were rebelling against him and supporting the overthrow of his power.•Henry decided to go apologize to the Pope and be reinstated with the Church. Henry traveled to through the Papal States (the territories surrounding Rome which were controlled by the Pope and the Church) to Canossa in northern Italy to meet the pope and apologize in person. He wore a cilice (hair shirt) and stood outside barefoot in the snow. As a priest, the Pope had to accept Henry’s penance and lift his excommunication.

The Concordat of Worms• Henry overthrew the Pope and then, Gregory died in

exile. After they were both dead the conflict continued for several generations.

• Finally in 1122 at Worms the “Concordat of Worms” passed. In this agreement the Church won the sole power to elect bishops and to appoint church officials and the emperor got to give the new bishop the symbols of government authority while the church instilled the ring and staff which were symbols of spiritual authority. The ring represented marriage to the church and the staff was symbolic of the duty to be a good shepherd to the people.

Beginnings of the Crusades – At the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II

declared a holy war in the East and the Truce of God in the West.

– Turks had attacked the Byzantines in the 11th century. The pope urged Christians to take up arms against them and other Muslims, and to recapture Jerusalem and the Holy Land.

– This would assert his leadership in the West, and to get the Christians in western Europe to stop fighting each other.

– In this speech, he referred to the Muslims as “wicked” and promised forgiveness of sins and heaven to anyone who fought against them.

Implications of the Crusades – The word “Crusade” makes

people think of a war between Christians and Muslims. The fact that the terrorists of September 11, 2001, were Muslim implied that Bush’s statement had a similar meaning. Some people interpreted his statement as indicating that the conflict between the United States and the Terrorists were based on religious grounds, and would lead to a holy war.

The Crusades (a little review)• The first Crusade was the most

successful because Christians were able to capture the city of Jerusalem, which was their mission.

• In 1099, crusaders conquered Jerusalem and forced Jews and Muslims to convert to Christianity, leave the city, or die.

• Led by Saladin, sultan of Egypt, the Muslims conquered Jerusalem and most of the Holy Land in 1187.

• Fighting continued in the Holy Land between crusaders and Muslims, who were fighting in the name of Allah. ALL the Crusades shared the same purpose: To Take back holy territory from the Muslims.

The Crusades Continue…• In the Fourth Crusade, crusaders got sidetracked and greedy on their way to

the Holy Land and ended up conquering and plundering Constantinople, the Christian city they had originally come to protect! (Schism Timeline)

• For the next 68 years, four more crusades were fought, but the Holy Land remained under Muslim control.

• Crusaders had ruined much of the land through which they traveled, including many farms.

• Many knights that returned home had lost their horses and money.

• Many crusaders never made it home, leaving western Europe with many widows and fatherless children.

Three Faiths View of Jerusalem

• Why was Jerusalem so Dog Gone important!?

–To the Christians it was the Holy Land where Jesus lived, lead others, and was Crucified.

–To the Muslims it is where Muhammad rose to heaven.

–To the Jews it was the site of Abrahams attempted sacrifice of his son and God saved him.

How the Crusades effected society

• Trade increased and port cities became rich selling to the Crusaders

• Sacking Constantinople weakened the Byzantine Empire.

• Monarchs and Popes become more powerful

How the Crusades effected society

• The Crusades resulted in attacks on Jews

• Crusaders brought back ancient Greek and Roman knowledge to Europe.

• Technology advances and ships and maps are made better.

How the Crusades effected society

• Trade increased and port cities became rich selling to the Crusaders

• Sacking Constantinople weakened the Byzantine Empire.

• Monarchs and Popes become more powerful

RECAP!!

• CRASH COURSE!

The Reconquista

• Christians and Muslims fought for control of Spain for centuries!

• The goal was to retake Spain by pushing out the Muslims.

• Though under the Muslims rule of Spain, Art and scholarship flourished. Cordoba had many libraries.

Reconquista• Ferdinand and Isabella become rulers of

Spain in 1492

• They Expel the Jews from Spain in the name of Religious unity! Even the Muslims were more tolerant.

• Spanish Inquisition (Book)

• Muslims had built mosques all throughout Spain, many remaining today as museums

Reconquista• Water is featured through much

of the architecture, due to the Preciousness of it to the Moors/Muslims.

• Soldiers who fought for Spain were known as Conquistadores. (Keep that in mind…They show up again in the Future)

Done.