BellringerBellringer

Read the Quranic verses about Read the Quranic verses about commerce commerce ::

• What trends do you notice in the What trends do you notice in the Quranic verses?Quranic verses?

• Cite two examples from the text to Cite two examples from the text to support your conclusion.support your conclusion.

Islam spreadsIslam spreadstoto::

•South AsiaSouth Asia

•Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia

•AfricaAfrica

……the power of tradethe power of trade

Islam & TradeIslam & Trade– ““O you who believe, devour not excessive interest, doubling O you who believe, devour not excessive interest, doubling

the sum lent. Fear Allah, that you may really prosper.” the sum lent. Fear Allah, that you may really prosper.” (Quran)(Quran)

– ““Give just measure & cause no loss to others by fraud. Give just measure & cause no loss to others by fraud. Weigh with scales true & upright. Withhold not things justly Weigh with scales true & upright. Withhold not things justly due to men.” due to men.” (Quran)(Quran)

– ““Truthfulness leads to righteousness, & righteousness leads Truthfulness leads to righteousness, & righteousness leads to Paradise. Falsehood leads to wickedness, & wickedness to Paradise. Falsehood leads to wickedness, & wickedness leads to Hell.” leads to Hell.” (Hadith)(Hadith)

– ““Gold is to be paid for by gold, silver by silver, wheat by Gold is to be paid for by gold, silver by silver, wheat by wheat - equal for equal, payment being made on the spot. If wheat - equal for equal, payment being made on the spot. If the species differ, sell as you wish provided that payment is the species differ, sell as you wish provided that payment is made on the spot.” made on the spot.” (Hadith)(Hadith)

South/Southeast AsiaSouth/Southeast Asia

Chapter 7Chapter 7

InteractionsInteractions

• IslamicIslamic societysociety interacted with India interacted with India & SE Asia very differently& SE Asia very differently– India = military & territorial conflictIndia = military & territorial conflict– SE Asia = commerceSE Asia = commerce

• IslamIslam spread to practitioners in India spread to practitioners in India & SE Asia through conversion & SE Asia through conversion similarlysimilarly

IndiaIndia

• After Gupta, controlled by regional After Gupta, controlled by regional kingdomskingdoms

• Arab & Turkish control gradually Arab & Turkish control gradually increased during periodincreased during period– From military raids for revengeFrom military raids for revenge– To raids for wealth & spoils of warTo raids for wealth & spoils of war– To land grabs & formation of Muslim ruled To land grabs & formation of Muslim ruled

kingdomkingdom

IndiaIndia

• Still, least affected region of Dar al-Still, least affected region of Dar al-IslamIslam• Flexibility of Hinduism (Bhaktic cults)Flexibility of Hinduism (Bhaktic cults)

• Islam gained converts among poor & Islam gained converts among poor & Buddhists, but mostly diffused Indian Buddhists, but mostly diffused Indian cultureculture

– ““Arabic” numeralsArabic” numerals

SE AsiaSE Asia

• Land of trade & converging influenceLand of trade & converging influence– Lots of contact with India and ChinaLots of contact with India and China– Complex cultural mix:Complex cultural mix:

•Animistic originsAnimistic origins

•Classical exposure to Hinduism & BuddhismClassical exposure to Hinduism & Buddhism

SE AsiaSE Asia

• Dominated by 3 power zonesDominated by 3 power zones– Khmer Empire on mainlandKhmer Empire on mainland– various kingdoms on Javavarious kingdoms on Java– Srivijayan Empire on Malay Peninsula & Srivijayan Empire on Malay Peninsula &

SumatraSumatra

Khmer EmpireKhmer Empire

• Capital @ AngkorCapital @ Angkor

• Buddhist & Hindu Buddhist & Hindu influencesinfluences

JavaJava

• Rich volcanic soils & rainforest Rich volcanic soils & rainforest climateclimate– Agriculturally productive (3 rice crops)Agriculturally productive (3 rice crops)

• Well-positioned for trade of spicesWell-positioned for trade of spices

SrivijayanSrivijayan

• Controlled Malacca (most important Controlled Malacca (most important port) port)

• BuddhistBuddhist

• Long contact with Muslim merchantsLong contact with Muslim merchants– Arabs & IndiansArabs & Indians– Monsoon winds fostered lengthy visits & Monsoon winds fostered lengthy visits &

thus greater cultural exchangethus greater cultural exchange

Spread of Islam in SE Spread of Islam in SE AsiaAsia

• Fall of Srivijayan dynasty provided an Fall of Srivijayan dynasty provided an opening for Islamic conversionopening for Islamic conversion

• Islamic conversion of Malacca created Islamic conversion of Malacca created domino effectdomino effect

Spread of Islam in SE AsiaSpread of Islam in SE Asia

• Islam spread peacefully through:Islam spread peacefully through:– TradeTrade

•Muslim brotherhood of trustMuslim brotherhood of trust

– SufisSufis•Mystical approach to Islam (3Mystical approach to Islam (3rdrd branch) branch)

•Allowed for much greater tolerance & local Allowed for much greater tolerance & local adaptationadaptation

• Conversion easier among animistsConversion easier among animists– Reason for greater influence than in IndiaReason for greater influence than in India

SufismSufism

Read the summary of Sufism Read the summary of Sufism ::

1)How does Sufism differ from orthodox 1)How does Sufism differ from orthodox Islam?Islam?

2) Why were Sufis instrumental in 2) Why were Sufis instrumental in spreading Islam to India & SE Asia?spreading Islam to India & SE Asia?

3) Cite examples from the poems that 3) Cite examples from the poems that would make Sufism attractive to would make Sufism attractive to Hindus. Buddhists? Animists?Hindus. Buddhists? Animists?

Come, come, whoever who are,Wanderer, worshiper, lover of leaving.It doesn’t matter.Ours is a caravan of despair.Come, even if you have broken your vow a thousand times, Come, yet again, come, come.

Overarching Idea…Overarching Idea…

Cultures spread through Cultures spread through syncretism?syncretism?

Blending & AccommodationBlending & Accommodation

• As religions spread, they are As religions spread, they are somewhat forced to accommodate somewhat forced to accommodate local traditions to gain convertslocal traditions to gain converts– ExampleExample::– Christianity & European paganism Christianity & European paganism → →

Halloween, ChristmasHalloween, Christmas

Blending & Accommodation in SE Blending & Accommodation in SE Asia?Asia?

Indonesian MosqueIndonesian Mosque

Indonesian MosqueIndonesian Mosque

Southeast Asia through Southeast Asia through MapsMaps

c. 800 CE

-Chinese influence seen in Buddhism practice in Vietnam-Indian influence seen in Hinduism on mainland & Buddhism on western islands-outer reaches of SE Asian society still dominated by animism

c. 1000 CE

-Islam converts many poor & Buddhists in Bengal through trade, but trade contacts do not yet bring conversion in SE Asia-Srivijayan dynasty spreads Buddhist influence-Java shifts to Hinduism (Prambanan)

c. 1250 CE

-Fall of Srivijayan dynasty & control of Malacca opens path for Islamic conversion late in postclassical period, particularly in port cities & among animists