Bell Ringer What event is this cartoon portraying? Why is it funny?
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Transcript of Bell Ringer What event is this cartoon portraying? Why is it funny?
Bell RingerWhat event is
this cartoon portraying?
Why is it funny?
Chapter 1
The Nation’s BeginningsPrehistory-1824
Many Cultures MeetScientists believe that the first people to
inhabit America moved here between 15-40,000 years agoWhy is there such a large range on this
number?They migrated throughout North and South
America covering each regionBy 1492 the Natives spoke nearly 400
different languages and had roughly 500 tribes
Many Cultures MeetNative tribes (or clans) had several similarities
Common ancestorsIdentified with animal spirits (bears, wolves,
etc.)Some clans banned together to from roaming
groupsCommon religious beliefsSome became stationary and created villages
Advances in agriculture made food (esp. maize, squash, and beans) more plentiful
This allowed for towns to grow and become powerfulException to farming was in the Pacific Northwest
where fishing was plentiful
The EuropeansThe Renaissance created an environment
that fostered growth in economics, art, and political thoughtVoyages exploring the Atlantic Ocean led to
the introduction of the Americas to the Europeans as well as increased trade with Africa
Portuguese explorers took to the seas firstSailing in the Atlantic they traveled down
around Africa and over to IndiaThis opened the door to not just gold and salt, but
slaves too
The West AfricansSlave trade expanded quickly
11 million Africans were forcefully relocated over 3 centuries
The journey was called the Middle PassageWhat do you think happened to Africa in
response to the slave trade?What kind of conditions did the slaves
travel in?
First Encounters in AmericaChristopher Columbus sailed out to find a
western route to AsiaHe had no idea how large the world was nor that
two continents were between him and Asia to the west
What he discovered was the Caribbean and Central AmericaHe thought he found Japan, China, and India (thus we
call the Natives “Indians”)
Columbus NEVER set foot on United States soilHe traveled west three more times and died
thinking this was Asia
Spain in the New WorldSpain rapidly settled in the New World claiming both
continents except Brazil (left for Portugal)The Spaniards treated the Natives harshly forcing them
to convert to Catholicism, prohibiting tribal rituals, and enslaving them
The worst part of Spanish influence on the Natives came from the introduction of diseases such as small pox which killed off a huge portion of the Natives
The best part of European influence was it opened up each group to new products through the Columbian ExchangeNatives now had new animals such as horsesEuropeans gained new crops such as maize and
potatoes
Europe in the New WorldSeeing the profits Spain made from the Americas,
France and Britain began to explore as wellBritain had a failed attempt in Roanoke but came
back strong with the settlement at JamestownThere, they developed a colonial government with a
legislature called the House of BurgessesThe Puritans/Separatists settled in Plymouth (and
then out to Boston/Salem) under the Mayflower Compact (a form of self-government)New England would quickly turn into 4 colonies (RI, MA, CT,
and NH)Finally, Britain settled the Middle and Southern
colonies of GA, NC, and SC This area predominantly became known for slave trade
Europe in the New World• France settled Quebec a year after Jamestown
was settled, putting these two European powers as neighbors in the New World as well
Soon, competition over fur trapping lands and markets as well as the conflict in Europe between Britain and France led them into war here and there
The French and Indian War (Seven Years’ War) set the stage for the American RevolutionColonists were promised they would not have to
pay taxes if they would simply help the Crown fight against the French and Indians
Democratic Ideals in the ColoniesThe people of the colonies firmly believed
they were English citizens and thus deserved the same rights as those who lived in EnglandThe Magna Carta had guaranteed right to
own property and have trial by juryThe English Bill of Rights required the
Parliament to meet regularly and stated the monarchy could not raise taxes or build an army with Parliaments consent
What is happening here?
Enlightenment and Great AwakeningThe Enlightenment was an intellectual
movement in Europe that believed all problems could be solved by human reasoningChurch attendance declined as people sought
less emotional paths for religionIn response to decreased attendance
Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield held revivals in the colonies promoting the Holy SpiritThese speeches were very much so “fire and
brimstone”
Causes of the American RevolutionThe French and Indian War set the stage for
conflict between the colonists and the CrownThe colonists viewed themselves as British
citizens, but were not treated as suchColonists pushed for representation in Parliament,
but the King/Parliament said they were “virtually” represented
Compounded by the taxes being forced upon them as a repayment for their “protection” during the war the colonists began boycotting and protesting
NOTE: They did not want to separate at this point
Going to WarThe colonists began to assemble calling for the First
Continental Congress in September of 1775There they made the decision to reconvene in May 1776 if
issues were not betterBefore they could met again war broke out in Concord, MA
(Apr. 1776)Thomas Jefferson penned the Declaration of
Independence in which he called for a break from Britain and detailed the grievances against the KingThe heart of the matter was accurately captured in his
statement:“That all men are created equal; that they are endowed by
their Creator with certain unalienable rights’ that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness…”
The WarA young colonel from the French and Indian
war named George Washington was chosen to lead the Patriots against the British forcesA very motivational leader, Washington
managed to convince the Patriots to hang with him and push through to victory despite being outnumbered in every element
His persistence, and the help of the French army led to British surrender in Yorktown
The British ceded all lands to the Appalachian mountains (excluding Spanish claimed FL and British claimed Canada)
AssignmentHow did the French and Indian War impact
relations between the British and the colonists?Using lecture, your textbook, and other
sources you may find write an essay answer this question
Make sure to look at both political and economic concerns that the colonists had
Due Friday
Too Late to Apologize: A Declarationhttp://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/ac
tion/yt/watch?videoId=uZfRaWAtBVg
Why was it too late for the King to apologize?If you were King, would you have done the
same thing or would you have tried to broker a deal with them?
The ConstitutionThe colonists declared independence in
1776They won independence in 1781
Creating a government was their next stepMost states already had state constitutionsThe Articles of Confederation was built to
support the power of the states—the federal government was weakIt could not tax or regulate trade/disputes between
statesTo amend the articles there had to be a unanimous
vote
The ConstitutionA few years after the Articles were put into
place a depression caused wages for farmers to decrease—farmers lost farms due to foreclosureCourt ordered farm seizures caused farmers
to take up arms Daniel Shays shut down the courts but eventually he
and his supporters were arrestedShays’ Rebellion showed government leaders that
the Articles were too weak to fix issues such as this
The ConstitutionIn 1787 leaders came together at the
Constitutional Convention to revise the ArticlesThey quickly tossed them out and began
from scratchTwo plans emerged• Bicameral
leg./representation based on population
• President to command armed forces and manage foreign affairs
Virginia Plan
• Congress could regulate trade/tax
• Unicameral leg./equal representation
New Jersey
The ConstitutionThe Founders argued over the plans and
slavery until compromises were proposedConnecticut Compromise called for:
Bicameral legislature (House of Reps. And Senate)
House based on population; Senate gave each state equal representation
Three-Fifths CompromiseIn calculated population a slave would count
as 3/5th of a person
The ConstitutionIn order for the Constitution to become our
governing law it had to be ratified9 out of 13 states had to agreeThey got 9 out of 13 easily, but VA and NY
were not on boardTwo groups emerged from the debate—
Federalists and Anti-FederalistsFederalists: the Articles are terrible, we must
pass the Constitution Anti-Federalists: The Constitution creates too
powerful a government, we cannot pass it
The ConstitutionThree of the founders (Alexander Hamilton,
John Jay, and James Madison) wrote The Federalist Papers to convince NY to agree to the ConstitutionIt worked, at least in NYC which forced the rest
of the state to get on boardThe Anti-Federalists came on board with the
contingency that a Bill of Rights be added to the Constitution spelling out the rights of the peopleThe Constitution became our governing
document on September 17, 1791
The ConstitutionThere are 7 guiding principles in the Constitution:1. Popular Sovereignty: The people give the government
power to rule and also choose what is best for their state2. Limited Government: Gov’t. can only exercise powers
granted to it by the Constitution3. Federalism: There are shared powers between the state
and federal governments4. Separation of Powers: No one branch controls all the power5. Checks and Balances: Each branch can limit powers of
other branches6. Representative Government: We choose people to speak
on our behalf regarding law creation, etc.7. Individual Rights: The Constitution protects individual
rights such as property, speech, and fair trial
The New RepublicGeorge Washington became the first president in
1789 (in NYC—Washington, D.C. doesn’t exist yet)Washington chose a diverse Cabinet
Thomas Jefferson, Sec. of StateAlexander Hamilton, Sec. of Treasury
Hamilton’s Financial PlanHe called for the federal government to take over all
state debts from the war, pay debts by issuing bonds and raising taxes, and creating a Bank of the United StatesMany people hated this planWashington, however, supported it and thus it was approved
The New RepublicWhen Washington stepped down he issued
his Farewell AddressHe called for no political parties and no
foreign entanglementsThe election of 1796 John Adams was the
Federalist candidate while Thomas Jefferson was the Anti-Federalist candidate (parties?!?)
We also become promptly entangled with Britain and France (oops…)
The New RepublicWashington had called for neutrality as
France enter the French Revolution and has Britain and France warred with each otherJohn Jay was sent to negotiate with the
British—he created Jay’s Treaty which got rid of British forts on our land but they maintained that they had right bully our ships, etc.Democrats hated the treaty
Pinckney’s Treaty was also negotiated in which Spain gave us right to trade through New Orleans
The New RepublicAs America entered naval battles with
France, new president John Adams pushed for the Alien and Sedition ActsAlien: President could have any immigrant
deported if they bad mouthed the government
Sedition: Illegal for citizens to publically discredit the federal government
Are these laws constitutional? Do you think they could come back again?
The New RepublicJohn Adams was defeated in the 1800 election
In his last hours he created new judgeships so he could appoint new judges with his ideology
Jefferson took office the next day, he ordered that the job invitations not be given to these illegitimate judges—James Madison (Sec. of State) didn’t deliver them
Marbury v. Madison ordered that no job existed and therefore Marbury’s “job offer” was not honored
The case also established judicial review saying the Supreme Court has right to decide constitutionality of a federal law
The New RepublicJefferson more than
doubled the size of the country when Napoleon offered to sell the LA territory for $15M
The British were still being obnoxious by stealing our ships and impressing our sailorsJefferson issued the
Embargo of 1807
The New RepublicThe embargo didn’t work—it hurt Americans
more than the BritishShortly before the end of Jefferson’s
presidency he removes the embargoJames Madison is the next president and he
decides we must go to war with BritainThe War of 1812 is fought on American and
Canadian soilThe British burn the capitol and the White House
What did Dolly Madison save from the W.H.?What song was written by a prisoner while he watched
Baltimore/D.C. burn?
The New RepublicAfter the War of 1812 the British were
forced to recognize the U.S. as a free nationThe U.S. had begun to divide into two
groups—northerners (industrialized) and southerners (farmers)Northerners had factories, banks, etc.Southerners had cotton & tobacco farms and
slaveryThere differences would set the stage for the
Civil War to include their issues over tariffs
The New RepublicTo prevent Spain from trying to regain its
colonies James Monroe (and Sec. of State John Q. Adams) pushed through the Monroe DoctrineDeclared the Europe had no right to meddle
in American republicsWe promised not to meddle in European
affairsThe Monroe Doctrine (with help from the
British) made sure that Europe did not try to colonize anything else in the New World
HomeworkDo the “Prepare for the EOC” questions #1-
4 on p. 31Due Wednesday