Béla IV of Hungary

Béla IV (1206 – 3 May 1270) was King of Hungary andCroatia between 1235 and 1270, and Duke of Styria from1254 to 1258. Being the oldest son of King Andrew II,he was crowned upon the initiative of a group of influen-tial noblemen in his father’s lifetime in 1214. His father,who strongly opposed Béla’s coronation, refused to givehim a province to rule up until 1220. In this year, Bélawas appointed Duke of Slavonia, also with jurisdiction inCroatia and Dalmatia. Around the same time, Béla mar-ried Maria, a daughter of Theodore I Laskaris, Emperorof Nicaea. From 1226, he governed Transylvania withthe title Duke. He supported Christian missions amongthe pagan Cumans who dwelled in the plains to the east ofhis province. Some Cuman chieftains acknowledged hissuzerainty and he adopted the title of King of Cumaniain 1233. King Andrew died on 21 September 1235 andBéla succeeded him. He attempted to restore royal au-thority, which had diminished under his father. For thispurpose, he revised his predecessors’ land grants and re-claimed former royal estates, causing discontent amongthe noblemen and the prelates.The Mongols invaded Hungary and annihilated Béla’sarmy in the Battle of Mohi on 11 April 1241. He escapedfrom the battlefield, but a Mongol detachment chasedhim from town to town as far as Trogir on the coast ofthe Adriatic Sea. Although he survived the invasion, theMongols devastated the country before their unexpectedwithdrawal in March 1242. Béla introduced radical re-forms in order to prepare his kingdom for a second Mon-gol invasion. He allowed the barons and the prelates toerect stone fortresses and to set up their private armedforces. He promoted the development of fortified towns.During his reign, thousands of colonists arrived from theHoly Roman Empire, Poland and other neighboring re-gions to settle in the depopulated lands. Béla’s effortsto rebuild his devastated country won him the epithet of“second founder of the state” (Hungarian: második hon-alapító).He set up a defensive alliance against the Mongols, whichincluded Daniil Romanovich, Prince of Halych, Boleslawthe Chaste, Duke of Cracow and other Ruthenian andPolish princes. His allies supported him in occupyingthe Duchy of Styria in 1254, but it was lost to KingOttokar II of Bohemia six years later. During Béla’s reign,a wide buffer zone—which included Bosnia, Barancs(Braničevo, Serbia) and other newly conquered regions—was established along the southern frontier of Hungary inthe 1250s.Béla’s relationship with his oldest son and heir, Stephen

became tense in the early 1260s, because the elderly kingfavored his daughter, Anna and his youngest child, Béla,Duke of Slavonia. He was forced to cede the territoriesof the Kingdom of Hungary east of the river Danube toStephen, which caused a civil war lasting until 1266. Nev-ertheless, Béla’s family was famed for his piety: he diedas a Franciscan tertiary, and the veneration of his threesaintly daughters—Kunigunda, Yolanda, andMargaret—was confirmed by the Holy See.

1 Childhood (1206–20)

Béla’s parents—Gertrude of Merania and Andrew II of Hun-gary—depicted in the 13th-century Landgrafenpsalter from theLandgraviate of Thuringia

Béla was the oldest son of King Andrew II of Hungaryby his first wife, Gertrude of Merania.[1][2] He was bornin the second half of 1206.[1][3] Upon King Andrew’s ini-tiative, Pope Innocent III had already on 7 June appealedto the Hungarian prelates and barons to swear an oath ofloyalty to the King’s future son.[3][4]

1

2 2 REX IUNIOR

Queen Gertrude showed blatant favoritism towards herGerman relatives and courtiers, causing widespread dis-content among the native lords.[5][6] Taking advantageof her husband’s campaign in the distant Principality ofHalych, a group of aggrieved noblemen seized and mur-dered her in the forests of the Pilis Hills on 28 Septem-ber 1213.[5][7] King Andrew only punished one of theconspirators, a certain Count Peter, after his return fromHalych.[8] Although Béla was a child when hismother wasassassinated, he never forgot her and declared his deeprespect for her in many of his royal charters.[3]

Andrew II betrothed Béla to an unnamed daughter ofTzar Boril of Bulgaria in 1213 or 1214, but their engage-ment was broken.[9][10] In 1214, the King requested thePope to excommunicate some unnamed lords who wereplanning to crown Béla king.[3][11] Even so, the eight-year-old Béla was crowned in the same year, but his fa-ther did not grant him a province to rule.[12] Further-more, when leaving for a Crusade to the Holy Land inAugust 1217, King Andrew appointed John, Archbishopof Esztergom to represent him during his absence.[13][14]During this period, Béla stayed with his maternal uncleBerthold of Merania in Steyr in the Holy Roman Em-pire.[13] Andrew II returned from the Holy Land in late1218.[15] He had arranged the engagement of Béla andMaria, a daughter of Theodore I Laskaris, Emperor ofNicaea.[13] She accompanied King Andrew to Hungaryand Béla married her in 1220.[1]

2 Rex iunior

2.1 Duke of Slavonia (1220–26)

The senior king ceded the lands between the Adriatic Seaand the Dráva River—Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia—to Béla in 1220.[12][16] A letter of 1222 of Pope HonoriusIII reveals that “some wicked men” had forced Andrew IIto share his realms with his heir.[17] Béla initially styledhimself as “King Andrew’s son and King” in his charters;from 1222 he used the title "by the Grace of God, King,son of the King of Hungary, andDuke of all Slavonia”.[13]

Béla separated from his wife in the first half of 1222 uponhis father’s demand.[18][17] However, Pope Honorius re-fused to declare the marriage illegal.[19] Béla accepted thePope’s decision and took refuge in Austria from his fa-ther’s anger.[20] He returned, together with his wife, onlyafter the prelates had in the first half of 1223 persuadedhis father to forgive him.[19] Having returned to his Duchyof Slavonia, Béla launched a campaign against Domald ofSidraga, a rebellious Dalmatian nobleman, and capturedDomald’s fortress at Klis.[19][20] Domald’s domains wereconfiscated and distributed among his rivals, the Šubići,who had supported Béla during the siege.[21][22]

Klis Fortress (seen from its west point, toward east); Béla cap-tured it from Domald of Sidraga, a rebellious Dalmatian noble-man in 1223

2.2 Duke of Transylvania (1226–35)

King Andrew transferred Béla from Slavonia toTransylvania in 1226.[23] In Slavonia, he was succeededby his brother, Coloman.[24] As Duke of Transylvania,Béla adopted an expansionist policy aimed at the territo-ries over the Carpathian Mountains.[25][26] He supportedthe Dominicans' proselytizing activities among theCumans, who dominated these lands.[26][27] In 1227he crossed the mountains and met Boricius, a Cumanchieftain, who had decided to convert to Christianity.[28]At their meeting, Boricius and his subjects were baptizedand acknowledged Béla’s suzerainty.[26] Within a year,the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cumania was establishedin their lands.[29]

Béla had long opposed his father’s “useless and su-perfluous perpetual grants”, because the distribution ofroyal estates destroyed the traditional basis of royalauthority.[30] He started reclaiming King Andrew’s landgrants throughout the country in 1228.[31] The Pope sup-ported Béla’s efforts, but the King often hindered the ex-ecution of his son’s orders.[31][32] Béla also confiscatedthe estates of two noblemen, brothers Simon andMichaelKacsics, who had plotted against his mother.[32][31]

Béla’s youngest brother, Andrew, Prince of Halych wasexpelled from his principality in the spring of 1229.[33]Béla decided to help him to regain his throne, proudlyboasting that the town ofHalych “would not remain on theface of the earth, for there was no one to deliver it from his

3.1 Before the Mongol invasion (1235–41) 3

Ruins of the fortress of Halych

hands”,[34] according to the Galician–Volhynian Chron-icle.[32] He crossed the Carpathian Mountains and laidsiege to Halych together with his Cuman allies in 1229or 1230.[32][28] However, he could not seize the townand withdrew his troops.[32][28] The Galician–VolhynianChronicle writes that many Hungarian soldiers “died ofmany afflictions”[35] on their way home.[32]

Béla invaded Bulgaria and besieged Vidin in 1228 or1232, but he could not capture the fortress.[33][36][37]Around the same time, he set up a new borderprovince, the Banate of Szörény (Severin, Romania),in the lands between the Carpathians and the LowerDanube.[37][27][38] In a token of his suzerainty in the landseast of the Carpathians, Béla adopted the title “King ofCumania” in 1233.[27][26] Béla sponsored the mission ofFriar Julian and three other Dominican monks who de-cided to visit the descendants of the Hungarians who hadcenturies earlier remained in Magna Hungaria, the Hun-garians’ legendary homeland.[39][40][41]

3 His reign

3.1 Before the Mongol invasion (1235–41)

King Andrew died on 21 September 1235.[42] Béla,who succeeded his father without opposition, wascrowned king in Székesfehérvár on 14 October.[42][43]He dismissed and punished many of his father’s closestadvisors.[31] For instance, he had Palatine Denis blindedand Julius Kán imprisoned.[31][40] The former was ac-cused of having, in King Andrew’s life, an adulterous li-aison with Queen Beatrix, the King’s young widow.[44]Béla ordered her imprisonment, but she managed to es-cape to the Holy Roman Empire, where she gave birthto a posthumous son, Stephen.[45] Béla and his brother,Coloman considered her son a bastard.[46][47]

Béla declared that his principal purpose was “the restitu-tion of royal rights” and “the restoration of the situationwhich existed in the country” in the reign of his grand-

Béla is crowned king (from the Illuminated Chronicle)

father, Béla III.[48] According to the contemporaneousRoger of Torre Maggiore, he even “had the chairs of thebarons burned”[49] in order to prevent them from sitting inhis presence during the meetings of the royal council.[31]Béla set up special commissions which revised all royalcharters of land grants made after 1196.[48] The annul-ment of former donations alienated many of his subjectsfrom the King.[31] Pope Gregory IX protested strongly atthe withdrawal of royal grants made to the Cisterciansand the military orders.[41][46] In exchange for Béla’s re-nouncing of the taking back of royal estates in 1239, thePope authorized him to employ local Jews and Muslimsin financial administration, which had for decades beenopposed by the Holy See.[41][50]

After returning fromMagna Hungaria in 1236, Friar Ju-lian informed Béla of the Mongols, who had by that timereached the Volga River and were planning to invadeEurope.[48] The Mongols invaded Desht-i Qipchaq—the westernmost regions of the Eurasian Steppes—and routed the Cumans.[51] Fleeing the Mongols, atleast 40,000 Cumans approached the eastern borders ofthe Kingdom of Hungary and demanded admission in1239.[52][53] Béla only agreed to give them shelter af-ter their leader, Köten, promised to convert togetherwith his people to Christianity, and to fight against theMongols.[52][54][55] However, the settlement of massesof nomadic Cumans in the plains along the Tisza Rivergave rise to many conflicts between them and the localvillagers.[52] Béla, who needed the Cumans’ military sup-port, rarely punished them for their robberies, rapes andother misdeeds.[52][56] His Hungarian subjects thoughtthat he was biased in the Cumans’ favor, thus “enmityemerged between the people and the king”,[57] accordingto Roger of Torre Maggiore.[58]

Béla supported the development of towns.[42] For in-stance, he confirmed the liberties of the citizens ofSzékesfehérvár and granted privileges to Hungarian andGerman settlers in Bars (Starý Tekov, Slovakia) in

4 3 HIS REIGN

1237.[46] Zadar, a town in Dalmatia which had been lostto Venice in 1202, acknowledged Béla’s suzerainty in1240.[59]

3.2 Mongol invasion of Hungary (1241–42)

The Mongols gathered in the lands bordering Hungaryand Poland under the command of Batu Khan in De-cember 1240.[51][59] They demanded Béla’s submissionto their Great Khan Ögödei, but Béla refused to yieldand had the mountain passes fortified.[54][52] The Mon-gols broke through the barricades erected in the VereckePass (Veretsky Pass, Ukraine) on 12 March 1241.[54][59]

Duke Frederick II of Austria, who arrived to assist Bélaagainst the invaders, defeated a small Mongol troopnear Pest.[52] He seized prisoners, including Cumansfrom the Eurasian Steppes who had been forced to jointhe Mongols.[52] When the citizens of Pest realized thepresence of Cumans in the invading army, mass hyste-ria emerged.[60] The townsfolk accused Köten and theirCumans of cooperating with the enemy.[52] A riot brokeout and themobmassacred Köten’s retinue.[61] Köten waseither slaughtered or committed suicide.[52] On hearingabout Köten’s fate, his Cumans decided to leave Hun-gary and destroyed many villages on their way towardsthe Balkan Peninsula.[62][63]

Mongols pursuing Béla after his catastrophic defeat in the Battleof Mohi on 11 April 1241 (from the Illuminated Chronicle)

With the Cumans’ departure Béla lost his most valuableallies.[60] He could only muster an army of less than60,000 against the invaders.[64] The royal army was ill-prepared and its commanders—the barons alienated byBéla’s policy—"would have liked the king to be defeatedso that they would then be dearer to him”,[65] accord-ing to Roger of Torre Maggiore’s account.[60] The Hun-garian army was virtually annihilated in the Battle ofMohi on the Sajó River on 11 April 1241.[54][66][67] Agreat number of Hungarian lords, prelates and noblemenwere killed, and Béla himself narrowly escaped from thebattlefield.[54] He fled through Nyitra to Pressburg (Ni-tra and Bratislava in Slovakia).[68] The triumphant Mon-

gols occupied and ravaged most lands to the east of theDanube River by the end of June.[52][68]

Upon Duke Frederick II of Austria’s invitation, Béla wentto Hainburg an der Donau.[68] However, instead of help-ing Béla, the Duke forced him to cede three counties(most probably Locsmánd, Pozsony, and Sopron).[68][62]From Hainburg, Béla fled to Zagreb and sent letters toPope Gregory IX, Emperor Frederick II, King Louis IXof France and other Western European monarchs, urg-ing them to send reinforcements to Hungary.[68] In thehope of military assistance, he even accepted EmperorFrederick II’s suzerainty in June.[68] The Pope declareda Crusade against the Mongols, but no reinforcementsarrived.[68][69]

TheMongols crossed the frozenDanube early in 1242.[62]A Mongol detachment under the command of Kadan, ason of Great Khan Ögödei, chased Béla from town totown in Dalmatia.[70][71] Béla took refugee in the well-fortified Trogir.[70] Before Kadan laid siege to the townin March, news arrived of the Great Khan’s death.[62][72]Batu Khan wanted to attend at the election of Ögödei’ssuccessor with sufficient troops and ordered the with-drawal of all Mongol forces.[73][74] Béla, who was grate-ful to Trogir, granted it lands near Split, causing a lastingconflict between the two Dalmatian towns.[75]

3.3 “Second Founder of the State” (1242–61)

Upon his return to Hungary in May 1242, Béla found acountry in ruins.[69][74] Devastation was especially heavyin the plains east of the Danube where at least halfof the villages were depopulated.[76][77] The Mongolshad destroyed most traditional centers of administration,which were defended by earth-and-timber walls.[78] Onlywell-fortified places, such as Esztergom, Székesfehérvárand the Pannonhalma Archabbey, had successfully re-sisted siege.[77][78] A severe famine followed in 1242 and1243.[79][80][81]

Ruins of the Sáros Castle (Šarišský hrad in Slovakia), a royalfortress built during the reign of Béla

3.3 “Second Founder of the State” (1242–61) 5

Preparation for a new Mongol invasion was the cen-tral concern of Béla’s policy.[76] In a letter of 1247 toPope Innocent IV, Béla announced his plan to strengthenthe Danube—the “river of confrontations”—with newforts.[82][83] He abandoned the ancient royal preroga-tive to build and own castles, promoting the erection ofnearly 100 new fortresses by the end of his reign.[74][76]These fortresses included a new castle Béla had built atNagysáros (Veľký Šariš, Slovakia), and another castleBéla and his wife had built at Visegrád.[76]

Béla attempted to increase the number of the soldiersand to improve their equipment.[76] He made land grantsin the forested regions and obliged the new landownersto equip heavily armoured cavalrymen to serve in theroyal army.[84] For instance, the so-called ten-lanced no-bles of Szepes (Spiš, Slovakia) received their privilegesfrom Béla in 1243.[85][86] He even allowed the barons andprelates to employ armed noblemen, who had previouslybeen directly subordinated to the sovereign, in their pri-vate retinue.[87] Béla granted the Banate of Szörény tothe Knights Hospitaller on 2 June 1247, but the Knightsabandoned the region by 1260.[81][88]

Seal of Béla’s daughter-in-law, Elizabeth the Cuman

To replace the loss of at least 15 percent of the pop-ulation, who perished during the Mongol invasion andthe ensuing famine, Béla promoted colonization.[79][80]He granted special liberties to the colonists, includingpersonal freedom and favorable tax treatment.[89] Ger-mans, Moravians, Poles, Ruthenians and other “guests”arrived from neighboring countries and were settled in de-populated or sparsely populated regions.[90] He also per-suaded the Cumans, who had in 1241 left Hungary, to re-turn and settle in the plains along the River Tisza.[86][91]He even arranged the engagement of his firstborn son,Stephen, who was crowned king-junior in or before 1246,to Elisabeth, a daughter of a Cuman chieftain.[91][92]

Béla granted the privileges of Székesfehérvár to more

than 20 settlements, promoting their development intoself-governing towns.[93] The liberties of the miningtowns in Upper Hungary were also spelled out in Béla’sreign.[94] For defensive purposes, he moved the citizensof Pest to a hill on the opposite side of the Danube in1248.[95] Within two decades their new fortified town,Buda, became the most important center of commerce inHungary.[96][93] Béla also granted privileges to Gradec,the fortified center of Zagreb, in 1242 and confirmedthem in 1266.[97][98]

Béla adopted an active foreign policy soon after the with-drawal of the Mongols.[99][100] In the second half of 1242he invaded Austria and forced Duke Frederick II to sur-render the three counties ceded to him during theMongolinvasion.[72] On the other hand, Venice occupied Zadar inthe summer of 1243.[72] Béla renounced Zadar on 30 June1244, but Venice acknowledged his claim to one third ofthe customs revenues of the Dalmatian town.[72]

Béla set up a defensive alliance against the Mongols.[101]He married three of his daughters to princes whose coun-tries were also threatened by the Mongols.[101] RostislavMikhailovich, a pretender to the Principality of Halych,was the first to marry, in 1243, one of Béla’s daugh-ters, Anna.[72][102] Béla supported his son-in-law to in-vade Halych in 1245, but Rostislav’s opponent, DaniilRomanovich repulsed their attack.[103]

Tomb of Frederick the Quarrelsome, Duke of Austria in theHeiligenkreuz Abbey—he died fighting against the Hungariansin the Battle of the Leitha River on 15 June 1246

On 21 August 1245 Pope Gregory freed Béla of the oathof fidelity he had taken to Emperor Frederick during theMongol invasion.[103] In the following year Duke Freder-ick II of Austria invaded Hungary.[88] He routed Béla’sarmy in the Battle of the Leitha River on 15 June 1246,but perished in the battlefield.[88][104] His childless deathgave rise to a series of conflicts,[100] because both hisniece, Gertrude, and his sister, Margaret, made a claim toAustria and Styria. Béla decided to intervene in the con-flict only after the danger of a second Mongol invasion

6 3 HIS REIGN

had diminished by the end of the 1240s.[105] In retali-ation of a former Austrian incursion into Hungary, Bélamade a plundering raid into Austria and Styria in the sum-mer of 1250.[106][107] In this year he met and concludeda peace treaty with Daniil Romanovich, Prince of Ha-lych in Zólyom (Zvolen, Slovakia).[106] With Béla’s me-diation, a son of his new ally Roman married Gertrude ofAustria.[108]

Béla and Daniil Romanovich united their troops and in-vaded Austria and Moravia in June 1252.[108][107] Aftertheir withdrawal, Ottokar, Markgrave of Moravia—whohad married Margaret of Austria—invaded and occu-pied Austria and Styria.[107] In the summer of 1253, Bélalaunched a campaign against Moravia and laid siege toOlomouc.[109] Daniil Romanovich, Boleslaw the Chasteof Cracow, and Wladislaw of Opole intervened on Béla’sbehalf, but he lifted the siege by the end of June.[110] PopeInnocent IV mediated a peace treaty, which was signedin Pressburg (Bratislava, Slovakia) on 1 May 1254.[110]In accordance with the treaty, Ottokar, who had in themeantime become King of Bohemia, ceded Styria toBéla.[110] [111]

Kingdom of Hungary in the second half of the 13th century

Béla appointed his son-in-law, Rostislav MikhailovichBan of Macsó (Mačva, Serbia) in 1254.[110][112] Ros-tislav’s task was the creation of a buffer zone along thesouthern borders.[113] He occupied Bosnia already in theyear of his appointment and forced Tzar Michael AsenI of Bulgaria to cede Belgrade and Barancs (Braničevo,Serbia) in 1255.[112][114] Béla adopted the title of Kingof Bulgaria, but he only used it occasionally in the subse-quent years.[114]

The Styrian noblemen rose up in rebellion against Béla’sgovernor Stephen Gutkeled and routed him in early1258.[115] Béla invaded Styria, restored his suzerainty andappointed his oldest son, Stephen, Duke of Styria.[115][116]In 1259, Batu Khan’s successor, Berke, proposed an al-liance by offering to marry one of his daughters to a sonof Béla, but he refused the Khan’s offer.[113][114]

Discontented with the rule of Béla’s son, the Styrian lordssought assistance from Ottokar of Bohemia.[116] Béla and

his allies—Daniil Romanovich, Boleslaw the Chaste, andLeszek the Black of Sieradz—invaded Moravia, but Ot-tokar vanquished them in the Battle of Kressenbrunnon 12 June 1260.[104][117][118] The defeat forced Bélato renounce Styria in favor of the King of Bohemia inthe Peace of Vienna, which was signed on 31 March1261.[104][119] On the other hand, Ottokar divorced hiselderly wife, Margarete of Austria, and married Béla’sgranddaughter—the daughter of Rostislav Mikhailovichby Anna—Kunigunda.[104][119]

Béla had originally planned to give his youngest daugh-ter, Margaret, in marriage to King Ottokar.[120] How-ever, Margaret, who had been living in the Monasteryof the Blessed Virgin on Rabbits’ Island, refused toyield.[121][122] With the assistance of her Dominicanconfessor, she took her final religious vows which pre-vented her marriage.[120] Infuriated by this act, the King,who had up to that time supported the Dominicans, fa-vored the Franciscans in the subsequent years.[120][121]He even became a Franciscan tertiary, according to theGreater Legend of his saintly sister, Elisabeth.[123]

3.4 Civil war (1261–66)

Ruins of the Dominican Monastery of the Blessed Virgin onRabbits’ Island (Margaret Island, Budapest) where the peacetreaty ending the civil war between Béla and his son, Stephenwas signed on 23 March 1266

Béla and his son, Stephen jointly invaded Bulgaria in1261.[119][124][125] They forced Tzar Constantine Tikh ofBulgaria to abandon the region of Vidin.[125] Béla re-

7

turned to Hungary before the end of the campaign, whichwas continued by his son.[126]

Béla’s favoritism towards his younger son, Béla (whom heappointed Duke of Slavonia) and daughter, Anna irritatedStephen.[127][128] The latter suspected that his father wasplanning to disinherit him.[129] Stephen often mentionedin his charters that he had “suffered severe persecution”by his “parents without deserving it” when referring to theroots of his conflict with his father.[129] Although someclashes took place in the autumn, a lasting civil war wasavoided through the mediation of the Archbishops Philipof Esztergom and Smaragd of Kalocsa who persuadedBéla and his son to make a compromise.[130][131] Accord-ing to the Peace of Pressburg, the two divided the countryalong the Danube: the lands to the west of the river re-mained under the direct rule of Béla, and the governmentof the eastern territories was taken over by Stephen, theking-junior.[130]

The relationship between father and son remainedtense.[127] Stephen seized his mother’s and sister’s es-tates which were situted in his realm to the east ofthe Danube.[132] Béla’s army under the command ofPrincess Anna crossed the Danube in the summer of1264.[133][127] She occupied Sárospatak and capturedStephen’s wife and children.[130] A detachment of theroyal army, under the command of Béla’s Judge royalLawrence forced Stephen to retreat as far as the fortressat Feketehalom (Codlea, Romania) in the easternmostcorner of Transylvania.[130][127] The king-junior’s parti-sans relieved the castle and he started a counter-attack inthe autumn.[130][127] In the decisive Battle of Isaszeg, herouted his father’s army in March 1265.[127]

It was again the two archbishops who conducted the ne-gotiations between Béla and his son.[130] Their agreementwas signed in the Dominican Monastery of the BlessedVirgin on Rabbits’ Island (Margaret Island, Budapest) on23 March 1266.[127][130] The new treaty confirmed thedivision of the country along the Danube and regulatedmany aspects of the co-existence of Béla’s regnum andStephen’s regimen, including the collection of taxes andthe commoners’ right to free movement.[127][130]

3.5 Last years (1266–70)

The “nobles of all Hungary, who are called servientesregis"[134] from both the senior and the junior king’s do-mains assembled in Esztergom in 1267.[135] Upon theirrequest, Béla and Stephen jointly confirmed their priv-ileges, which had first been spelled out in the GoldenBull of 1222, before 7 September.[135][136] Shortly af-ter the meeting, Béla assigned four noblemen fromeach county with the task of revising property rights inTransdanubia.[135]

King Stephen Uroš I of Serbia invaded the Banate ofMacsó, a region under the rule of Béla’s widowed daugh-ter, Anna.[137][138] A royal army soon routed the in-

Béla’s royal seal

vaders and captured Stephen Uroš.[137][139] The Ser-bian monarch was forced to pay ransom before beingreleased.[137]

Béla’s favorite son, Béla, died in the summer of 1269.[94]On 18 January 1270 the King’s youngest daughter, thesaintly Margaret, also died.[94] In short, Béla fell termi-nally ill.[128] Before his death, he requested King OttokarII of Bohemia, (Princess Anna’s son-in-law), to assist hiswife, daughter and partisans in case they were forced toleave Hungary by his son.[128] Béla died in Rabbits’ Is-land on 3 May 1270.[136][139] With his death at the age of63, he exceeded in age most members of the House ofÁrpád.[140] He was buried in the church of the Francis-cans in Esztergom, but Archbishop Philip of Esztergomhad his corps transferred to the Esztergom Cathedral.[141]TheMinorites only succeeded in regaining Béla’s remainsafter a long lawsuit.[142]

4 Family

Béla’s wife, Maria Laskarina was born in 1207 or1208, according to historian Gyula Kristó.[146] Shedied in July or August 1270.[142] Their first child,Kunigunda, was born in 1224, four years after herparents’ marriage.[146][147] She married to Boleslaw theChaste, Duke of Cracow in 1246.[148]

A second daughter, Margaret followed Kunigunda inabout 1225; she died unmarried before 1242.[147][149]The third daughter of Béla, Anna was born around1226.[147][149] She and her husband, RostislavMikhailovich were especially favored by Béla.[147][150]Her great-grandson, Wenceslaus—a grandson of herdaughter, Kunigunda by King Ottokar II of Bohemia—was King of Hungary from 1301 to 1305.[151]

8 5 LEGACY

The statute of Béla’s youngest daughter, Margaret, who died asa Dominican nun and was canonized in 1943, on the Minorites'Church in Saint-Pol-de-Léon in France

Béla’s fourth child, Catherina died unmarried before1242.[151] Next, Elisabeth was born; she was givenin marriage to Henry XIII, Duke of Bavaria in about1245.[147] Her son, Otto was crowned King of Hungaryin 1305, but was forced to leave the country by the end of1307.[152] Elisabeth’s sister, Constance married, around1251, Lev Danylovich, second son of Prince DaniilRomanovich of Halych.[153][72] Béla’s seventh daughter,Yolanda became the wife of Boleslaw the Pious, Duke ofGreater Poland.[147]

Béla’s first son, Stephen was born in 1239.[154] He suc-ceeded his father.[155] Béla’s youngest daughter, Margaretwas born during the Mongol invasion in 1242.[122] Dedi-cated to God by her parents at birth, she spent her life inhumility in the Monastery of the Blessed Virgin on Rab-bits’ Island and died as a Dominican nun.[122] The King’syoungest (namesake) son, Béla was born between around1243 and 1250.[156]

TheGreater Legend of Saint Elisabeth of Hungary (Béla’ssister) described Béla’s family as a company of saints.[157]It wrote that the “blessed royal family of the Hungariansis adorned with resplendent pearls that irradiate all theearth”.[157] In fact, the Holy See sanctioned the venera-tion of three daughters of Béla and his wife: Kunigundawas beatified in 1690,[158] Yolanda in 1827;[159] andMar-garet was canonized in 1943.[160] A fourth daughter, Con-stance also became subject to a local cult in Lemberg(Lviv, Ukraine), according to the Legend of her sister,Kunigunda.[123]

The following family tree presents Béla’s offspring, andsome of his relatives mentioned in the article.[161]

5 Legacy

Béla’s statue (Heroes’ Square, Budapest)

Bryan Cartledge writes that Béla “reorganised the struc-ture of government, re-established the rule of law, repop-ulated a devastated countryside, encouraged the growthof towns, created the new royal town of Buda and re-vived the commercial life of the country” during his overthree-decade-long reign.[91] Béla’s posthumous epithet—the “second founder of the state”—shows that poster-ity attributed to him Hungary’s survival of the Mongolinvasion.[162] On the other hand, the Illuminated Chroniclenotes that Béla “was a man of peace, but in the conduct ofarmies and battles the least fortunate”[163] when narratingBéla’s defeat in the Battle of Kressenbrunn.[117] The samechronicle preserved the next epigram which was writtenon his tomb:[117]

“See this dear sight, three ring the Virgin’s altar,King, duke, and queen, whom threefold joys attend.So long as might thy power, King Béla, last,fraud hid itself, peace flourished, virtue reigned.”Illuminated Chronicle[164]

9

6 References[1] Almási 1994, p. 92.

[2] Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 247, Appendix 4.

[3] Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 247.

[4] Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 127.

[5] Bartl et al. 2002, p. 30.

[6] Makkai 1994a, p. 24.

[7] Molnár 2001, p. 33.

[8] Engel 2001, p. 91.

[9] Fine 1994, p. 102.

[10] Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 131.

[11] Engel 2001, pp. 93–94.

[12] Engel 2001, p. 94.

[13] Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 248.

[14] Kontler 1999, p. 76.

[15] Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 133.

[16] Kristó & Makk 1996, pp. 248–249.

[17] Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 249.

[18] Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 136.

[19] Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 137.

[20] Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 250.

[21] Fine 1994, p. 150.

[22] Magaš 2007, p. 66.

[23] Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 251.

[24] Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 138.

[25] Curta 2006, pp. 405–406.

[26] Engel 2001, p. 95.

[27] Makkai 1994b, p. 193.

[28] Curta 2006, p. 406.

[29] Curta 2006, p. 407.

[30] Engel 2001, pp. 91–93, 98.

[31] Engel 2001, p. 98.

[32] Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 252.

[33] Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 139.

[34] The Galician-Volynian Chronicle (year 1230), p. 37.

[35] The Galician-Volynian Chronicle (year 1230), p. 38.

[36] Curta 2006, p. 387.

[37] Fine 1994, p. 129.

[38] Curta 2006, p. 388.

[39] Kontler 1999, p. 77.

[40] Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 144.

[41] Cartledge 2011, p. 28.

[42] Bartl et al. 2002, p. 31.

[43] Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 254.

[44] Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 255.

[45] Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 254-255.

[46] Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 145.

[47] Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 282.

[48] Makkai 1994a, p. 25.

[49] Master Roger’s Epistle (ch. 4), p. 143.

[50] Engel 2001, pp. 96–98.

[51] Curta 2006, p. 409.

[52] Cartledge 2011, p. 29.

[53] Grousset 1970, p. 264.

[54] Curta 2006, p. 410.

[55] Chambers 1979, p. 91.

[56] Engel 2001, p. 99.

[57] Master Roger’s Epistle (ch. 3), p. 141.

[58] Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 256.

[59] Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 147.

[60] Makkai 1994a, p. 26.

[61] Engel 2001, pp. 99–100.

[62] Engel 2001, p. 100.

[63] Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, pp. 147–148.

[64] Kristó 2003, pp. 158–159.

[65] Master Roger’s Epistle (ch. 28), p. 181.

[66] Chambers 1979, pp. 95, 102–104.

[67] Kirschbaum 1996, p. 44.

[68] Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 148.

[69] Molnár 2001, p. 34.

[70] Tanner 2010, p. 21.

[71] Curta 2006, pp. 409, 411.

[72] Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 149.

[73] Grousset 1970, pp. 267–268.

[74] Cartledge 2011, p. 30.

10 6 REFERENCES

[75] Fine 1994, pp. 150–151.

[76] Engel 2001, p. 104.

[77] Makkai 1994a, p. 27.

[78] Engel 2001, p. 103.

[79] Kontler 1999, p. 78.

[80] Engel 2001, pp. 103–104.

[81] Sălăgean 2005, p. 234.

[82] Sălăgean 2005, p. 235.

[83] Curta 2006, p. 414.

[84] Engel 2001, pp. 104–105.

[85] Bartl et al. 2002, p. 32.

[86] Engel 2001, p. 105.

[87] Makkai 1994a, p. 29.

[88] Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 151.

[89] Engel 2001, p. 112.

[90] Molnár 2001, pp. 37–38.

[91] Cartledge 2011, p. 31.

[92] Kristó & Makk 1996, pp. 257, 263, 268.

[93] Kontler 1999, p. 81.

[94] Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 163.

[95] Molnár 2001, p. 36.

[96] Molnár 2001, p. 37.

[97] Tanner 2010, p. 22.

[98] Fine 1994, p. 152.

[99] Almási 1994, p. 93.

[100] Engel 2001, p. 106.

[101] Bárány 2012, p. 353.

[102] Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 263.

[103] Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 150.

[104] Žemlička 2011, p. 107.

[105] Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 264.

[106] Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 152.

[107] Kristó 2003, p. 176.

[108] Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 153.

[109] Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, pp. 153–154.

[110] Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 154.

[111] Žemlička 2011, p. 108.

[112] Fine 1994, p. 159.

[113] Bárány 2012, p. 355.

[114] Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 155.

[115] Kristó 2003, p. 177.

[116] Makkai 1994a, p. 30.

[117] Kristó 2003, p. 179.

[118] Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 109.

[119] Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 157.

[120] Klaniczay 2002, p. 277.

[121] Kontler 1999, p. 99.

[122] Engel 2001, p. 97.

[123] Klaniczay 2002, p. 231.

[124] Kristó 2003, pp. 180–181.

[125] Fine 1994, p. 174.

[126] Zsoldos 2007, p. 18.

[127] Sălăgean 2005, p. 236.

[128] Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 265.

[129] Zsoldos 2007, p. 11.

[130] Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 158.

[131] Zsoldos 2007, p. 21.

[132] Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 159.

[133] Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 160.

[134] The Laws of the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary, 1000–1301 (1267:Preamble), p. 40.

[135] Engel 2001, p. 120.

[136] Bartl et al. 2002, p. 33.

[137] Fine 1994, p. 203.

[138] Kristó 2003, p. 182.

[139] Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 162.

[140] Engel 2001, p. 107.

[141] Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, pp. 163–164.

[142] Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 164.

[143] Kristó & Makk 1996, pp. 246, 248, 257, Appendices 4–5.

[144] Almási 1994, p. 234.

[145] Runciman 1989, p. 345, Appendix III.

[146] Kristó 2003, p. 248.

[147] Klaniczay 2002, p. 439.

[148] Klaniczay 2002, p. 207.

7.2 Secondary sources 11

[149] Kristó 2003, p. 248, Appendix 5.

[150] Kristó 2003, pp. 248, 263, Appendix 5.

[151] Kristó 2003, p. Appendix 5.

[152] Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, pp. 190–191.

[153] Kristó 2003, p. 263, Appendix 5.

[154] Kristó 2003, p. 257, Appendix 5.

[155] Kristó 2003, p. 271.

[156] Zsoldos 2007, pp. 13–15.

[157] Klaniczay 2002, p. 232.

[158] Diós, István. "Árpádházi Boldog Kinga [Blessed Kuni-gunda of the Árpáds]". A szentek élete [Lives of Saints].Szent István társulat. Retrieved 8 April 2014.

[159] Diós, István. "Árpádházi Boldog Jolán [Blessed Yolandaof the Árpáds]". A szentek élete [Lives of Saints]. SzentIstván társulat. Retrieved 8 April 2014.

[160] Diós, István. "Árpádházi Szent Margit [Saint Margaretof the Árpáds]". A szentek élete [Lives of Saints]. SzentIstván társulat. Retrieved 8 April 2014.

[161] Kristó & Makk 1996, pp. 248, 263, Appendices 4–5.

[162] Cartledge 2011, pp. 30–31.

[163] The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle (ch. 178.126), p.140.

[164] The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle (ch. 179.127), p.141.

7 Sources

7.1 Primary sources• Master Roger’s Epistle to the Sorrowful Lament uponthe Destruction of the Kingdom of Hungary bythe Tatars (Translated and Annotated by János M.Bak and Martyn Rady) (2010). In Rady, Martyn;Veszprémy, László; Bak, János M. (2010). Anony-mus and Master Roger. CEU Press. ISBN 978-963-9776-95-1.

• The Galician-Volynian Chronicle (An annoted trans-lation by George A. Perfecky) (1973). WilhelmFink Verlag.

• The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle: Chronica deGestis Hungarorum (Edited by Dezső Dercsényi)(1970). Corvina, Taplinger Publishing. ISBN 0-8008-4015-1.

• The Laws of the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary,1000–1301 (Translated and Edited by János M.Bak, György Bónis, James Ross Sweeney with an es-say on previous editions by Andor Czizmadia, Sec-ond revised edition, In collaboration with Leslie S.Domonkos) (1999). Charles Schlacks, Jr. Publish-ers. pp. 1–11. ISBN 1-884445-29-2.

7.2 Secondary sources

• (Hungarian) Almási, Tibor (1994). “IV. Béla;Gertrúd”. In Kristó, Gyula; Engel, Pál; Makk, Fer-enc. Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9–14. század)[Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History (9th–14th centuries)]. Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 92–93,234. ISBN 963-05-6722-9.

• Bárány, Attila (2012). “The Expansion of the King-dom of Hungary in the Middle Ages (1000–1490)".In Berend, Nóra. The Expansion of Central Europein the Middle Ages. Ashgate Variorum. pp. 333–380. ISBN 978-1-4094-2245-7.

• Bartl, Július; Čičaj, Viliam; Kohútova, Mária; Letz,Róbert; Segeš, Vladimír; Škvarna, Dušan (2002).Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Slovenské Pedegogické Nakla-datel’stvo. ISBN 0-86516-444-4.

• Cartledge, Bryan (2011). The Will to Survive: AHistory of Hungary. C. Hurst & Co. ISBN 978-1-84904-112-6.

• Chambers, James (1979). The Devil’s Horsemen:The Mongol Invasion of Europe. Atheneum. ISBN978-0-7858-1567-9.

• Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in theMiddle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge UniversityPress. ISBN 978-0-521-89452-4.

• Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A His-tory of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. TaurisPublishers. ISBN 1-86064-061-3.

• (Hungarian) Érszegi, Géza; Solymosi, László(1981). “Az Árpádok királysága, 1000–1301 [TheMonarchy of the Árpáds, 1000–1301]". In Soly-mosi, László. Magyarország történeti kronológiája,I: a kezdetektől 1526-ig [Historical Chronology ofHungary, Volume I: From the Beginning to 1526].Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 79–187. ISBN 963-05-2661-1.

• Fine, John V. A (1994). The LateMedieval Balkans:A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century tothe Ottoman Conquest. The University of MichiganPress. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.

• Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes.Rutgers. ISBN 0-8135-1304-9.

• Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. (1996). A History of Slo-vakia: The Struggle for Survival. Palgrave Macmil-lan. ISBN 1-4039-6929-9.

• Klaniczay, Gábor (2002). Holy Rulers and BlessedPrinces: Dynastic Cults in Medieval Central Europe.Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-42018-0.

12 8 EXTERNAL LINKS

• Kontler, László (1999). Millennium in Central Eu-rope: A History of Hungary. Atlantisz PublishingHouse. ISBN 963-9165-37-9.

• (Hungarian) Kristó, Gyula; Makk, Ferenc (1996).Az Árpád-ház uralkodói [Rulers of the House of Ár-pád]. I.P.C. Könyvek. ISBN 963-7930-97-3.

• (Hungarian) Kristó, Gyula (2003). Háborúk és had-viselés az Árpádok korában [Wars and Tactics underthe Árpáds]. Szukits Könyvkiadó. ISBN 963-9441-87-2.

• Magaš, Branka (2007). Croatia Through History.SAQI. ISBN 978-0-86356-775-9.

• Makkai, László (1994a). “Transformation into aWestern-type state, 1196–1301”. In Sugar, Peter F.;Hanák, Péter; Frank, Tibor. A History of Hungary.Indiana University Press. pp. 23–33. ISBN 963-7081-01-1.

• Makkai, László (1994b). “The Emergence of theEstates (1172–1526)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gá-bor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán;Borus, Judit. History of Transylvania. AkadémiaiKiadó. pp. 178–243. ISBN 963-05-6703-2.

• Molnár, Miklós (2001). A Concise History of Hun-gary. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66736-4.

• Runciman, Steven (1989). A History of the Cru-sades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem andthe Frankish East 1100–1187. Cambridge Univer-sity Press. ISBN 0-521-06162-8.

• Sălăgean, Tudor (2005). "Regnum Transilvanum.The assertion of the Congregational Regime”. InPop, Ioan-Aurel; Nägler, Thomas. The History ofTransylvania, Vol. I. (Until 1541). Romanian Cul-tural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies).pp. 233–246. ISBN 973-7784-00-6.

• Tanner, Marcus (2010). Croatia: A Nation Forgedin War. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-16394-0.

• Žemlička, Josef (2011). “The Realm of PřemyslOttokar II and Wenceslas II”. In Pánek, Jaroslav;Tůma, Oldřich. A History of the Czech Lands.Charles University in Prague. pp. 106–116. ISBN978-80-246-1645-2.

• (Hungarian) Zsoldos, Attila (2007). Családi ügy:IV. Béla és István ifjabb király viszálya az 1260-asévekben [A family affair: The Conflict between BélaIV and King-junior Stephen in the 1260s]. História,MTA Történettudományi Intézete. ISBN 978-963-9627-15-4.

8 External links• The Encyclopaedia Britannica’s article of Béla IV

13

9 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1 Text• Béla IV of Hungary Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Béla_IV_of_Hungary?oldid=629256491 Contributors: John K, Andrew-man327, Joy, Qertis, Dimadick, JackofOz, Lupo, Adam78, Alensha, Alexf, Thomasgraz, Rich Farmbrough, Wolfman, Zscout370,Kwamikagami, Vervin, Boris Živ, Martg76, Polylerus, A2Kafir, Jumbuck, Jvano, Gene Nygaard, Maestral, Japanese Searobin, Missis-sippienne, GregorB, Miq, Ketiltrout, Karelj, YurikBot, Stassats, Aetil, KissL, Јованвб, LeonardoRob0t, HansM, Otto ter Haar, GrinBot,Caponer, SmackBot, Hkhenson, Bryndza, Tankred, LeighBCD, Ohconfucius, SashatoBot, Mr Stephen, Eastlaw, CmdrObot, Cydebot,Mirekmarut, Thijs!bot, Maed, David-the-Monk, Deflective, Norden1990, Martínhache, FisherQueen, Kostisl, R'n'B, DrKiernan, Dalma84,Idioma-bot, Ariobarzan, VolkovBot, WOSlinker, TXiKiBoT, Becca is cool, Mimich, Billinghurst, SieBot, Gerakibot, Baxter9, Light-mouse, Hobartimus, G.-M. Cupertino, Squash Racket, Koczy, Plastikspork, Enkidus shade, No such user, Aaaronsmith, Cpt.schoener,Sunquanliangxiuhao, DumZiBoT, Borsoka, RogDel, BodhisattvaBot, Little Mountain 5, Firebat08, Surtsicna, Addbot, OliverTwisted,Legobot, Folklore1, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Ptbotgourou, Daaviiid, The Emperor’s New Spy, PZJTF, Angel ivanov angelov, KamikazeBot, Dy-namic.leaning, Qorilla, Xqbot, Wüstenfuchs, XZeroBot, GrouchoBot, Bizso, Toroko, RibotBOT, Drivast, Kebeta, FrescoBot, Farkasven,Nightsturm, U2fancat, Wladthemlat, Rokarudi, Jirka.h23, Sqwe, Daniel the Monk, Fakirbakir, ZéroBot, Empty Buffer, HammerFilmFan,Donner60, ClueBot NG, Shokatz, Mdann52, ChrisGualtieri, DanchoCC, Mogism, Stephanie.molnar, Jonas Vinther, Macofe, Persecute-dUser, Pariah24 and Anonymous: 60

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