Beginnings of an American IdentityBeginnings of an American Identity5-3: The French and Indian War

Braddock’s DefeatEdward Willard Deming

France Claims Western Lands

• Britain hoped to extend its colonies into the Ohio River Valley indefiance of France

• Charles de Langlade was trying to force the British to leave the Ohio Valley so the Indians would trade with the French instead

Native American Alliances

• Native Americans west of the Appalachians were at war with each other because …

the Iroquois were trying to expand their lands in order to control the fur trade

• The Huron and Algonquin allied with France

• The Iroquois allied with Britain

The Taking of Mary JemisonRobert Griffing

Between 1689 and 1763 Britain and France fought 4 major wars :

Conflict in the Ohio Valley

1 - The War of the League of Augsburg (1689-1697)AKA:

2 – The War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713)AKA: Queen Anne’s War

3 – The War of the Austrian Succession (1744-1748)AKA: King George’s War

4 – The Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)

(Begins in America in 1754!)

King William’s War

AKA: The French and Indian War

Conflict in the Ohio Valley

The first three wars were caused by competition in Europe …

… the 4th was caused by competition in North America over control of …

the Ohio River Valley

•Navy Controlled Trade Routes Smaller navy Defends Europe

Conflict in the Ohio Valley

•Large Population (1,485,000) Small Population (75,000)

Britain

France

•Organized Colonial Militias Few Troops in Canada

•Colonies are Self-Supporting Relied Heavily upon Imports

•13 Separate Governments Single Colonial Government

•Settlements Spread Along Coast Settlements Clustered Together

•Few Indian Allies (Iroquois) Strong Alliances with Indians

War Begins and Spreads

1. Washington was sent to evict the French from the Ohio Valley

2. When he got close, his men shot at a group of French diplomats

3. French troops from Ft. Duquesne came after him

4. Washington hurriedly built a fortand named it Ft. Necessity

5. Washington was soon forced to surrender his newly-built fort

War Begins and Spreads

• The Albany Plan of Union …• Purpose:

• Author:• Rejected:

to unify the colonies in order to defend themselves against the French Benjamin Franklin

Colonial legislatures did not want to give up any control

Braddock’s Defeat

• Braddock Defeated because …• Stubborn and refused to listen to advice• Insisted upon using European tactics in

North American forests

• George Washington• Bravely rallied

survivors and led them back to Virginia

The British Take Quebec

• Britain gets a new PMand then a new King• William Pitt• Pitt sent his best generals and

troops to fight in America• Pitt raised money to pay for

colonial supplies and troops

• To win …• The British would have to capture French

cities in Canada – Quebec and Montreal

and George III

The British Take Quebec

• Defeat French led by the Marquis de Montcalm

• British troops led by James Wolfescale Quebec’s “unclimbable” cliffs

The British Take Quebec

• Both Montcalm and Wolfe died in the Battle

The Death of General James WolfeBenjamin West

The Treaty of Paris, 1763

• Britain gains all land from the Atlantic to the Mississippi River

• France gives Louisiana (west of the Mississippi) to Spain

• France keeps only Haiti in the Caribbean and the islands of St. Pierre and Miguelon in the Gulf of St. Lawrence

Pontiac’s Rebellion

Daniel Boone Escorting Settlers through the Cumberland Gap - George Caleb Bingham

• British settlers (no longer worried about the French) were moving across the Appalachians and taking Native lands

Pontiac’s Rebellion

• Pontiac wanted to stop the loss of Native land and culture in the lands west of the Appalachians

The Siege of Fort DetroitFrederic Sackrider Remington

Pontiac’s Rebellion

• Forbade settlement west of the Appalachians …

… including in the fertile land of the Ohio River Valley

• British government passed the

Proclamation of 1763

5-3: The French and Indian War