Beekeeping theory disease and pests of honey bee
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Transcript of Beekeeping theory disease and pests of honey bee
Disease and pest of the honey bees
Theoretische Anfängerkurse FUAL Andreas Reichart 2016 1
Disease of the adult honey bee
Theoretische Anfängerkurse FUAL Andreas Reichart 2016 2
Nosema disease
Symptoms
•Affected worker bees are unable to fly
•Crawler about the hive entrance
•Bees tremble on top of the frames
•Abdomen of an infected worker often swollen
•Dysentery, you see feacal spots in the hive or entrance
Cause
•Protozoa: Nosema apis or Nosema ceranaTheoretische Anfängerkurse FUAL
Andreas Reichart 2016 3
Nosema disease
Treatment
•No medicines for treatment in EU
•Fumidil ( an antibiotic) not licenced in EU
Prevention
•Good husbandry
•Maintaining strong colonies
•Well fed
•Young and prolific queens
•Good locationTheoretische Anfängerkurse FUAL
Andreas Reichart 2016 4
Amoeba disease• Importance:
Can lead in spring to damage, like Nosemosis is not often recognised.
• Cause:
Amboeba Malpighamoeba mellificae PRELL (Protozoe)
• Incidence:
In the malpighi tubuli, at the end of the digestive canal.
• Sympotoms:
Similar as nosemosis
Dysentery
Crawler
Abdomen of an infected worker often swollen Theoretische Anfängerkurse FUAL
Andreas Reichart 2016 5
Amoeba disease
Malpighi tubuli
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Amoeba disease
Treatment:
•No medicine available
Prevention
•Good husbandry
•Maintaining strong colonies
•Well fed
•Young and prolific queens
•Good location
Theoretische Anfängerkurse FUAL Andreas Reichart 2016 7
Tracheal mite (Acarine)
Importance
In former days resonsible for winter looses?
• partly by varroa‐treatment seized
• on climatic inclement locations same problems
• in same regions occur suppentily colonies with damage: USA (13 years ago), Baden
• causes unknown
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Tracheal mite
Sympotoms
Acarapisosis is the infestation of the breathing tubes (trachea)of the adult bee by the parasitic mite Acarapis woodi
• Crawler
• Feacal spots in the hive or entrance
• Shorten the lifespan of the over‐wintering bees. This may lead to ‘spring dwindling’, where the winter bees die early in the spring, meaning that the expanding brood cannot be supported sufficiently leading to the demise of the colony
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Tracheal mite
Theoretische Anfängerkurse FUAL Andreas Reichart 2016 10
Tracheal mite
TreatmentSame varroacides effective:• formic acid• thymol
Prevention• Stronge colonies• good location (climate, pollen)• dissolve infected colonies and weak colonies• Re‐queen colonies that are susceptible to the disease
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Disease of the brood
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distinction „brood damage“from healthy brood
Egg (~3 days) →larvae (~6 days) → capped phase (~12 days) → pupal stage: white eyed → red eyed →brown eyed → brown body → dark body → skinning →wings, hairs → tan colouring
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This is?brood disease?healthy brood!
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American foulbrood (AFB)
Importance
• Notifiable disease:
• Everybody has even a suspicion to report!• high infectious
• no self‐healing
• onset of disease associate with prohibited area and the veterinary officer determined what to do
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American foulbrood
Diagnosis: „typical“ bee location
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American foulbrood•Diagnosis: perforated and sunken cappingsStrange smell: like chocolate
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American foulbrood
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Roping, sticky larval remains when drawn out with a matchstick
Control American foulbrood
Number infected location last 20 years constant (250 – 400 in Germany)
•All infected colonies are destroyed. The first stage is to destroy the adult bees and brood combs by burning, then the hives and any appliances are sterilised by scorching with a blow lamp.
• No Antibiotic in the EU allowed!
LV Hannover Imker
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European foulbrood symptoms
American foulbrood European foulbroodSmell like sauerkraut
20Theoretische Anfängerkurse FUAL Andreas Reichart 2016
European foulbrood
Primär:- Melissococcus plutonius
Sekundär:- Achromobacter eurydice- Streptococcus faecalis- Bacillus alvei
Anton Imdorf, Liebefeld Theoretische Anfängerkurse FUAL Andreas Reichart 201621
European foulbrood
•Erratic or uneven brood pattern
•Twisted larvae with creamy‐white guts visible through the body wall
•Melted down, yellowy white larvae
•An unpleasant sour odour
•Loosely‐attached brown scales
Stress supports the spread of the pathogen shortage of foodbad weather period
Theoretische Anfängerkurse FUAL Andreas Reichart 2016
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Chalkbrood
•Adult bees usually tear down the brood cell cappings to remove the dead larvae, often noticeable on the hive floor or at the hive entrance
Disease signs
Theoretische Anfängerkurse FUAL Andreas Reichart 201623
Chalkbrood
TreatmentA good, strong healthy colony will usually be able to tolerate chalkbrood and it is not usually a serious disease. However, in smaller colonies or those under stress (for example suffering heavy varroa infestations) chalkbrood can be a problem. The best method for keeping chalkbrood to a minimum is the maintenance good strong stocks of bees, although in particularly bad cases the problem may be solved by re‐queening with a young and vigorous queen from a chalkbrood‐free colony. Choice of apiary site is also important and you should avoid damp sites.
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Varroa bee pest no.1
Importance
• Nowadays responsible for dramatic losses of colonies (partly 30% a year)
• Very different distibutions in the country, in the bee colonies
• Consistend treatment leeds to less losses
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„Varroa family“ in a worker cell after 11 days after capping the cell
Protonymph Deutonymph
Deutochrysalis
Fresh young femal Mother mite
Adult male
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Livecyclus
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Deutsches Bienenmonitoring „DEBIMO“
Effective varroa burden to winter losses 2005 -2009
Anzahl Varroa-Milben pro 100 Bienen im Oktober
Ein
gega
nge
ne
Völ
ker
[%]
n = 3.588 Bienenvölker
From 5 mite/ 100 bees risk of winter losses increase
510%
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Andreas Reichart 2016 28
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Diagnosis
Varroa mite
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Drawer with varroa mite
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Drawer
colony 1 colony 2
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Diagnosis with icing sugar
Quelle:ADIZ/db/IF 8/2011Fotos:Pocker; Binder-Kölhofer
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Drone brood removal
oAt the beginn of the willow bloom give the frame for drone brood direct near the brood nest.
oSuccess 20-50%.o combine swarm-control with Varroa controloWax free of arrears for wax foundation
Best with 2 drone comb frames.
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Drone brood removal
…ist eine rückstandsfreie, natürliche Varroamilben-Falle
…wirkt schwarmvorbeugend…dient der Wachsproduktion
Regelmäßige Drohnenbrutentnahme…
nach 14 bis 24 Tagen
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Summer treatmentVarroa treatment in colonies
with brood• synthetic
Bayvarol
danger of resistance,
thus inadequate effectiveness
• Naturally occurring substances
formic acid
60% and 85%
Thymol
Apilife VAR
After the last honey harvest, or nucleus colonies without honey harvest
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Thymol treatment• Alternative to a treatment with formic acid
• No effect in capped brood
• Treatment for 4 weeks, after 2 weeks new drug
• Wafers placed directly on top bars of brood nests.
• Minimum 0,5 cm distance to cover
• Keep hive entrance small, put the drawer under mesh floor
• Daytime temperatures above 15°C
Theoretische Anfängerkurse FUAL Andreas Reichart 2016
Theoretische Anfängerkurse FUAL Andreas Reichart 2016 37
Long time evaporatorNassenheider Professional Nassenheider alte Ausführung
Liebig-Dispenser
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Nassenheider Verdunster Professional
• You need a empty box (honey super)
• You have to controll the amount of formic acid that evaporated
• Procedure:
• After the last honey harvest, check supplies of feed ( minimum need 5‐6kg )
• 1. treatment with 290 ml formic acid 60% for 14 days
• Afterwards 14 days to feed the colony. Check the natural mite fall
• Perhaps 2. treatment with 60% or 85% formic acid
Theoretische Anfängerkurse FUAL Andreas Reichart 2016 39
Authorised varroacides
treatment of the colonies with brood
• 60%/85% Ameisensäure
• Apilife var
• Bayvarol
treatment of the colonies without brood
• Oxuvar
• Milchsäure 15%
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Winter treatment
oxalic acid treatment• 3.5% acid solution in 60% sucrose trickled over combs of
bees; 2.5ml per brood comb side (5ml per seam of bees)
• Don’t use evaporated oxalic acid
Latic acid treatment
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Oxalic acid
New Pests
Small hive beetle Tropilaelabs mites
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Small hive beetle in Italy
• On September 11 2014, the Italian Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, National Reference Laboratory for Apiculture (IZSV) confirmed the first detection of the presence of Small hive beetle (SHB) in South West Italy, in the port city of Gioia Tauro.
• Untill now 1800 bee colonies destroyed
Theoretische Anfängerkurse FUAL Andreas Reichart 2015 43Theoretische Anfängerkurse FUAL Andreas Reichart 2016 43
Lundie 1940, Schmolke 1974, Neumann & Elzen 2004
In the colonyOutside the
colonyEgg Larvae Wanderlarven
Pupa
2‐6T 8‐
29T
8T‐3M
Small hive beetlelivecyclus
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Theoretische Anfängerkurse FUAL Andreas Reichart 2016 44
Adult
Eggs • hidden• as parcel• 2/3 size of the honey
bees eggs
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Small hive beetle
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Larvea
10-11mm
• 1.2cm brown‐white• 6 legs
3 pair legs
«Stachelborsten »
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Small hive beetle
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Acetic acid: depot of frames against Galleria mellonella Formic acid: In bee colony against Varroa destructor
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Small hive beetle
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Tropilaelaps Milben
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Tropilaelaps mite
• Tropilaelaps mites are parasites of the bee brood.• original host Apis dorsata, Apis brelivigual, Apis
laboriosa (Südostasien, Iran to Neu-Guinea and up to Korea
• Life cycle probably similar Varroa destructor
Theoretische Anfängerkurse FUAL Andreas Reichart 2015 49Theoretische Anfängerkurse FUAL Andreas Reichart 2016 49
Small hive beetle and Tropilaelaps mite
Notifiable parasite/disease!!!!!
Theoretische Anfängerkurse FUAL Andreas Reichart 2015 50Theoretische Anfängerkurse FUAL Andreas Reichart 2016 50
Virus in honey bees
Akute paralysis virus ABPV
Chronical bee paralysis virus
CBPV
Deformed wing virus DWV
Sacbrood bee virus SBV
Kaschmir bee virus KBV
Black queencell virus BQCV
Theoretische Anfängerkurse FUAL Andreas Reichart 201651
Bee virus & varroaAkuter paralysis virus ABPV
Chronical bee paralysis virus
CBPV
Deformed wing virus DWV
Sacbrood bee virus SBV
Kaschmir bee virus KBV
Black queencell virus BQCV
DWV, ABPV, SBV and KBV will be transmitted by Varroa!!! 52Theoretische Anfängerkurse FUAL Andreas Reichart 2016
Virus + VarroaBee virus alone hardly effects
Bee virus + varroa often dramaitcally effects
varroa mites:1. spread virus2. The can virus activate
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Prevention of diseasesby the beekeeper!
1. General hygiene
2. controll the colony strength and broodnest
3. Early spring manangement
4. Make new colonies
5. Queens: age and genetic quality
6. Summer management
7. Varroa‐Treatment
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7. Varroa-treatment: „treatment plan“
1. SpringDrone brood removal
2. SummerFormic acidThymol
3. Winter treatmentOxalic acid
4. Diagnosis!During and after the treatment!!! 55Theoretische Anfängerkurse FUAL
Andreas Reichart 2016
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Pest
• Wax moth• Green woodpeaker• Badger• Racoon• Ants• Vespa velutina• Mouse
Vespa velutina
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Villmools Merci firs nolauschteren
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