Becoming Chinese in Indonesia: A Study of Ethnic and Nation Identities in Tangerang, Indonesia
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Transcript of Becoming Chinese in Indonesia: A Study of Ethnic and Nation Identities in Tangerang, Indonesia
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Becoming Chinese in Indonesia
A Study of Ethnic and Nation Identities in Tangerang, Banten
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Researchers:M. Iqbal DjajadiMuhammad Reza Zaini
Department of Sociology, University of IndonesiaDepok, Indonesia
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About ‘Becoming Chinese in Indonesia’
Source: ‘American-Born Chinese’ Comic by Gene Luen Yang
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Flow of Presentation
Introduction
Historical Background
Problem Statement
Analysis
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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Chinese-Indonesians
Taken-for-Granted Taken-for-Granted
‘Chinese-Indonesian’
IdentityIndividual
‘Chinese-Indonesian’
IdentityIndividual
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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Who are the Cina Benteng?
Origin
(1) Descendants of Chinese immigrants (Hokkian) from Fujian Province to Teluk Naga, Indonesia c.a. 15th – 17th century;
(2) ‘One of the most assimilated Chinese’ group in Indonesia(3) Result of inter-generational intermarriage between Chinese (generally) males and native (generally) females.
Cultural Identity
(1)Retain Chinese cultural practice combined with indigenous cultural practices, without knowing its meanings/values; (2) Still consider and be considered as a part of ‘Chinese-Indonesian’ cultural identity.
Contemporary Life
(1)Live around the proximity of Tangerang, Indonesia. Cina Benteng became synonymous with Tangerang itself;(2)Poverty rate relatively significant.
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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
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In Situgadung Village, there is a ‘Cina Benteng’ community which had been settling for generations.
At the beginning, they did not considered themselves as ‘Cina Benteng’, but ‘Orang Keturunan’, (descendants). Through a long process, they eventually identified themselves and even proud as a ‘Cina Benteng’, (Peranakan Chinese).
What are the implications of the findings to the Ethnic Chinese Studies?
How is the process underwent by the Orang Keturunan community of Situgadung Village?
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
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We employed qualitative method, emphasized to grounded concept (Neuman, 2006).
ABSTRACT THEORYISSUE
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Please refer to the discussion for further details of methodology.
Title: “A Note on Methodology” based on Neuman (2006)
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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Ethnic Identity (Trimble and Dickson, 2006): Traced its etymology to idem (Latin: same) and ethnikas (Greek: kin). A sense of belonging where each member of a certain group is considered to share the same origin and cultural traits.
Social Collectivity (Koller,2012): An individual/collective effort to identify themselves, as a mean to distinguish their identity among other individuals/social collectivity within the society. Ethnic identity is one of the manifestations of social collectivity.
At the beginning, they did not considered themselves as ‘Cina Benteng’, but ‘Orang Keturunan’, (descendants). Through a long process, they eventually identified themselves and even proud as a ‘Cina Benteng’, (Peranakan Chinese).
Suparlan (2005): The usage of social collectivity is linked to the survival method of an individual/social group in the society.
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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
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Banten
Tangerang
“Banten Girang” (9th/10th Century, Guillot, Nurhakim, & Wibisono:1996)
“Tang-Lan”
Tangerang was where the concentration of Chinese settlement , especially after the Dutch colonial rule (Chinese laborers)
Several villages in present-day Tangerang also has Chinese naming origins.
文海廟 , 文山廟 , 文德廟
FINDINGSFINDINGS
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FINDINGSFINDINGS
Situgadung Village
The name Situgadung originated from Sundanese, which are “Situ” and “Gadung”. Previously named “Kampung Amoy”, from a Chinese dialect.
The Chinese were among the first settlers.
Borders the Bumi Serpong Damai gated community.
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FINDINGSFINDINGS
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李王 沈 陳 鄭葉
Their Chinese ancestors came ashore to approx. in the 16th century. Their descendants are the members of Orang Keturunan community in Sampora dan Situgadung village.
Set ashore around the proximity of coastal Tangerang.
After the Netherlands annexed Tangerang to its colonial empire in 1684, many local Chinese were employed as plantation laborers.
Dutch Colonialism Japanese Occupation Struggle for Independence Old Order Era New Order Era
Yap Ong Sim Tan Lie The
Sampora Situgadung
FINDINGSFINDINGS
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Cina Benteng
Cina Benteng
Orang Keturunan
Orang Selam
Pribumi
FINDINGSFINDINGS
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1. Informant A’s family (鄭 ), is a n Orang Keturunan family, who adhere the Tri Dharma Buddhism.
2. Informant A often heard from his family about ‘Tionghoa’ (Formal term to refer Chinese-Indonesians).
3. From his High School teacher, he began to heard Cina which was referred by his teacher to him and his other Chinese classmates.
4. Informant A graduated from High School in 1981. At the same time, he felt that the cultural and religious identity of Orang Keturunan somehow considered “unfit” for his personality. (BSD-Pentecostal).
FROM ORANG KETURUNAN TOFROM ORANG KETURUNAN TOCINA BENTENGCINA BENTENG
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6. Informant A converted to Christianity in 1982.
7. As the interaction with the Chinese intensified, Informant A and other Orang Keturunans were identified as Cina.
8. In 1988, Informant A, as well as his relatives and neighbors, moved to Jakarta to search for works (Cina Udik).
9. To distinguish them from the diversified Chinese population in BSD, they eventually began to be identified as Cina Benteng.
FROM ORANG KETURUNAN TOFROM ORANG KETURUNAN TOCINA BENTENGCINA BENTENG
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FROM ORANG KETURUNAN TOFROM ORANG KETURUNAN TOCINA BENTENGCINA BENTENG
“Less-Chinese”
Adherence to non-Christian beliefs
Engaged in agriculture
Low socio-economic status
Rural-dweller
“More-Chinese”
Adherence to Christianity
Engaged in business
High socio-economic status
Urban-dweller
The Shift of Identity
Ignored “Chinese-ness”
Mastery of Mandarin/Chinese dialects.
Practice of Chinese traditional customs.
To some extent. Physical traits.
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FROM ORANG KETURUNAN TOFROM ORANG KETURUNAN TOCINA BENTENGCINA BENTENG
“Less-Indigenous”
Adherence to non-Islamic beliefs
“More-Indigenous”
Adherence to Islam
The Shift of Identity
Note: Less social traits needed
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List of socio-political factors which triggered the change of identification
FROM ORANG KETURUNAN TOFROM ORANG KETURUNAN TOCINA BENTENGCINA BENTENG
Socio-Political Factors
Japanese Occupation
Dutch Military Aggression
Indonesian “Anti-Chinese” Policies
Communist Coup of 1965
Bumi Serpong Damai (BSD) gated community
Pentecostal Missionaries
Migration of middle-class Chinese-Indonesians to BSD
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FROM ORANG KETURUNAN TOFROM ORANG KETURUNAN TOCINA BENTENGCINA BENTENG
What define “Chinese-ness”?
What kind of cultural/identity transformation is this?
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Conclusions
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Historical Events Infrastructural
Changes
Demographic
Changes
Economic Changes
Decision to Become Cina Benteng
PHASE ISocialization
PHASE IIAffiliation
PHASE IIISignificance CINA BENTENG
Conclusions
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Cina/Chinese
Cina BentengOrg. Keturunan
Conclusions
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(1) In this case, “Chinese” identity it’s an achieved status;
(2) Chinese identity is a constructed reality. Due to historical events, it is defined distinctively in Indonesia;
(3) We can see that there are a constructed ‘parameter’ of Chinese-ness.
(4) Orang Keturunan are a community which is almost completely turned into natives, but their shift of identity somehow changed as a result of several social factors.
Closing Statements
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Thank You for Your Attention
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In Memories of M. Iqbal Djajadi
(1961 - 2014)
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QUESTION AND ANSWER SESSION