Becoming a World Becoming a World PowerPower

(1890–1915)(1890–1915)Chapter 10Chapter 10

The Pressure to The Pressure to ExpandExpand

Section 1Section 1

Growth of ImperialismGrowth of Imperialism Under Under imperialismimperialism, , stronger nations stronger nations

attempt to create empires by dominating attempt to create empires by dominating weaker nationsweaker nations. .

The late 1800s marked the peak of The late 1800s marked the peak of European imperialism, with much of Africa European imperialism, with much of Africa and Asia under foreign domination.and Asia under foreign domination.

By 1890, the United States was eager to By 1890, the United States was eager to join the competition for new territory. join the competition for new territory. Supporters of expansion denied that the Supporters of expansion denied that the United States sought to annex foreign United States sought to annex foreign lands. (To lands. (To annexannex is to join a new territory to is to join a new territory to an existing countryan existing country.) Yet annexation did .) Yet annexation did take place.take place.

Q&AQ&A

What is ImperialismWhat is Imperialism

What does ‘annex’ mean?What does ‘annex’ mean?

Growth of ImperialismGrowth of Imperialism Several factors account for the growth of Several factors account for the growth of

imperialism.imperialism. Economic factorsEconomic factors: The growth of industry increased : The growth of industry increased

the need for natural resources.the need for natural resources. Nationalistic factorsNationalistic factors: Competition among European : Competition among European

nations for large empires was the result of a rise in nations for large empires was the result of a rise in nationalismnationalism—or devotion to one’s own nation.—or devotion to one’s own nation.

Military factorsMilitary factors: Europe had better armies than : Europe had better armies than Africa and Asia, and it needed bases around the Africa and Asia, and it needed bases around the world to refuel and supply navy ships.world to refuel and supply navy ships.

Humanitarian factorsHumanitarian factors: Europeans believed that they : Europeans believed that they had a duty to spread the blessings of western had a duty to spread the blessings of western civilizations to other countries. civilizations to other countries.

Arguments for U.S. Arguments for U.S. ExpansionExpansion

PromotinPromoting g EconomiEconomic Growthc Growth

ProtectinProtecting g American American SecuritySecurity

PreservinPreserving g American American SpiritSpirit

•The United States needed to secure new markets The United States needed to secure new markets in other countries.in other countries.•The United Fruit Company invested and gained The United Fruit Company invested and gained political influence in some Central American political influence in some Central American nations. nations. Nations controlled by American Nations controlled by American Businesses were calledBusinesses were called banana republicsbanana republics..

An expanded navy with bases around the An expanded navy with bases around the world would protect U.S. Interests. By world would protect U.S. Interests. By 1900, the United States had one of the 1900, the United States had one of the most powerful navies in the world.most powerful navies in the world.

Some leaders of the day believed that Some leaders of the day believed that introducing Christianity and modern introducing Christianity and modern civilization to less developed nations civilization to less developed nations around the world was a noble pursuit.around the world was a noble pursuit.

Q&AQ&A

Why did the United States follow a Why did the United States follow a policy of expansionism in the late policy of expansionism in the late 1800’s?1800’s?

What were the banana republics of What were the banana republics of Central America? Central America?

Arguments for ExpansionArguments for Expansion

Alfred T. Mahan argued that to protect Alfred T. Mahan argued that to protect its trade, the United States must build its trade, the United States must build up its up its navynavy..

Expansionists, such as Frederick Jackson Expansionists, such as Frederick Jackson Turner, argued that a quest for empire Turner, argued that a quest for empire would restore the countries pioneer would restore the countries pioneer spirit spirit

Henry Cabot Lodge and Teddy Roosevelt Henry Cabot Lodge and Teddy Roosevelt felt that Imperialism would offer a new felt that Imperialism would offer a new frontierfrontier

Q&AQ&A

Alfred T. Mahan argued that to protect Alfred T. Mahan argued that to protect its trade, the United States must build its trade, the United States must build up its what? up its what?

What did Expansionists, such as What did Expansionists, such as Frederick Jackson Turner, argued that a Frederick Jackson Turner, argued that a quest for empire would lead to? quest for empire would lead to?

What connection was made between What connection was made between imperialism and the American frontier? imperialism and the American frontier?

Expanding U.S. InterestsExpanding U.S. Interests

The The Monroe Monroe DoctrineDoctrine

Seward’s Seward’s FollyFolly

Midway Midway IslandsIslands

Latin Latin America America and and HawaiiHawaii

•Originally meant that the United States Originally meant that the United States declared itself neutral in European wars and declared itself neutral in European wars and warned other nations to stay out of the Western warned other nations to stay out of the Western Hemisphere.Hemisphere.•Later, the doctrine was interpreted to mean a Later, the doctrine was interpreted to mean a more active role to protect the interests of the more active role to protect the interests of the United States.United States.In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward bought Alaska from Russia.bought Alaska from Russia.

Seward bought the uninhabited Midway Seward bought the uninhabited Midway Islands for use as repairing and refueling Islands for use as repairing and refueling stations for navy vessels in the Pacific.stations for navy vessels in the Pacific.

The United States signed a treaty with Hawaii The United States signed a treaty with Hawaii and took a more active role in protecting and took a more active role in protecting Latin America.Latin America.

Q&AQ&A

What did the United States What did the United States annexation of the Midway Islands set annexation of the Midway Islands set up? up?

The Spanish-The Spanish-American WarAmerican War

Section 2Section 2

Setting the Stage for Setting the Stage for WarWar

By demanding that a dispute between By demanding that a dispute between Venezuela and Great Britain be sent to Venezuela and Great Britain be sent to arbitration, the United States defended arbitration, the United States defended the validity of the Monroe Doctrine. the validity of the Monroe Doctrine.

ArbitrationArbitration is the settlement of a dispute is the settlement of a dispute by a person or panel chosen to listen to by a person or panel chosen to listen to both sides and come to a decisionboth sides and come to a decision..

The British government backed down The British government backed down because it needed to stay on friendly because it needed to stay on friendly terms with the United States.terms with the United States.

How did the US demonstrate How did the US demonstrate enforcement of the Monroe enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine? Doctrine?

What is Arbitration?What is Arbitration?

The Cuban RebellionThe Cuban Rebellion

Cuban exiles living in the United Cuban exiles living in the United States, led by journalist José Martí, States, led by journalist José Martí, urged the US to intervene in the urged the US to intervene in the Cuban RevolutionCuban Revolution

The US refused due to fears of high The US refused due to fears of high cost and colonial responsibilitiescost and colonial responsibilities

The Cuban rebels resort to destroying The Cuban rebels resort to destroying US plantations to force businessmen US plantations to force businessmen to push for interventionto push for intervention

Q&AQ&A

Who was José Martí?Who was José Martí?

Setting the Stage for Setting the Stage for WarWar

Newspaper Owners William Randolph Newspaper Owners William Randolph Hearst and George Pulitzer wrote Hearst and George Pulitzer wrote exaggerated stories about the Cuban exaggerated stories about the Cuban rebellion.rebellion.

This This yellow journalismyellow journalism sold a lot of papers sold a lot of papers but had other effects as well:but had other effects as well: It whipped up American public opinion in favor It whipped up American public opinion in favor

of the Cuban rebels. of the Cuban rebels. It led to a burst of It led to a burst of national pride and the desire national pride and the desire

for an aggressive foreign policyfor an aggressive foreign policy, which became , which became known as known as jingoismjingoism..

Q&AQ&A

Who was William Randolph Hearst?Who was William Randolph Hearst?

Why did Americans sided with the Why did Americans sided with the Cuban rebels against Spain? Cuban rebels against Spain?

What is Jingoism?What is Jingoism?

The Spanish-American The Spanish-American WarWar

Steps to Steps to WarWar

The USS The USS MaineMaine was stationed in Havana harbor. was stationed in Havana harbor.

Spanish Ambassador de Lôme insulted President Spanish Ambassador de Lôme insulted President McKinley.McKinley.

The USS The USS MaineMaine exploded, and the American public exploded, and the American public blamed Spain.blamed Spain.

Congress recognized Cuban independence and Congress recognized Cuban independence and authorized force against Spain.authorized force against Spain.

““A A Splendid Splendid Little Little War”War”

May 1, 1898: Admiral May 1, 1898: Admiral George DeweyGeorge Dewey lead a surprise lead a surprise attack on the Spanish in the Philippinesattack on the Spanish in the Philippines and destroyed and destroyed Spain’s entire Pacific fleet in seven hours. This was the Spain’s entire Pacific fleet in seven hours. This was the 11stst action of the war action of the war

July 1: July 1: Roosevelt led the Rough Riders up San Juan Roosevelt led the Rough Riders up San Juan Hill.Hill.

July 3: The United States Navy sank the remaining July 3: The United States Navy sank the remaining Spanish ships. Spanish ships.

The The Treaty of Treaty of ParisParis

Accomplished the main goal of Accomplished the main goal of freeing Cuba from freeing Cuba from Spanish Rule.Spanish Rule.

Spain gave up the Spain gave up the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto RicoPhilippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico in return for $20 million. The island nations then in return for $20 million. The island nations then became unincorporated territories of the United became unincorporated territories of the United States.States.

The Spanish-American The Spanish-American WarWar

Q&AQ&A What role did Teddy Roosevelt play in the What role did Teddy Roosevelt play in the

Spanish American WarSpanish American War

Who was George Dewey? Who was George Dewey?

Where was the 1Where was the 1stst action of the Spanish action of the Spanish American War?American War?

What was the main goal of the US during the What was the main goal of the US during the Spanish American War?Spanish American War?

What territory did United States gained as a What territory did United States gained as a result of the peace treaty with Spain? result of the peace treaty with Spain?

New Challenges After the New Challenges After the WarWar

The PhilippinesThe Philippines President McKinley’s arguments for President McKinley’s arguments for

annexation:annexation: Filipinos were unfit for self-government.Filipinos were unfit for self-government. Independence would bring anarchy.Independence would bring anarchy. European powers would try to seize the European powers would try to seize the

islands.islands. The Filipinos fought a three-year war for The Filipinos fought a three-year war for

independence.independence. The Philippines did not gain complete The Philippines did not gain complete

independence until 1946.independence until 1946.

New Challenges After the New Challenges After the WarWar

CubaCuba President McKinley installed a military President McKinley installed a military

government to protect American business government to protect American business interests.interests.

Cuba drafted a constitution in 1900 that did Cuba drafted a constitution in 1900 that did not allow for U.S. involvement.not allow for U.S. involvement.

The U.S. government only agreed to remove The U.S. government only agreed to remove its troops if Cuba included the its troops if Cuba included the Platt Platt AmendmentAmendment..

The Platt Amendment remained in place until The Platt Amendment remained in place until 1934. It allowed for U.S. naval bases on the 1934. It allowed for U.S. naval bases on the island and intervention whenever necessary.island and intervention whenever necessary.

United States Acquisitions and United States Acquisitions and AnnexationsAnnexations1857-19041857-1904

HawaiiHawaii Hawaii became increasingly important to United States Hawaii became increasingly important to United States

business interests. business interests. Hawaii also leased Pearl Harbor to the United States Hawaii also leased Pearl Harbor to the United States

as a fueling and repair station for naval vessels. as a fueling and repair station for naval vessels. In 1898, Congress approved the annexation of Hawaii.In 1898, Congress approved the annexation of Hawaii.

Q&AQ&A

Why did the United States Annex Why did the United States Annex Hawaii?Hawaii?

China and the “Open door China and the “Open door Policy”Policy”

China’s huge population and its vast markets China’s huge population and its vast markets became very important to American trade. became very important to American trade.

European countries were competing for European countries were competing for spheres of influencespheres of influence or areas of economic and or areas of economic and political control.political control.

President McKinley’s Secretary of State, John President McKinley’s Secretary of State, John Hay, wrote notes to the major European Hay, wrote notes to the major European powers trying to persuade them to keep an powers trying to persuade them to keep an “open door” to China. “open door” to China.

He wanted to ensure through his He wanted to ensure through his Open Door Open Door PolicyPolicy that the that the United States would have equal United States would have equal access to China’s millions of consumers.access to China’s millions of consumers.

Q&AQ&A

What are Spheres of Influence?What are Spheres of Influence?

Why was the Open Door Policy Why was the Open Door Policy important to the United States? important to the United States?