Batja Mesquita University of Leuven March 13 th, 2010.
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Transcript of Batja Mesquita University of Leuven March 13 th, 2010.
CHANGING EMOTIONS: BOB, ME, AND OTHER IMMIGRANTS
Batja MesquitaUniversity of LeuvenMarch 13th, 2010
Photography: Michael Zajonc
“The authors of this textbook know a man who is Polish, grew to adolescence in Poland, but has already lived in the United States for more than 50 years. Quite frequently, the man admits, “I have lived here for many years, but I am still not completely comfortable with Americans’ emotions. They smile all the time, and say that they are ‘happy’“
(Niedenthal, Krauth-Gruber, & Ric, 2007)
A new generation of Zajonc immigrants
“Conformity may require from [the stranger] a rather threatening reorganization of the deeper layers of his superego (…) The reason for this is that the stranger’s superego was molded in an environment that is not the one that now requires conformity from him.”(Zajonc, 1952, p. 206/7)
Given the need to conform, attitudinal aggression of the stranger is a function of his difficulty in conformity
Attitudinal aggression as a result of frustration in conformity will be greater for strangers with long residence than for those with short residence
Aggressive Attitudes
Cultural Differences in Emotion Patterns
Emotions that are consistent with the
cultural meanings and practices are
promoted, while emotions that are
inconsistent are discouraged
(Mesquita, 2003; Mesquita & Leu, 2007)
Different classes of emotionsSocially
Disengaged Socially Engaged
Independence andautonomy
Relatednessbetween people
Pride Friendly
Feelings of superiority Sympathy
Anger Shame
(Kitayama, Mesquita, & Karasawa, 2006)
Predictions
Disengaged emotions will be relatively more frequent in American culture
Engaged emotions will be relatively more frequent in Japanese culture
Engaging Disengaging2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4
4.2
4.4
Engaging Disengaging2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4
4.2
4.4Positive Emotions Negative emotions
(Kitayama, Mesquita, & Karasawa, JPSP, 2006)
A
J
A
J
Values & Emotions
Please think about a recent occasion in which you felt bad about your relationships with others (for example. indebted. ashamed. guilty. sad or sorry for another. afraid of troubling another. awkward).
Please describe the situation briefly. Provide as much detail as needed for somebody to understand why you felt that way in this situation.
Engagement=
Disengaged
Engaged
Valence =GoodBad
(DeLeersnyder, Mesquita, & Kim, under review)
Values and Emotions
Emotion Scales Positive disengaged α = .74 (3
items) Positive engaged α = .86 (5
items) Negative disengaged α = .81 (4
items) Negative engaged α = .76 (4
items) (DeLeersnyder & Mesquita, in preparation)
Values
Person
focused
Otherfocuse
d
protection
growth
Values
Otherfocuse
d
growth
protection
Person
focused
Value itemsBelgians high on Self-direction
Independence, setting one’s own goals Benevolence:
Helping others, loyalty
Belgians less high on Achievement/power:
Taking the lead, Succeeding, Ambition Conformity/Tradition:
Tradition, belief/religion, Politeness, Respect
People use the most highly endorsed cultural values to evaluate an emotional situationValue % used
Independence 84.5%
Setting one’s goals 77.7%
Politeness 75.5%
Loyalty 70.0%
Succeeeding 66.0%
Ambition 63.3%
Taking the lead 62.0%
Respect 58.0%
Helping others 51.6%
Tradition 44.7%
Belief/religion 22.0%
Values
Person
focused
Otherfocuse
d
protection
growth
disengaged engaged
Odds-ratios for all values
VALUE Times more likely
significance
Succeeding 4 x in disenagged
p ≤ .001
Ambition 3 x in disengaged
p ≤ .001
Loyalty 2 x in engaged
p ≤ .05
Helping others 1.7 x in engaged
p = .074
Values
Person
focused
Otherfocuse
d
protection
growth
Emotion & Values
People’s feelings are related to the values that are activated in the situation.
Culturally central values are more likely to be activated than peripheral values
People’s emotions reflect their cultural affiliation
Emotional Acculturation
US Study91 participants
Korean immigrants (n=47) Euro-Americans (n=44)
Belgium Study267 participants
Belgians (n=99) Turkish first generation (n=78) Turkish second generation (n=90)
Emotional acculturation
1. Emotional concordance with mainstream
emotional patterns is higher for mainstream
people than for immigrants
2. Concordance for immigrants is predicted by
exposure to mainstream culture and
relationships with mainstream others
3. Emotional acculturation is not associated
with self-reported acculturation of values
and identity.
Methods
Demographics
Place of Birth Parents’ Place of
Birth Age of
Immigration Education
Scale for Emotional
Acculturation (SEA)
Different types of situations (PE, PD, NE, ND)
Different contexts: work, family,
17 emotion ratings
Acculturation Questions
Values/customsSocial relationships
X
Heritage /Mainstream
Emotional Concordance
Mainstream Average Mean Mainstream American / Flemish Belgian ratings on 17 emotion items (by emotional situation and social context)
Individual concordance scoresCorrelation of the scores of each individual with the mainstream average (matched by emotional situation and social context)
Emotional Concordance
r = .28
r = .94Belgian Mean Emotional Pattern
Individual Migrants’ Emotional Patterns
Positive Disengaging SituationIn family context
Mainstream & minority concordance
Study 1 (US) Study 2 (Belgium)
Who are the immigrants with higher emotional concordance?
Study 1 (US) Study 2 (belgium) Age of immigration # years in US/ Age Education
College (tertiary) High School (secondary)
Values & Customs (Ryder, Alden & Paulhus 2000)
mainstream/heritage
Social contact and
language Mainstream friends and
neighbours
Age of immigration # years in Belgium / Age Education
University (tertiary) Secondary school (secondary)
Values & Customs (Ryder, Alden & Paulhus 2000)
mainstream/heritage
Social contact and
language Social contexts in which people have
interactions with mainstream
Who has higher emotional concordance?
Age of immigrationStudy 1 (US) B SE ß R2
Valence -.397
.048 -.684
.572
Education .161 .074 .191 .573
Age of immigration -.010
.002 -.449
.738 (p ≤.001)
Study 2 (Belgium) B SE ß R2
Valence -.447
.039 -.700
.486
Generation .035 .040 .053 .490
Education .069 .044 .097 .495
Age of immigration -.009
.004 -.139
.513 (p ≤.05)
Who has higher emotional concordance?
Proportion of life spent in the new cultureStudy 1 (US) B SE ß R2
Valence -.397
.046 -.690
.572
Education .155 .070 .184 .573
Proportion of life in US .399 .071 .471 .761 (p ≤.001)
Study 2 (Belgium) B SE ß R2
Valence -.462
.039 -.721
.509
Generation .008 .040 .012 .510
Education .066 .044 .094 .514
Proportion of life in Belgium .233 .115 .127 .529 (p ≤.05)
Who has higher emotional concordance?
LanguageB SE ß R2
Valence -.382
.055 -.659
.572
Education .104 .080 .123 .573
Heritage Language (Korean)Host Language (English)
-.029 .032
.012
.015-.242 .211
.683 (p = .003)
Study 1 (US)
B SE ß R2
Valence -.447 .038 -.695
.492
Generation .042 .039 .064 .498
Education .056 .042 .079 .501
Heritage Language (Turkish)Host Language (Dutch)
.000
.046.019.015
.000
.183.534 (p = .010)
Study 2 (Belgium)
Who has higher emotional concordance?
Relationships with host cultureStudy 1 (US) B SE ß R2
Valence -.384
.057 -.663
.572
Education .070 .080 .083 .573
Social Contact w. Euro-Americans
.104 .034 .308 .653 (p =.004)B SE ß R2
Valence -.436 .040 -.676
.495
Generation .034 .041 .053 .501
Education .005 .047 .007 .505
Relationships w. Belgians -.038 .046 -.064
.505
Relationships X education .183 .082 .184 .524 (p ≤ .05)
Study 2 (Belgium)
Who has higher emotional concordance?
Attitudes adoption Study 1 (US) B SE ß R2
Valence -.415
.050 -.714
.572
Education .131 .076 .156 .573
Adoption Values and TraditionsAdoption People
-.027 .070
.026
.018-.123 .487
.723 (p ≤ .001)
B SE ß R2
Valence -.454 .039 -.706
.495
Generation .042 .040 .065 .500
Education .044 .044 .062 .503
Adoption Values and TraditionsAdoption People
-.008 .008
.017
.019-.035 .028
.504
Study 2 (Belgium)
Emotional concordance predicted by:
Proportion of time spent in new culture (and age of immigration
Host language Contacts with host culture
NOT by self-reported adoption of traditions, values, and identification
Values activated in emotional situations
Trad
ition
Respe
ct
Polit
enes
s
Relig
ion
Helpi
ng0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
BelgianTurkish high contactTurkish low contact
Were Bob’s emotions really as non-American as he claimed? He spent the larger proportion of his
life in the US He adopted and used the English
language He had many American friends,
colleagues, and an American family
So…his emotions were likely to be somewhat acculturated
Were Bob’s emotions really as non-American as he claimed?BUT:
Celebrating Thanksgiving, rooting for American sport teams, and even identifying (Polish-)American are unrelated to having American emotions
Attitudinal aggression against American emotions?
(Zajonc, 1952)
Collaborators
Jozefien De Leersnyder
Heejung Kim
Shinobu Kitayama
Mayumi Karasawa