Basics of PDH
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basics of pdh
Transcript of Basics of PDH
NEW VERSION OF POWER POINT TEMPLATESlide title minimum 48 pt Slide
subtitle minimum 30 pt
Basics of PDH
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
CONTENTs
Introduction
*
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
Introduction
Plesiochronous is a Greek word meaning Almost Synchronous , but not fully synchronous.
In Plesiochronous system every equipment is generating its own clock for synchronization.
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
Slide title minimum 32 pt (32 pt makes 2 rows) Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt !"# $%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿŒœŠšŸƒˆ˜–—‘’‚“”„†‡•…‰‹›⁄€™−≤≥ Do not add objects or text in the footer area
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
Plesiochronous Transmission
Voice Frequency 4 KHz
Quantizing = Amplitude is given a certain value.
Encoding 8 KHz * 8 = 64 KHz
Line Coding.
Capacity = 30 Base Channels
Slide title minimum 32 pt (32 pt makes 2 rows) Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt !"# $%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿŒœŠšŸƒˆ˜–—‘’‚“”„†‡•…‰‹›⁄€™−≤≥ Do not add objects or text in the footer area
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
PCM 30 Mux.
PDH (D2 Level )
Capacity = 120 Base Channels
Capacity = 480 Base Channels
Capacity = 1920 Base Channels
Capacity = 7680 Base Channels
Slide title minimum 32 pt (32 pt makes 2 rows) Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt !"# $%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿŒœŠšŸƒˆ˜–—‘’‚“”„†‡•…‰‹›⁄€™−≤≥ Do not add objects or text in the footer area
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
.
.
*
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
Bit-Interleaved Multiplexing
North America
Slide title minimum 32 pt (32 pt makes 2 rows) Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt !"# $%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿŒœŠšŸƒˆ˜–—‘’‚“”„†‡•…‰‹›⁄€™−≤≥ Do not add objects or text in the footer area
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
Bit Stuffing
Pleisochronous Multiplexing
Slide title minimum 32 pt (32 pt makes 2 rows) Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt !"# $%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿŒœŠšŸƒˆ˜–—‘’‚“”„†‡•…‰‹›⁄€™−≤≥ Do not add objects or text in the footer area
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
Stuffing and Justification
In a PDH multiplexer individual bits must be running at the same speed otherwise the bits cannot be interleaved
The possible “Plesiochronous” difference is catered for by using a technique known as “Justification”
Extra bits are added(stuffed)into the digital tributaries which effectively increases the speed of the tributary until they are all identical
The speed of the higher order side is generated by an internal oscillator in the multiplexer and is not derived from the primary reference clock
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
Slide title minimum 32 pt (32 pt makes 2 rows) Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt !"# $%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿŒœŠšŸƒˆ˜–—‘’‚“”„†‡•…‰‹›⁄€™−≤≥ Do not add objects or text in the footer area
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
Stuffing and Justification(Contd..)
The number of stuffing bits added depends not only on the speed of the tributaries to the multiplexer, but also on the speed of the higher order bit stream
The justification process is employed in all the PDH Multiplexers
At the far end of the transmission system, the justification bits are removed and the original digital signal is recovered
The removal of these justification bits causes a small variation in the phase of the clock.This variation is called “Jitter”
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
Slide title minimum 32 pt (32 pt makes 2 rows) Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt !"# $%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿŒœŠšŸƒˆ˜–—‘’‚“”„†‡•…‰‹›⁄€™−≤≥ Do not add objects or text in the footer area
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
Limitations of PDH
start
start
start
start
start
Slide title minimum 32 pt (32 pt makes 2 rows) Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt !"# $%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿŒœŠšŸƒˆ˜–—‘’‚“”„†‡•…‰‹›⁄€™−≤≥ Do not add objects or text in the footer area
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
Limitations (contd..)
Drop & Add
140 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
Slide title minimum 32 pt (32 pt makes 2 rows) Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt !"# $%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿŒœŠšŸƒˆ˜–—‘’‚“”„†‡•…‰‹›⁄€™−≤≥ Do not add objects or text in the footer area
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
Limitations (contd..)
Another limitation of the PDH is its lack of performance monitoring capability.
There is insufficient provision for network management within the PDH frame format for them to be able to do this.
"Standard" equipment from different vendors are not compatible
No self healing - expensive manual check and repair system
US and European systems had little in common - expensive translators required for transatlantic traffic
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
Slide title minimum 32 pt (32 pt makes 2 rows) Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt !"# $%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿŒœŠšŸƒˆ˜–—‘’‚“”„†‡•…‰‹›⁄€™−≤≥ Do not add objects or text in the footer area
*
Basics of PDH
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
CONTENTs
Introduction
*
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
Introduction
Plesiochronous is a Greek word meaning Almost Synchronous , but not fully synchronous.
In Plesiochronous system every equipment is generating its own clock for synchronization.
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
Slide title minimum 32 pt (32 pt makes 2 rows) Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt !"# $%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿŒœŠšŸƒˆ˜–—‘’‚“”„†‡•…‰‹›⁄€™−≤≥ Do not add objects or text in the footer area
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
Plesiochronous Transmission
Voice Frequency 4 KHz
Quantizing = Amplitude is given a certain value.
Encoding 8 KHz * 8 = 64 KHz
Line Coding.
Capacity = 30 Base Channels
Slide title minimum 32 pt (32 pt makes 2 rows) Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt !"# $%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿŒœŠšŸƒˆ˜–—‘’‚“”„†‡•…‰‹›⁄€™−≤≥ Do not add objects or text in the footer area
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
PCM 30 Mux.
PDH (D2 Level )
Capacity = 120 Base Channels
Capacity = 480 Base Channels
Capacity = 1920 Base Channels
Capacity = 7680 Base Channels
Slide title minimum 32 pt (32 pt makes 2 rows) Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt !"# $%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿŒœŠšŸƒˆ˜–—‘’‚“”„†‡•…‰‹›⁄€™−≤≥ Do not add objects or text in the footer area
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
.
.
*
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
Bit-Interleaved Multiplexing
North America
Slide title minimum 32 pt (32 pt makes 2 rows) Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt !"# $%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿŒœŠšŸƒˆ˜–—‘’‚“”„†‡•…‰‹›⁄€™−≤≥ Do not add objects or text in the footer area
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
Bit Stuffing
Pleisochronous Multiplexing
Slide title minimum 32 pt (32 pt makes 2 rows) Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt !"# $%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿŒœŠšŸƒˆ˜–—‘’‚“”„†‡•…‰‹›⁄€™−≤≥ Do not add objects or text in the footer area
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
Stuffing and Justification
In a PDH multiplexer individual bits must be running at the same speed otherwise the bits cannot be interleaved
The possible “Plesiochronous” difference is catered for by using a technique known as “Justification”
Extra bits are added(stuffed)into the digital tributaries which effectively increases the speed of the tributary until they are all identical
The speed of the higher order side is generated by an internal oscillator in the multiplexer and is not derived from the primary reference clock
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
Slide title minimum 32 pt (32 pt makes 2 rows) Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt !"# $%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿŒœŠšŸƒˆ˜–—‘’‚“”„†‡•…‰‹›⁄€™−≤≥ Do not add objects or text in the footer area
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
Stuffing and Justification(Contd..)
The number of stuffing bits added depends not only on the speed of the tributaries to the multiplexer, but also on the speed of the higher order bit stream
The justification process is employed in all the PDH Multiplexers
At the far end of the transmission system, the justification bits are removed and the original digital signal is recovered
The removal of these justification bits causes a small variation in the phase of the clock.This variation is called “Jitter”
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
Slide title minimum 32 pt (32 pt makes 2 rows) Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt !"# $%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿŒœŠšŸƒˆ˜–—‘’‚“”„†‡•…‰‹›⁄€™−≤≥ Do not add objects or text in the footer area
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
Limitations of PDH
start
start
start
start
start
Slide title minimum 32 pt (32 pt makes 2 rows) Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt !"# $%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿŒœŠšŸƒˆ˜–—‘’‚“”„†‡•…‰‹›⁄€™−≤≥ Do not add objects or text in the footer area
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
Limitations (contd..)
Drop & Add
140 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
Slide title minimum 32 pt (32 pt makes 2 rows) Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt !"# $%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿŒœŠšŸƒˆ˜–—‘’‚“”„†‡•…‰‹›⁄€™−≤≥ Do not add objects or text in the footer area
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
Limitations (contd..)
Another limitation of the PDH is its lack of performance monitoring capability.
There is insufficient provision for network management within the PDH frame format for them to be able to do this.
"Standard" equipment from different vendors are not compatible
No self healing - expensive manual check and repair system
US and European systems had little in common - expensive translators required for transatlantic traffic
© Ericsson AB 2009 | Ericsson Internal | X (X) | Date
Slide title minimum 32 pt (32 pt makes 2 rows) Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt !"# $%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿŒœŠšŸƒˆ˜–—‘’‚“”„†‡•…‰‹›⁄€™−≤≥ Do not add objects or text in the footer area
*
