Basics of Haematology
-
Upload
reyaz-bhat -
Category
Health & Medicine
-
view
90 -
download
7
Transcript of Basics of Haematology
![Page 1: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Basics of Haematology
Presented by:
Rayaz Ahmad Bhat
Student:
M.Pharm Pharmacy PracticeM.Pharm Pharmacy PracticeNational Institute Of Pharmaceutical Education And
Research,Guwahati, Assam
Mentor Institute: National Institute Of Biologicals , Noida , Delhi
Mentor:
Dr. Akanksha Bisht
Officer Incharge – HvPI & Scientist Grade-III
![Page 2: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Flow Of Presentation
• Properties and Functions
• Components• Blood Indices
Blood: Introduction
• Erythropoiesis• Leukopoiesis• Thrombopoiesis
Haematopoiesis
Blood Grouping Systems
Blood Products: Storage , Shelf-life
![Page 3: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Blood
Blood is a connective tissue in fluid form.
Blood is considered as:
fluid of life
fluid of growth
fluid of health
![Page 4: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
PropertiesColor: Blood is red in color.o Arterial blood is scarle redo Venous blood is purple redo Reaction and pH: Blood is slightly alkaline and its pH
in normal conditions is 7.4.o Specific gravity:
o Specific gravity of total blood : 1.052 to 1.061o Specific gravity of total blood : 1.052 to 1.061o Specific gravity blood cells : 1.092 to 1.101o Specific gravity of plasma : 1.022 to 1.026
o Volume:o Normal adult male: 5 Lo Normal adult female: 4.5 Lo New born baby: 450 ml
o Viscosity: Blood is five times more viscous than water
![Page 5: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Functions
o Nutritive function
o Respiratory function
o Excretory function
o Transport of enzymes and hormoneso Transport of enzymes and hormones
o Regulation of water balance
o Regulation of Acid-Base balance
o Regulation of body temperature
o Storage function
o Defensive function
![Page 6: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Composition
Blood consists of two major components:
Plasma: Liquid portion
1. Water
2. Organic substances
3. Inorganic substances3. Inorganic substances
4. Gases
Formed Elements:
1. Red Blood Cells or erythrocytes
2. White Blood Cells or leukocytes
3. Platelets or thrombocytes.
![Page 7: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Hematocrit
![Page 8: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
PlasmaPlasma is a straw- colored clear liquid part of blood.
![Page 9: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
• Normal values:
• Normal values of the plasma proteins are:
• Total proteins : 7.3 g/dL (6.4 to 8.3 g/dL)
• Serum albumin : 4.7 g/dL
• Serum globulin : 2.3 g/dL
• Fibrinogen : 0.3 g/dL• Fibrinogen : 0.3 g/dL
• Albumin/Globulin ratio:
• Ratio between plasma level of albumin and globulin is called albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio.
• It is an important indicator of some diseases involving liver or kidney.
• Normal A/G ratio is 2 : 1
![Page 10: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Properties of Plasma Proteins
• Molecular weight• Albumin : 69,000
• Globulin : 1,56,000
• Fibrinogen : 4,00,000
• Thus, the molecular weight of fibrinogen is greater than that of other two proteins.than that of other two proteins.
• Oncotic pressure• Normally, it is about 25 mm Hg . Albumin plays a
major role in exerting oncotic pressure.• Specific gravity: 1.026
• Buffer action: 1/6th total buffering action of blood
![Page 11: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Function of Plasma Proteinso Role in coagulation of blood
o Role in defense mechanism of body
o Role in transport mechanism
o Role in maintenance of osmotic pressure in blood
o Role in regulation of acid-base balanceo Role in regulation of acid-base balance
o Role in viscosity of blood
o Role in erythrocyte sedimentation rate
o Role in suspension stability of red blood cells
o Role in production of trephone substances
o Role as reserve proteins
![Page 12: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Red Blood Cells(Erythrocytes)
Red blood cells (RBCs) are the non-nucleated,
disc shaped, biconcave formed elements in blood.
Normal Value: 4 to 5.5 milliom/mm3 blood.
![Page 13: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Properties of RBC’s
• Rouleaux formation
• Specific gravity of RBC is 1.092 to 1.101
• Packed Cell Volume
• Suspension Stability
![Page 14: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Life Span of RBC’s
Average lifespan of RBC is about 120 days. Afterthe lifetime the senile (old) RBCs are destroyed in
reticuloendothelial system.
Fate of RBC’sFate of RBC’s
When the cells become older (120 days), the cell membrane becomes more fragile.The destruction occurs mainly in the capillaries of red pulp of spleen .So, the spleen is called ‘graveyard of RBCs’.
![Page 15: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Fate of RBC’s
![Page 16: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Function of RBC’s
• Transport of Oxygen from the Lungs to the
tissues
• Transport of Carbon Dioxide from the tissues to• Transport of Carbon Dioxide from the tissues to
the Lungs
• Buffering Action in Blood
• In Blood Group Determination
![Page 17: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Variations in RBC count
Physiological• Increase-Polycythemia
• Decrease
• Pathological• Pathological
• Increase
• Primary Polycythemia – Polycythemia Vera
• Secondary Polycythemia
• Decrease
• Anemia
![Page 18: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Variations in size
• Microcytes• Microcytes are present in:
• i. Iron-deficiency anaemia
• ii. Prolonged forced breathing
• iii. Increased osmotic pressure in blood.• iii. Increased osmotic pressure in blood.
• Macrocytes• Macrocytes are present in:
• i. Megaloblastic anaemia
• ii. Decreased osmotic pressure in blood
• Anisocytes• Anisocytes occurs in pernicious anemia
![Page 19: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Variation in shape
Shape of RBCs is altered in many conditions
including different types of anemia.
• 1. Crenation• 1. Crenation
• 2. Spherocytosis
• 3. Elliptocytosis
• 4. Sickle cell
• 5. Poikilocytosis
![Page 20: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Packed Cell Volume• Normal PCV:
• In males = 40% to 45%• In females = 38% to 42%
• PCV increases in:
• 1. Polycythemia• 2. Dehydration• 2. Dehydration• 3. Dengue shock syndrome: Dengue fever (tropical
disease caused by flavivirus transmitted by mosquito Aedes aegypti) of grade III or IV severity
• PCV decreases in:
• 1. Anaemia• 2. Cirrhosis of liver• 3. Pregnancy• 4. Haemorrhage due to ectopic pregnancy.
![Page 21: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Significance of PCV
• Determination of PCV helps in:
• 1. Diagnosis and treatment of anemia
• 2. Diagnosis and treatment of polycythemia• 2. Diagnosis and treatment of polycythemia
• 3. Determination of extent of dehydration and
recovery from dehydration after treatment
• 4. Decision of blood transfusion
![Page 22: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Blood Indices
• Blood indices are the calculations derived from RBC count, haemoglobin content of blood and PCV. Blood indices help in diagnosis of the type of anaemia.
• Blood indices include:
• 1. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) .Normal MCV is 90
cu μ (78 to 90 cu μ).cu μ (78 to 90 cu μ).
• 2. Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) . Normal value of MCH is 30 pg (27 to 32 pg).
• 3. Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration
(MCHC) . Normal value of MCHC is 30% (30% to 38%).
• 4. Colour Index : Normal colour index is 1.0 (0.8 to 1.2).
![Page 23: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Anaemia
• Anaemia is the blood disorder, characterized by the reduction in:
• 1. Red blood cell (RBC) count
• 2. Haemoglobin content
• 3. Packed cell volume (PVC).3. Packed cell volume (PVC).
• Classification of Anemia
• Anaemia is classified by two methods:• 1. Morphological classification
• 2. Etiological classification
![Page 24: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Morphological Classification
• Normocytic Normochromic Anemia
• Macrocytic Normochromic Anemia
• Macrocytic Hypochromic Anemia
• Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia
![Page 25: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Etiological Classification
• 1. Hemorrhagic anemia
• 2. Hemolytic anemia
• 3. Nutrition deficiency anemia• 3. Nutrition deficiency anemia
• 4. Aplastic anemia
• 5. Anemia of chronic diseases.
![Page 26: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
White Blood Cells(Leukocytes)
• White blood cells (WBCs) or leukocytes are the colorless and nucleated formed elements of blood (leuko is derived from Greek word leukos = white).
• Compared to RBCs, the WBCs are larger in size and lesser in number with shorter life span.
• Two Classes:– Granulocytes
– Agranulocytes
![Page 27: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Granulocytes
![Page 28: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Agranulocytes
• T-Lymphocytes • T-Lymphocytes
• B-Lymphocytes
![Page 29: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Size, Lifespan and Normal Values
Total WBC Count: 4000-11000/mm3 of Blood
Diameter and lifespan of WBCs
Differential WBC count
![Page 30: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Properties of WBC’s
• Diapedesis
• Ameboid Movement• Ameboid Movement
• Chemotaxis
• Phagocytosis
![Page 31: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Functions of WBC’s• NEUTROPHILS
• Neutrophils play an important role in the defense mechanism of the body
• EOSINOPHILS• Eosinophils play an important role in the defense mechanism of the
body against the parasites.
• BASOPHILS• Basophils play an important role in healing processes. So their number
increases during healing process.
• MONOCYTES• Monocytes are the largest cells among the leukocytes.
• Like neutrophils, monocytes also are motile and
phagocytic in nature. These cells wander freely through all tissues of the body
• LYMPHOCYTES• Lymphocytes play an important role in immunity
![Page 32: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Pathological Variations In WBC’s
![Page 33: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Platelets(Thrombocytes)
• Platelets are small colorless, non-nucleated and moderately refractive bodies of variable shapes.
• Normal platelet count is 2,50,000/cu mm of blood. It ranges between 2,00,000 and 4,00,000/cu mm of blood.4,00,000/cu mm of blood.
![Page 34: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Properties and Functions
• Properties of Platelets• Platelets have three important properties (three ‘A’s):
• 1. Adhesiveness
• 2. Aggregation
• 3. Agglutination• 3. Agglutination
• Functions:• Role in blood clotting
• Role in clot retraction
• Role in prevention of
• Role in blood loss (hemostasis)
• Role in repair of ruptured blood vessel
• Role in defense mechanism
A. Inactive platelets. B. Activated platelets
![Page 35: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Platelet Disorders
• Thrombocytopenia
• Thrombocytosis
• Thrombocythemia
• Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia
![Page 36: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Haemostasis
![Page 37: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Blood CoagulationClotting Factors
13 Clotting factorsFactor I - FibrinogenFactor II - ProthrombinFactor III - Thromboplastin(Tissue factor)Factor IV - CalciumFactor V - Labile factor (Factor VI - Presence has not been provedFactor VII - Stable factorFactor VII - Stable factorFactor VIII -AntihemophilicfactorFactor IX - Christmas factorFactor X -Stuart-Prower factorFactor XI- Plasma thromboplastin antecedentFactor XII - Hageman factor (Contact factor)Factor XIII - Fibrin-stabilizing factor (Fibrinase).
![Page 38: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
AnticoagulantsSubstances which prevent or postpone coagulation of
blood are called anticoagulants.
Anticoagulants are of three types:
1. Anticoagulants used to prevent blood clotting inside1. Anticoagulants used to prevent blood clotting inside
the body, i.e. in vivo.
2. Anticoagulants used to prevent clotting of blood that
is collected from the body, i.e. in vitro.
3. Anticoagulants used to prevent blood clotting both in
vivo and in vitro.
![Page 39: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Heparin
• Heparin is a naturally produced anticoagulant in the
body.
• Heparin is a conjugated polysaccharide
• Commercial preparation is available in liquid form or dry
form as sodium, calcium, ammonium or lithium salts.
• Heparin is used as an anticoagulant both in vivo and in
vitro.
• Expensive
![Page 40: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
How Heparin Acts
![Page 41: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
• Coumarin Derivatives
• Warfarin and dicoumoral are the derivatives of coumarin
• EDTA
• Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is a strong anticoagulant. It is available
in two forms:
• i. Disodium salt (Na2 EDTA).
• ii. Tripotassium salt (K3 EDTA
• OXALATE COMPOUNDS• OXALATE COMPOUNDS
– Oxalate compounds prevent coagulation by forming calcium oxalate, which is
precipitated later.
• CITRATES
– Sodium, ammonium and potassium citrates are used as anticoagulants.
– Citrates are used to store blood in the blood bank as:
– a. Acid citrate dextrose (ACD): 1 part of ACD with 4 parts of blood
– b. Citrate phosphate dextrose (CPD): 1 part of CPD with 4 parts of blood
![Page 42: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Tests for Blood Clotting
• Bleeding time: 3-6 minutes, Purpura
• Clotting time: 3-8 minutes, Haemophilia
• Prothrombin time: 12-14 seconds• Prothrombin time: 12-14 seconds
• Partial Prothrombin Time: 30 -45 seconds
• International Normalized Ratio: 1-1.5
• Thrombin time: 12-20 seconds
![Page 43: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Bleeding Disorders
• Bleeding disorders are the conditions
characterized by prolonged bleeding time or
clotting time.
• Bleeding disorders are of three types:
• 1. Hemophilia.
• 2. Purpura.
• 3. von Willebrand disease
![Page 44: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Haemopoiesis
• After birth and throughout life haemopoiesistakes place in the bone marrow.
• Fetal haemopoiesis occurs mainly in liver and spleen in the early stages.
• The haemopoietic stem cell is the pluripotent• The haemopoietic stem cell is the pluripotentprogenitor cell from which the cells of blood and lymphoid systems are ultimately derived.
• The HSC’s are capable of self-renewal as well as proliferation and differentiation.
• Their proper function depends on haemopoietic
niche.
![Page 45: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
General Outline
![Page 46: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Actual Process of Haemopoiesis
![Page 47: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Blood Grouping
Discovery of blood groups by the Austrian ScientistKarl Landsteiner, in 1901. He was honoredKarl Landsteiner, in 1901. He was honoredwith Nobel Prize in 1930 for this discove
Landsteiner Law
![Page 48: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Blood Grouping Systems
• At present, 36 blood group systems are listed by the International Society of Blood Transfusion.
• Among these Systems ABO and Rh systems are most important in transfusion and transplantation .most important in transfusion and transplantation .
• According to this system, we have
![Page 49: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
ABO Blood Typing
![Page 50: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Inheritance of ABO Group
![Page 51: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Blood Matching
• Matching
Recipients RBC’s + Anti-sera
• Cross Matching
Recipients Serum + Donor RBC’s
![Page 52: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Rh System
• Rh factor is an antigen present in RBC’s discovered by Landsteiner and Wiener in Rhesus monkey.
• Many Rh antigens, D more antigenic in humans.
• Among Indian population, 85% of people are Rhpositive and 15% are Rh negative. Percentage of Rh positive people is more among black people.
![Page 53: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Inheritance of Rh Antigen
![Page 54: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Rh Incompatibility
![Page 55: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Other Blood Groups
• Lewis group
• MNS group
• Auberger groups
• Diego group• Diego group
• Bombay group
• Duffy group
• Lutheran group
![Page 56: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Blood Components
Cellular components
• Red cell concentrate
• Leucocytes-reduced red
cells
• Platelet concentrates
Plasma Components• Fresh frozen plasma
• Single donor plasma
• Cryoprecipitate
• Cryo-poor plasma• Platelet concentrates
• Leucocytes-reduced
platelet concentrates
• Platelet Apheresis
• Granulocytes, Apheresis
Plasma derivatives• Albumin 5% & 25%
• Plasma protein fractions
• Factor viii concentrate
• Immunoglobulin
• Fibrinogen
• Other coagulation factors
![Page 57: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Blood components and Products
• Rule 122-EA, Part X-B, D&C Rules 1945 Item ‘e’
“ BloodComponent” means a drug prepared, obtained, derived or seperated from a unit of blood drawn from a donar.blood drawn from a donar.
• Rule 122-EA, Part X-B , D&C Rules,1945, Item ‘f’
“Blood product” means a drug manufactured or obtained from pooled plasma of blood by fractionation, drawn from donors.
![Page 58: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Categories Of Blood Components
• Part XII-B ,Section III, Rule E of D&C Rules,1945
• Concentrated Human Red Blood Corpuscles
• Platelet Concentrates• Platelet Concentrates
• Granulocyte Concentrates
• Fresh Frozen Plasma
• Cryoprecipitate
![Page 59: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Indications
• Anaemia
• Major surgical operations
• Accidents
• Cancer patients• Cancer patients
• Women's in child birth in some cases
• Patients of hereditary diseases like Haemophilia, Thalassaemia, Sickle cell disease
• Severe burn victims
![Page 60: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Legal Framework
• Conditions for Donor-D&C Rules 1945,Part XII-
B, Rule-H
• Anticoagulants- Rule I, 4 (b)• Anticoagulants- Rule I, 4 (b)
CPDA 14ml for 100ml of blood
ACD 15ml for 100 ml of blood
• Additives used: Rule I , item 4b-iii– SAGM,
ADSOL, NUTRICEL
![Page 61: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Whole Human Blood
• 122-EA, c, D&C Rules 1945
Means Blood + Anticoagulant
Storage Conditions :Volume Storage Shelf-lifeVolume Storage Shelf-life
45o ml blood + 63 ml CPD
2-6 oC 42 Days unopened
359 ml blood + 49 mlCPD
2-6 oC 42 Days unopened
45o ml blood + 63 ml CPDA-1
2-6 oC 35 Days unopened
359 ml blood + 49 mlCPDA-1
2-6 oC 35 days unopened
![Page 62: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
• Indications
Red Cell replacement in acute blood loss
Exchange transfusion
Note: Transfusion should be started within 30 minutes after blood is taken out of storage.
![Page 63: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Platelet Concentrates
• Storage:
20- 24 o C for 5 days
Indications:Indications:
Bleeding Disorders due to
• Thrombocytopenia
• Platelet function defects
![Page 64: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
• Granulocyte Concentrate Storage:20 – 24 o C for 24 hours
Indications:Indications:• Chronic Granulomatous Disease(Congenital
Neutrophil defects)• Chemotherapy induced Neutropenia
• Treatment of infection• Infection prophylaxis
• Aplastic Anaemia• Neonatal Sepsis
![Page 65: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Plasma Components
• Fresh Frozen Plasma:– Plasma frozen within 6 hours of being collected,
containing all coagulations factors.
Storage:Minus 30 o CMinus 30 o C
Shelf-life : 1 year
Indications:Multiple coagulation factor deficiencies
Liver diseases
Warfarin overdose
![Page 66: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Cryoprecipitate
• Concentrate of plasma rich in anti-haemophilliac factor and fibrinogen , prepared by thawing of FFP.
• Storage: Minus 30 o C• Storage: Minus 30 o C
• Shelf-life: 1 year
• Indications:– Inherited deficiency of factor Viii
– Haemophilia
![Page 67: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Mandatory screening tests for donated blood
• ELISA for HIV I & II
• Test for Hepatitis B surface antigen
• ELISA for Hepatitis C Antibody
• Test for Malarial parasite
• VDRL/RPR for Syphills
![Page 68: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
References
K Sembulinga, Prema Sembulingam;Essentialsof Medical Physiology; Section 2;Body Fluids;Page:51-139
The Drugs and Cosmetics Rules,1945 as amended by The Drugs and Cosmetics ( Second
The Drugs and Cosmetics Rules,1945 as amended by The Drugs and Cosmetics ( Second Amendment)Rules,2016 (23 0f 1940)
UpToDate.com: Granulocyte transfusionsIntenational Society of Blood Transfusions webHemogenomics blog: Hemogenomics.com
![Page 69: Basics of Haematology](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013123/5a6606c77f8b9a214f8b4b25/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)