Basics of GIS
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Transcript of Basics of GIS
Basics of Geographical
Information System
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The session will cover the following topics:
Concept of GIS– What is GIS, its components
– Functions of GIS software
– Representation of objects in GIS
Probable fields of GIS applications– Contributing disciplines and technologies
Data organization in GIS– Types of Geographic data representation
Desktop GIS
Introduction to ArcView GIS software– Component or modules in ArcView
– Brief functionalities of different modules etc.
GIS = Geographic Information System
Information about places on the Earth's surface e.g population of a country, educational infrastructure
Knowledge about where something is e.g. locations of school or college
Knowledge about what is at a given location e.g. Number of students or teachers and other status
GIS is a computer-based tool for solving real-world problems. A GIS integrates information in such a way that it helps us to understand and find solutions to problems. The objects are stored in a database and dynamically linked to an onscreen map, which displays graphics representing real-world objects.
What is GIS?What is GIS?
Functions of GIS
• Storing• Manipulating• Displaying• Analyze, query and produce outputs GIS is the Information System, whether automated or manual
management of Geographic data (spatial data and associated attribute data) for planning purposes.
GIS is a very powerful Planning Tools used to efficiently analyze and manage (input, store, retrieve, manipulate, analyze and output) geographic information.
GIS solves a problem, supports a decision and helps to plan
The ability to incorporate spatial data, manage it, analyze it, and answer spatial questions is the distinctive characteristic of geographic information systems.
What is GIS?What is GIS?
Trained manpower Data
Maps, images, attribute data
Hardware Like any other hardware with some extra component (big printer, digitizer…)
Software Storing data, analysis tools
Procedures Database development and analysis
Presentation On paper map, digital
Components of a GISComponents of a GIS
Functions of GIS
Data Capture
Store Data
Data Manipulation and Editing
Database Management
Data Integration and Modeling
Database Query and Analysis
Customization and Tools Development
Output Preparation
The GIS is capable of finding solutions to real-world problems. A GIS has the following capabilities:
GIS conceptsGIS concepts
Modeling the space in layers
• Integrate graphics of a feature with its attribute using identifier
GIS concepts (contd.)
Representation of objects in GISRepresentation of objects in GIS
OwnerPerson name
Boundarypolygon
Address H-49, R-27, Banani
registrationDate1/1/1990
id902031
Presenting Geographic DataPresenting Geographic Data
– real world objects with graphics and geographic features
– attributes (tabular format) and relate them with identifiers
GIS data can be represented as:
Graphics
Id Owner name Adress Registration Date Latitude9001274902031 Mr. Karim House - 49. Road - 27, Banani 1/1/1990 22, 25, 459001274902032 Mr. Rahim House - 50. Road - 27, Banani 1/2/1990 22, 27, 55
House location(Point)
id
9001274902031
Tabular format
Road 27 (Line)
Plot Boundary(Polygon)
Geographic features
GIS Application Areas
• Urban Planning, Management and Policy- Zoning, subdivision planning- Tax assessment- Education system
• Environmental Science- Monitoring environmental risk- EIA
• Utility and Civil Engineering - Locating underground facilities- Designing alignment for freeways, transit- Coordination of infrastructure maintenance
• Business - Market analysis- Demographic analysis- Site selection
GIS Application Areas (contd.)
• Health Care
- Epidemiological analysis- Service inventory- Needs analysis
• Real Estate
- Neighborhood land price- Traffic impact analysis- determination of highest and best use of land
• Hydrology- Watershed management, floodplain management- Floodplain zonation- Flood risk and damage assessment- Storm water and groundwater modeling
• Political Science- Analysis of election results- Predictive modeling
Line – river, road, embankment etc.
Point – health center, district headquarters,
wells, educational institute etc.
Polygon – Upazila boundary, parcel
boundary etc.
Line – river, road, embankment etc.
Point – health center, district headquarters,
wells, educational institute etc.
Polygon – Upazila boundary, parcel
boundary etc.
The real world objects can be
represented by different features are:
Presenting Geographic Presenting Geographic DataData
GIS Data FormatGIS Data Format ArcView GIS has the compatibility of all the ESRI data formats:
Coverages, Shapefiles, Grids,images etc.
ArcView GIS also supports variety of common image format.
ArcView GISArcView GIS
RasterRaster
ShapefileShapefileCoverageCoverage
Internet Map ServicesInternet Map Services
TablesTables
• Shapefiles is compatible file format of ArcView GIS and It is also compatible with ArcGIS.
• Each shapefile stores features belonging to a single feature class.
• Attributes stored in a dBASE table.
• Shapes are represented by different features are:
- Points
- Line, polylines
- Polygons
PointsLine / Polyline Polygon
GIS Data FormatGIS Data Format
Data AnalysisData Analysis• A GIS is able to analyze the spatial relationships among multiple
datasets to answer questions and solve problems.
• There are many types of geographic analysis :- Proximity Analysis
- Overlay Analysis etc.
Proximity analysis
Proximity analysis uses the distance between features to answer questions like: • How many schools are there within 1000 meters of the road? • What is the total number of customers within 10 kilometers of Agora? • What proportion of the wheat crop is within 500 meters of the well?
A 1000-meter buffer is created on either side of the road
to find the schools within the 1000-meter distance.
Which Schools are within 1000 meter of the road
Which Schools are within 1000 meter of the road
ArcView: GIS Software ArcView: GIS Software
• captures spatial data• provides a set of tools for spatial data manipulation • retrieves data from existing or newly created databases• produces thematic maps• supports add-on new modules with extensions.1
ArcView, a product of Environment System Research Institute (ESRI), is a software that provides the basic GIS functionality with an easy-to-use graphic user interface(GUI) which can be customised for specific applications.
Desktop GIS refer to a GIS that can be installed on a desktop computer. It aims to provide the user the GIS analysis, query with mapping facilities.
Capacity
Presenting Geographic Data (cont.)Presenting Geographic Data (cont.)
BWDB Projects
LGED Projects
Presenting Geographic Data (cont.)Presenting Geographic Data (cont.)
Examples of Examples of GIS ApplicationGIS Application
Mapping Arsenic concentration
Examples of Examples of GIS ApplicationGIS Application
Soil Salinity Distribution 1973
Introduction to ArcGIS – Chapter 1
Slide 22
Apr 8, 2023
Examples of Examples of GIS ApplicationGIS Application
Adarsha Gram Location mapping
AG location Bangladesh
ThanksThanks
ReferenceReference
1.1.Geographical Information Systems : David J Geographical Information Systems : David J Maguire, Michael F Goodchild & David W Rhind: Maguire, Michael F Goodchild & David W Rhind: Great Britain, 1994, Vol. 1 & 2Great Britain, 1994, Vol. 1 & 2
2.2.Concepts & Techniques of Geographic Concepts & Techniques of Geographic Information Systems: C.P. LO & Albert K W Yeung: Information Systems: C.P. LO & Albert K W Yeung: India, 2005India, 2005
3.3.Introductory reading in Geographic Information Introductory reading in Geographic Information Systems: D J Peuquet & D F Marble: London, 1993Systems: D J Peuquet & D F Marble: London, 1993