BASIC TIMING & BASIC TIMING & CALCULATIONS CALCULATIONS

BASICALLY, THE CHIEF OF TC• Is responsible for supervising, documenting and enforcing the quality

control of actual timing and results

• The Chief of Timing and Calculations should not also be the individual operating the electronic timing equipment or the timing/race result software.

(Exception: USSA non-scored events, i.e. YSL, due to staffing concerns)

Chief of Timing and Calculations• Coordinates officials at the start and finish

• Verifies synchronization of the timing

– Manual/hand timekeeping

– Electronic timekeeping

– Is responsible for the accuracy of the timing

– Responsible for the accuracy of the official times

– Completes and signs the Timing & Data Technical Report (TDTR) for all scored events and non-scored championship events, including Masters Championships

– Delivers Timing & Data Technical Report form for TD’s review and signature

• Following officials are under the direction of the Chief of Timing and Calculations:

– Starter

– Assistant Starter

– Start Recorder

– Chief Timekeeper

– Assistant Timekeepers (Manual/Hand Timekeepers)

TIMEKEEPING BASICS:

REQUIREMENTSCALCULATIONS

SCENARIOS & RULES

What is Time of Day Timing?Time of Day (ToD) Timing - Time of day timing is the time a racer

leaves the start and arrives at the finish taken on continuously running, synchronized timekeeping equipment.

When did he leave = Start Time

When did he arrive = Finish Time

How long was his trip = Run Time

TIMING REQUIREMENTS:TIMING REQUIREMENTS:• Review timing rules; level of race dictates timing system requirements – 1 or 2

homologated timing devices

• Time of Day (ToD) timing is required

• Computer software that calculates net times must use precision of ToD as used in the timing device

• Timing equipment must measure times to 1/10000 (.0001) precision

• Timing equipment must display times to at least 1/1000 (.001) precision

• Manual timekeeping is required for all levels of USSA-sanctioned competition

• Forerunners are timed…BUT their times are not announced and are not published!

Subtracting Electronic Times:Subtraction begins at the last position and times are truncatedCross a colon – borrow 60; cross a decimal – borrow 10REMEMBER: 1 Minute = 60 Seconds

1:02.019

Truncate to > 1:02.01

Start Here3:61

15:04:0104:01..891-15:02:59.871 1:02.020

Truncate to > 1:02.02

Start Here3:61

15:04:0104:01.891-15:02:59.872 1:02.019Truncate to >

1:02.01A RACER’S ELECTRONIC TIME IS NEVER ROUNDED OR AVERAGED!

What is Manual/Hand Timekeeping?• Manual/hand times are taken with synchronized, manually-operated timing

devices (stopwatches) that are independent of the electronic timekeeping.

• Start and Finish Manual/Hand Timekeepers are placed in an area where they will not be disturbed.

• Device should be held steady using bony ridge of first joint on index finger to activate/depress the button on button-type watches

• Timekeepers record the times they see/hear

• Timekeepers take and record a time for all competitors who cross the finish line regardless of the competitor’s status

• Timekeepers DO NOT make decision on DSQ status

START / FINISH FOR MANUAL TIMEKEEPERS• Start time is taken when the racer’s lower leg crosses the start

line

• Finish is taken when any part of the competitor crosses the finish line

• Manual Timekeepers must be consistent

Start/Finish Timekeeper Recording Form

• The same form is used by both Start and Finish Manual/Hand Timekeepers/ Recorders

• Be sure to fill in all information at the top of the form

• Form provides a record of an event/starts as they actually occurred

DO NOT PRE-NUMBER FORM!

Replacement Time (Equivalent Electronic Time – EET) When electronic timing systems fail, calculation of a replacement time is required.

• The calculation is based on:

– Calculation of a replacement time based on System B time in lieu of the missing System A electronic time, or

– Calculation of a replacement time based on manual/hand time in lieu of the missing System A and System B electronic times

• The calculation is performed by:

– Comparing the 10 times closest to the missed electronic time (usually 5 before and 5 after the missed time)

– Dividing the sum of the differences by 10 and either truncating or rounding which supplies the correction value

– Applying correction value to System B or calculated manual/hand time

• A replacement time (EET), when required, is an official time and is valid at all levels and types of competition.

Replacement Times(Equivalent Electronic Times - EET)

• When the electronic time is missed on the primary system (System A), it will be necessary to calculate a replacement time from the secondary system (System B)

• If both the primary and secondary systems fail, you must calculate a replacement time from the manual/hand timekeeping

• A replacement time is a valid time!

OTHER TIMING SCENARIOS

• If System A times are unavailable for a major portion of the field, System B times must be used for the entire field

• If both System A and System B times are unavailable for a major portion of the field, calculated hand times must be used for the entire field

Replacement/Equivalent Electronic Time WorksheetThis is the basic/manual system of calculating a Replacement (EET) System A Time usingSystem B Times or a Replacement Time (EET) when calculation of manual/hand times is required

HAND TIME/TIME of DAY (ToD) REPLACEMENT TIME (E.E.T.) WORKSHEET DATE:_TODAY’S DATE__EVENT:__SL____MEN_X___WOMEN_____RUN__1__CHIEF CALCULATIONS:_C. TIMER______________

COLUMN A COLUMN B HAND TIME/TIME of DAY - ToD RACER │ ELAPSED │ ELECTRONIC │ HAND TIME │ HAND TIME ┌─────┬─────────┬─────┬─────────╖ BIB # │ HAND TIME │ TIME │ SHORTER │ LONGER BIB │ 4 │ │ 12 │ ║ │ │ │ (+) │ (-) # ├─────┘ ├─────┘ ║ _4___ │ ___:_50.13_ │ ___:_50.03_ │ _____._____ │ _____.10___ FIN │ 53:24.51 │ 59:12.15 ║ │ │ │ │ -ST │ 52:34.38 │ 58:23.56 ║ _5___ │ ___:_52.30_ │ ___:_52.35_ │ _____.05___ │ _____._____ = │ 50.13 │ 48.59 ║ │ │ │ │ HT │ │ ║ _7___ │ ___:_53.01_ │ ___:_52.98_ │ _____._____ │ _____.03___ ├─────┬─────────┼─────┬─────────╢ │ │ │ │ BIB │ 5 │ │ 13 │ ║ _8___ │ ___:_51.83_ │ ___:_51.82_ │ _____._____ │ _____.01___ # ├─────┘ ├─────┘ ║ │ │ │ │ FIN │ 54:01.58 │ 00:19.61 ║ _9___ │ ___:_52.64_ │ ___:_52.62_ │ _____._____ │ _____.02___ -ST │ 53:09.28 │ 59:29.94 ║ │ │ │ │ = │ 52.30 │ 49.67 ║ _12__ │ ___:_48.59_ │ ___:_48.62_ │ _____.03___ │ _____._____ HT │ │ ║ │ │ │ │ ├─────┬─────────┼─────┬─────────╢ _13__ │ ___:_49.67_ │ ___:_49.65_ │ _____._____ │ _____.02___ BIB │ 7 │ │ 14 │ ║ │ │ │ │ # ├─────┘ ├─────┘ ║ _14__ │ ___:_46.66_ │ ___:_46.61_ │ _____._____ │ _____.05___ FIN │ 55:13.59 │ 01:08.20 ║ │ │ │ │ -ST │ 54:20.58 │ 00:21.54 ║ _16__ │ ___:_48.43_ │ ___:_48.45_ │ _____.02___ │ _____._____ = │ 53.01 │ 46.66 ║ │ │ │ │ HT │ │ ║ _17__ │ ___:_47.48_ │ ___:_47.49_ │ _____.01___ │ _____._____ ├─────┬─────────┼─────┬─────────╢ BIB │ 8 │ │ 16 │ ║ COLUMN A TOTAL +_____.11___ # ├─────┘ ├─────┘ ║ FIN │ 55:48.04 │ 01:52.53 ║ COLUMN B TORAL -_____.23___ -ST │ 54:56.21 │ 01:04.10 ║ = │ 51.83 │ 48.43 ║ HT │ │ ║ MISSING TIME(S) ├─────┬─────────┼─────┬─────────╫─────┬──────────┐ DIFFERENCE = (+)or(-)__-__.12___ BIB │ 9 │ │ 17 │ ║ 10 │ │ # ├─────┘ ├─────┘ ╟─────┘ │ DIVIDED BY 10 = (+)or(-)___-_.01___ = CORRECTION FIN │ 56:22.62 │ 02:31.07 ║ 57:24.83 │ -ST │ 55:29.98 │ 01:43.59 ║ 56:04.80 │ = │ 52.64 │ 47.48 ║ 1:20.03 │ HT │ │ ║ │ │ │ │ ───────────────────────────────║────────────────│ BIB │ ELAPSED │ CORRECTION │ RACER'S ║ 11 │ │ # │ HAND TIME │ (+) or (-) │ REPLACEMENT TIME (E.E.T.) ╟─────┘ │ │ │ │ ║ 57:55.79 │ 10_ │ __1:20_.03_ │ _-___.01___ │ __1:20.02__ ║ 57:02.84 │ │ │ │ ║ 52.95 │ 11_ │ ___:52_.95_ │ _-___.01___ │ ___:52.94__ ║ │ │ │ │

─────────────────

Replacement/Equivalent Electronic Time: Excel WorksheetThis process can be used to provide a Replacement (EET) System A Time using System B Times or a Replacement Time (EET) when calculation of manual/hand times has been done by a secondary source. Times must be converted to seconds & hundredths (00.00) prior to input.

Codex NOTE ALTERNATE 'CORRECTION' CALCULATION

Event Run

Date Sex

Bib

18 74.19 See Below

1 12 74.49 74.38 0.11 0.11 12 74.49 74.382 13 75.21 74.97 0.24 0.24 13 75.21 74.973 14 75.57 75.63 -0.06 -0.06 14 75.57 75.634 15 75.42 75.27 0.15 0.15 15 75.42 75.275 17 74.72 74.59 0.13 0.13 17 74.72 74.59

Missed 18 74.19 EET Below xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 20 74.91 74.636 20 74.91 74.63 0.28 0.28 21 75.90 75.767 21 75.90 75.76 0.14 0.14 22 75.06 74.908 22 75.06 74.90 0.16 0.16 23 75.26 74.989 23 75.26 74.98 0.28 0.28 24 75.25 75.07

10 24 75.25 75.07 0.18 0.18 SUM 751.79 750.18 B - A 1.61 Total Deviation 1.61 /10 0.161

Divide by 10 for Average Deviation (+ value = B Longer) 0.161 Rounded Value 0.16Rounded Value 0.16

Hand or Back-up Net Time Before Adjustment 74.19Deviation Value Applied (Longer is subtracted) 74.03

Calculated Replacement (EET) in Seconds 74.03or MM:SS.ss 1:14.03

Sample # Bib

Chief of Timing & Calc

Race Name

Hand or System B

TimeSystem

AHand or System B

TimeSystem

A

Difference B - A + or -

10 Selected

M F

DH GS SL SG SC 1 2

Replacement/Equivalent Electronic Time USSA Software (Split Second)

COMPUTER-GENERATED REPLACEMENT TIMESCOMPUTER-GENERATED REPLACEMENT TIMES

Just because a replacement time is calculated by a computer doesn’t mean it is correct.

Accuracy of a computer-calculated replacement time must be verified!

Do not wait until the end of a run/race to calculate a replacement time; they must be calculated as soon as possible

ALTERNATIVE CALCULATION ALTERNATIVE CALCULATION SYSTEMS:SYSTEMS:• Excel spreadsheets• USSA Software (Split Second)• HINTS:

– Do NOT use Forerunners’ times – Do NOT use DNF start times– When times are in close proximity, both systems allow for

calculation of multiple replacement times– Both systems may require a dedicated computer – Electronic timekeeping equipment operator should not be

responsible for these calculations– Regardless of the system you prefer, do not wait until race day to

learn how to use it!

Race Day Scenario – The FinishRace Day Scenario – The Finish• A racer commits a gate fault • His racing speed carries him over Finish Line• The racer hikes back over the line and completes passage of the missed

gate

WHEN WAS HIS TIME TAKEN?

WHAT IS HIS STATUS?

Report by the Referee• This form must be completed for each classification

gender for each run

• Header information should be entered by RA or TC

staff

• DNS / DNF bib #’s are entered by timing personnel

• DSQ bib #, Name, Nation, Gate #, GJ Name,

infraction or rule number entered by RF

• Posted on Scoreboard/ Official Notice Board with

date and time of posting as well as expiration time

• Should be checked by Team Captains regardless of

whether or not they feel one of their competitors may

have committed a fault (DSQ)

REPORT BY THE REFEREE / PROCES VERBAL DU JUGE ARBITRE / PROTOKOLL DES SCHIEDSRICHTERS

Place / Lieu / Ort Country / Pays / Land

Codex

Name of event Nom de l’événement Name der Veranstaltung

Date Date Datum

Category Gender Event

The following competitors have been disqualified according to ICR / Les coureurs suivants ont été disqualifiés selon le RIS / Die folgenden Wettkämpfer wurden im Sinne der IWO disqualifiziert: No. No. Nr.

Surname, First Name Nom de famille, Prénom Famillenname, Vorname

Nat Gate No. No. porte Tor Nr.

Gate judge Juge de porte Torrichter

Notes Notes Bemerkung

Did not start (No.)/Pas au départ (No.)/Nicht am Start (Nr.)

Did not finish (No.)/Pas à l’arrivée (No.)/Nicht im Ziel (Nr.)

Time published / Heure d'affichage / Anschlagzeit

Deadline / Délai / Ablauf Date / Date / Datum Signature Referee Signature du jude arbitre Unterschrift des Schiedsrichter

V1007 – page 1 of 1

Report by the Referee

Protest period is 15 minutes!

AMERICA’S RACE 25 DEC 13

FIS MEN SL Rn 2

2 7 22 34

5 McBride, Brett USA 12 J. Wilson Straddle

101

15:00 15:15 25.12.10 S/REFEREE

PARK CITY, UTAH USA 1234

REPORT BY THE REFEREE / PROCES VERBAL DU JUGE ARBITRE / PROTOKOLL DES SCHIEDSRICHTERS

Place / Lieu / Ort Country / Pays / Land Codex

Name of event Nom de l’événement Name der Veranstaltung

Date Date Datum

Category Gender Event

The following competitors have been disqualified according to ICR / Les coureurs suivants ont été disqualifiés selon le RIS / Die folgenden Wettkämpfer wurden im Sinne der IWO disqualifiziert: No. No. Nr.

Surname, First Name Nom de famille, Prénom Famillenname, Vorname

Nat Gate No. No. porte Tor Nr.

Gate judge Juge de porte Torrichter

Notes Notes Bemerkung

Did not start (No.)/Pas au départ (No.)/Nicht am Start (Nr.)

Did not finish (No.)/Pas à l’arrivée (No.)/Nicht im Ziel (Nr.)

Time published / Heure d'affichage / Anschlagzeit

Deadline / Délai / Ablauf Date / Date / Datum Signature Referee Signature du jude arbitre Unterschrift des Schiedsrichter

V1007 – page 1 of 1

Miscellaneous TopicsMiscellaneous TopicsVertical Drop, Minimum Time and Minimum Penalty in Scoring a USSA Alpine Race.

1. Races that meet all technical standards:

If all requirements of a competition are met, i.e. vertical drop and minimum time, but the penalty calculates below 15.00, the minimum penalty of 15.00 will be applied.

The minimum penalty is valid for all events/genders.

2. Races that do not meet vertical drop requirements:

• If the minimum vertical drop requirement is not met, but the minimum time requirement is met,

- greater of the calculated penalty

OR

- the minimum penalty of 30.00 shall be applied.

3. Races that meet neither vertical drop requirements nor minimum time standards

• If the minimum vertical drop requirement and the minimum time requirement are not met, then

- the greater of the calculated penalty

PLUS- the additional penalty

OR - the minimum penalty of 30.00 shall be applied.

NOTE: If the minimum vertical drop requirement is met, the minimum time requirement does not apply.

4. MINIMUM VERTICAL DROP PER RUN, ALTERNATE MINIMUM TIME STANDARDS AND ADDITIONAL PENALTY:

EVT MIN VD ALT MIN TIME ADD. PENALTYDH* 400 m 60 sec. combined/max 2 runs 26.00SL 100 m 50 sec. combined for 2 runs 12.00GS 250 m 50 sec. combined for 2 runs 17.00SG 300 m 40 sec. for 1 run 21.00

NOTE: DH “combined/max 2 runs” does not eliminate60-second minimum time for 1-run DH.

Falls in Finish/Timing Area:

• ACR states that a binding release more than 2 gates above the Finish line in SL, GS or SG or

• More than 1 gate above the Finish line in DH shall be considered as a clear DSQ

[U628.1.5, U629.4]

A racer who crosses the finish line after committing a gate fault is DSQ, NOT DNF

COMPETITORS’ START COMPETITORS’ START INTERVALSINTERVALS

Regular Interval –

DH, GS and SG competitors leave the start gate at setintervals pre-determined by the Jury

DHT starts must also be at regular intervals

Intervals apply to all race levels

Start Commands: Regular Intervals• Regular Interval Start Command (DH, SG, GS)

– Starter begins sequence with a warning “10 seconds”

– After a 5 second pause, starter counts down to “5, 4 3, 2, 1, Go”

– Racer may start 5 sec before until 5 sec after “Go”

– Failure to start within that 10 second window is an early or late start and will result in DSQ

Start Referee will record the failure to start properly and report to Jury

MINIMUM INTERVALS

• Minimum intervals between consecutive competitor starts in a regular interval event are:– DH – not less than 40 seconds, includes DHT– SG – not less than 40 seconds – GS – not less than 30 seconds

Irregular Interval –

SL competitors leave the start gate at irregular intervals.

Chief of Timing & Calculations or his assistant tells the Starter when each competitor should start in agreement with the Jury.

Start Command: Irregular IntervalsIrregular Interval Starts (SL)

– Starter announces “Ready”– Followed, a few seconds later, by “Go”– As in regular interval event, racer has 10 seconds to

start– Failure to start within about 10 seconds results in DSQ

Rules of the StartRules of the Start

Early/Late StartEarly/Late Start: In the Gate; DNS within allowed time – : In the Gate; DNS within allowed time – disqualifieddisqualified

Delayed StartDelayed Start: Not present when called to start – : Not present when called to start – sanctionsanction which which could include DSQ!could include DSQ!

EARLY AND LATE STARTS DISQUALIFICATION [613.7]FOR FIXED INTERVALS STARTING ON THE MINUTE:

CLOCK READS: 10:10:54.990 = Competitor’s Start / EARLY START? . *10:10:55.000 * . *10:10:56.000 * . * 10:10:57.000 * . *10:10:58.000 * . *10:10:59.000 * . * 10:11:00.000 * START . *10:11:01.000 * . *10:11:02.000 * . *10:11:03.000 * . *10:11:04.000 * . *10:11:05.000 * . *10:11:05.010 = Competitor’s Start / LATE START?

SECOND RUN SECOND RUN

START ORDERSSTART ORDERS

Second Run Start Order• For scored events, racers are ranked according to First Run Time• The order for a pre-determined number of racers is then reversed (flipped):

30 or 15 – this is a “bibbo” • 30 is standard; Jury may limit to 15 – must be announced 1 hour prior to

start of first run• Special rules for Second Run Start Order apply for

– USSA non-scored events, i.e. Age Class, YSL– Bibbo with a tie at the pre-determined flip position– Collegiate events– “Golden Rule”

Bibbo - procedure used to determine second run start order for 30 or 15 fastest first- run competitors at USSA-scored events.

NOTE: A standard bibbo is 30; the Jury may choose to reverse 15 but they must announce this 1 hour prior to the start of the first run.

First run tie at flip First run tie at flip position. position. What do we do?What do we do?

Race-day Scenario – FLIP 30 is StandardRace-day Scenario – FLIP 30 is Standard

Flip 15 instead of Flip 15 instead of 3030

PlPl BibBib11 3322 4433 151544 101055 111166 1177 2288 171799 551010 661111 991212 771313 881414 303015T15T 252515T1915T19

StSt BibBib11 191922 252533 303044 8855 7766 9977 6688 5599 17171010 221111 111212 11111313 10101414 15151515 441616 33

BREAKING THE TIES & CREATING THE LIST:

1. Rank all competitors by first run time

2. Break all ties by giving higher/better position to competitor with the higher start number

3. Look for ties at flip position (15 or 30)

4. Include the ties and flip the competitors; e.g. if there is a 2-way tie at the flip position, you will flip 16 or 31; if there is a three-way tie at the flip position, you will flip 17 or 32, etc.

THE POINTSTHE POINTS

1. Seed Points - a numerical indicator of a competitor's individual ranking with all other competitors. Seed Points are used only at scored events.

NOTE: USSA Seed Points may only be corrected by USSA,

FIS Seed Points may only be corrected by FIS.

Foreign competitors with current FIS inscriptions and without USSA Points entering USSA non-

FIS events are be seeded with their FIS Points. If part of the penalty, FIS Points are used.

They must, however, have a USSA “X” membership.

If these competitors have current USSA Points, their USSA Points must be used for seeding

and required penalty calculation even if their USSA Points are higher than their FIS Points..

2. Race Points - a numerical indicator showing the relationship between a competitor and the winner of that specific race; race points are calculated only at scored events.

3. Penalty - numerical indicator that equalizes races of same event with different methods of calculation for FIS and USSA; a penalty is calculated only at scored events.

What is a “Race Result”?

A racer’s score for a given event isRACE POINTS

+

PENALTY POINTS=

RACE RESULT

When a Race Result is equal to current Seed Points, a competitor is skiing their points

When a Race Result is lower than current Seed Points, a competitor is showing improvement

THE BOARDS THE BOARDS

&&

THE DRAWTHE DRAW

Seed and Draw Board - display boards where cards containing competitors’ names, club or team affiliation and seed points, if applicable, are posted.

Double Draw - simultaneous drawing of the competitor number (the place they hold on the seed board) and the bib number by the Referee(s); a double draw is used only for scored events.

ELECTRONIC BOARDS• Electronic draw/seed boards must have the capability to

simultaneously and legibly display the entire competition field. Simultaneous display of all competitors allows all Team Captains and officials to verify the overall accuracy as well as additions and deletions to the starting order in “real time”.

• Using the race result software to display portions of the competition field is not acceptable.

COMPUTER-ASSISTED DRAW

The Jury may allow a computer-assisted Draw:

1. USSA events – with the approval of the Team Captains

2. FIS events – with the approval of the Team Captains as noted by their signature

Snow Seed - referred to in the rules as a “Start Order in Extraordinary

Conditions”, is a process whereby 6 competitors are drawn from the last

20% of the field.

- These 6 competitors are shown with an asterisk (*),

- These 6 competitors start prior to start #1 in the reverse order of their

assigned start positions.

- Snow Seed is only valid for DH, GS and SG. A snow seed may be drawn at both scored and non-scored events. [621.9]

For additional information, refer to current editions of:

USSA Alpine Competition Guide

FIS ICR

FIS Timing Booklet, ver 2.46

Rules of FIS Points, 2014

Remember:

Without accurate timing, you don’t have an event!