Basic Mathematics

Mohd Aidil Bin Othman

Pie chart

• A pie chart (or a circle graph) is a circular chart divided into sectors, illustrating relative magnitudes or frequencies.

• In a pie chart, the arc length of each sector (and consequently its central angle and area), is proportional to the quantity it represents.

• Together, the sectors create a full disk. • It is named for its resemblance to a pie which

has been sliced.

Example

59%23%

10% 9%

Sales

1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr

Bar Chart• A bar chart or bar graph is a chart with rectangular bars with lengths

proportional to the values that they represent.

• Bar charts are used for comparing two or more values that were taken

over time or on different conditions, usually on small data sets.

• The bars can be horizontally oriented (also called bar chart) or vertically

oriented (also called column chart).

• Sometimes a stretched graphic is used instead of a solid bar.

• It is a visual display used to compare the amount or frequency of

occurrence of different characteristics of data and it is used to compare

groups of data.

Example

Category 1

Category 2

Category 3

Category 4

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Series 3Series 2Series 1

Scatter plot

• A scatter plot is a type of display using Cartesian coordinates

to display values for two variables for a set of data.

• The data is displayed as a collection of points, each having

the value of one variable determining the position on the

horizontal axis and the value of the other variable determining

the position on the vertical axis.

• A scatter plot is also called a scatter chart, scatter diagram

and scatter graph.

Example

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

Y-ValuesLinear (Y-Values)

Axis Title

Axis Title

Histogram

• In statistics, a histogram is a graphical display of tabulated frequencies,

shown as bars.

• It shows what proportion of cases fall into each of several categories: it is a

form of data binning.

• The categories are usually specified as non-overlapping intervals of some

variable. The categories (bars) must be adjacent. The intervals (or bands, or

bins) are generally of the same size.

• Histograms are used to plot density of data, and often for density estimation:

estimating the probability density function of the underlying variable.

• The total area of a histogram always equals 1. If the length

of the intervals on the x-axis are all 1, then a histogram is

identical to a relative frequency plot.

• An alternative to the histogram is kernel density estimation,

which uses a kernel to smooth samples.

• This will construct a smooth probability density function,

which will in general more accurately reflect the underlying

variable

Example

Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 40

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Series 1Series 2Series 3

Line Graph

• In a graph theory, the line graph of an undirected graph is another graph that represents the adjacencies between it edges.

• The line graph is also sometimes called the edge graph, the adjoin graph, the interchange graph, or the derived graph.

Example

Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 40

1

2

3

4

5

6

4.3

2.5

3.5

4.5

2.4

4.4

1.8

2.8

2 2

3

5

Chart Title

Series 1Series 2Series 3

Pictogram

• A Pictograph (also called pictogram or pictograms) is an

ideogram that conveys its meaning through its pictorial

resemblance to a physical object.

• Earliest examples of pictographs include ancient or

prehistoric drawings or paintings found on rock walls.

• Pictographs are also used in writing and graphic systems in

which the characters are to considerable extent pictorial in

appearance.

• Pictographs can also take the form of

diagrams to represent statistical data by

pictorial forms, and can be varied in color,

size, or number to indicate change

ExampleDays Quantity

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

= represent 10 people

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