Basic Engineering Mathematics

Property of Mr. Alphonce Kimutai Kirui Telephone:+254728801352 Email Address:


prelims 9/2/2005 10: 51 page i

BasicEngineeringMathematics



prelims 9/2/2005 10: 51 page ii

In memory of Elizabeth



prelims 9/2/2005 10: 51 page iii

Basic EngineeringMathematics

Fourth Edition

John Bird, BSc(Hons), CMath, CEng, FIMA, MIEE, FIIE(Elec), FCollP



prelims 9/2/2005 10: 51 page iv

NewnesAn imprint of ElsevierLinacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP30 Corporate Drive, Burlington, MA 01803

First published 1999Second edition 2000Third edition 2002Reprinted 2000 (twice), 2001, 2003Fourth edition 2005

Copyright 2005, John Bird. All rights reserved.

The right of John Bird to be identified as the author of this work has beenasserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (includingphotocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whetheror not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) withoutthe written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with theprovisions of the Copyright, Designs and PatentsAct 1988 or under the terms ofa licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham CourtRoad, London, England W1T 4LP. Applications for the copyright holderswritten permission to reproduce any part of this publication should beaddressed to the publisher

Permissions may be sought directly from Elseviers Science and TechnologyRights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) (0) 1865 843830;fax: (+44) (0) 1865 853333; e-mail: [email protected] mayalso complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage(http://www.elsevier.com), by selecting Customer Support and thenObtaining Permissions

British Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

ISBN 0 7506 6575 0

For information on all Newnes publicationsvisit our website at www.newnespress.com

Typeset by Charon Tec Pvt. Ltd, Chennai, Indiawww.charontec.comPrinted and bound in Great Britain



prelims 9/2/2005 10: 51 page v

Contents

Preface xi

1. Basic arithmetic 1

1.1 Arithmetic operations 11.2 Highest common factors and lowest common multiples 31.3 Order of precedence and brackets 4

2. Fractions, decimals and percentages 6

2.1 Fractions 62.2 Ratio and proportion 82.3 Decimals 92.4 Percentages 11

Assignment 1 13

3. Indices, standard form and engineering notation 14

3.1 Indices 143.2 Worked problems on indices 143.3 Further worked problems on indices 163.4 Standard form 173.5 Worked problems on standard form 183.6 Further worked problems on standard form 193.7 Engineering notation and common prefixes 19

4. Calculations and evaluation of formulae 21

4.1 Errors and approximations 214.2 Use of calculator 224.3 Conversion tables and charts 254.4 Evaluation of formulae 27

Assignment 2 29

5. Computer numbering systems 30

5.1 Binary numbers 305.2 Conversion of binary to denary 305.3 Conversion of denary to binary 315.4 Conversion of denary to binary via octal 325.5 Hexadecimal numbers 33

6. Algebra 37

6.1 Basic operations 376.2 Laws of indices 396.3 Brackets and factorization 41



prelims 9/2/2005 10: 51 page vi

vi Contents

6.4 Fundamental laws and precedence 436.5 Direct and inverse proportionality 45

Assignment 3 46

7. Simple equations 47

7.1 Expressions, equations and identities 477.2 Worked problems on simple equations 477.3 Further worked problems on simple equations 497.4 Practical problems involving simple equations 507.5 Further practical problems involving simple equations 52

8. Transposition of formulae 54

8.1 Introduction to transposition of formulae 548.2 Worked problems on transposition of formulae 548.3 Further worked problems on transposition of formulae 558.4 Harder worked problems on transposition of formulae 57

Assignment 4 59

9. Simultaneous equations 60

9.1 Introduction to simultaneous equations 609.2 Worked problems on simultaneous equations in two unknowns 609.3 Further worked problems on simultaneous equations 629.4 More difficult worked problems on simultaneous equations 639.5 Practical problems involving simultaneous equations 65

10. Quadratic equations 69

10.1 Introduction to quadratic equations 6910.2 Solution of quadratic equations by factorization 6910.3 Solution of quadratic equations by completing the square 7110.4 Solution of quadratic equations by formula 7210.5 Practical problems involving quadratic equations 7310.6 The solution of linear and quadratic equations simultaneously 75

11. Inequalities 77

11.1 Introduction to inequalities 7711.2 Simple inequalities 7711.3 Inequalities involving a modulus 7811.4 Inequalities involving quotients 7911.5 Inequalities involving square functions 7911.6 Quadratic inequalities 80

Assignment 5 82

12. Straight line graphs 83

12.1 Introduction to graphs 8312.2 The straight line graph 8312.3 Practical problems involving straight line graphs 88

13. Graphical solution of equations 94

13.1 Graphical solution of simultaneous equations 9413.2 Graphical solutions of quadratic equations 95



prelims 9/2/2005 10: 51 page vii

Contents vii

13.3 Graphical solution of linear and quadratic equations simultaneously 9913.4 Graphical solution of cubic equations 100

Assignment 6 102

14. Logarithms 103

14.1 Introduction to logarithms 10314.2 Laws of logarithms 10314.3 Indicial equations 10514.4 Graphs of logarithmic functions 106

15. Exponential functions 107

15.1 The exponential function 10715.2 Evaluating exponential functions 10715.3 The power series for ex 10815.4 Graphs of exponential functions 11015.5 Napierian logarithms 11115.6 Evaluating Napierian logarithms 11115.7 Laws of growth and decay 113

Assignment 7 116

16. Reduction of non-linear laws to linear-form 117

16.1 Determination of law 11716.2 Determination of law involving logarithms 119

17. Graphs with logarithmic scales 124

17.1 Logarithmic scales 12417.2 Graphs of the form y= axn 12417.3 Graphs of the form y= abx 12717.4 Graphs of the form y= aekx 128

18. Geometry and triangles 131

18.1 Angular measurement 13118.2 Types and properties of angles 13218.3 Properties of triangles 13418.4 Congruent triangles 13618.5 Similar triangles 13718.6 Construction of triangles 139

Assignment 8 141

19. Introduction to trigonometry 142

19.1 Trigonometry 14219.2 The theorem of Pythagoras 14219.3 Trigonometric ratios of acute angles 14319.4 Solution of right-angled triangles 14519.5 Angles of elevation and depression 14719.6 Evaluating trigonometric ratios of any angles 148

20. Trigonometric waveforms 151

20.1 Graphs of trigonometric functions 15120.2 Angles of any magnitude 15220.3 The production of a sine and cosine wave 154



prelims 9/2/2005 10: 51 page viii

viii Contents

20.4 Sine and cosine curves 15520.5 Sinusoidal form A sin(t) 158

Assignment 9 161

21. Cartesian and polar co-ordinates 162

21.1 Introduction 16221.2 Changing from Cartesian into polar co-ordinates 16221.3 Changing from polar into Cartesian co-ordinates 16321.4 Use of RP and PR functions on calculators 164

22. Areas of plane figures 166

22.1 Mensuration 16622.2 Properties of quadrilaterals 16622.3 Worked problems on areas of plane figures 16722.4 Further worked problems on areas of plane figures 17122.5 Areas of similar shapes 172

Assignment 10 173

23. The circle 174

23.1 Introduction 17423.2 Properties of circles 17423.3 Arc length and area of a sector 17523.4 The equation of a circle 178

24. Volumes of common solids 180

24.1 Volumes and surface areas of regular solids 18024.2 Worked problems on volumes and surface areas of regular solids 18024.3 Further worked problems on volumes and surface areas of regular solids 18224.4 Volumes and surface areas of frusta of pyramids and cones 18624.5 Volumes of similar shapes 189

Assignment 11 190

25. Irregular areas and volumes and mean values of waveforms 191

25.1 Areas of irregular figures 19125.2 Volumes of irregular solids 19325.3 The mean or average value of a waveform 194

26. Triangles and some practical applications 198

26.1 Sine and cosine rules 19826.2 Area of any triangle 19826.3 Worked problems on the solution of triangles and their areas 19826.4 Further worked problems on the solution of triangles and their areas 20026.5 Practical situations involving trigonometry 20126.6 Further practical situations involving trigonometry 204

Assignment 12 206

27. Vectors 207

27.1 Introduction 20727.2 Vector addition 20727.3 Resolution of vectors 209



prelims 9/2/2005 10: 51 page ix

Contents ix

27.4 Vector subtraction 21027.5 Relative velocity 212

28. Adding of waveforms 214

28.1 Combination of two periodic functions 21428.2 Plotting periodic functions 21428.3 Determining resultant phasors by calculation 215

29. Number sequences 218

29.1 Simple sequences 21829.2 The nth term of a series 21829.3 Arithmetic progressions 21929.4 Worked problems on arithmetic progression 22029.5 Further worked problems on arithmetic progressions 22129.6 Geometric progressions 22229.7 Worked problems on geometric progressions 22329.8 Further worked problems on geometric progressions 224

Assignment 13 225

30. Presentation of statistical data 226

30.1 Some statistical terminology 22630.2 Presentation of ungrouped data 22730.3 Presentation of grouped data 230

31. Measures of central tendency and dispersion 235

31.1 Measures of central tendency 23531.2 Mean, median and mode for discrete data 23531.3 Mean, median and mode for grouped data 23631.4 Standard deviation 23731.5 Quartiles, deciles and percentiles 239

32. Probability 241

32.1 Introduction to probability 24132.2 Laws of probability 24132.3 Worked problems on probability 24232.4 Further worked problems on probability 243

Assignment 14 246

33. Introduction to differentiation 247

33.1 Introduction to calculus 24733.2 Functional notation 24733.3 The gradient of a curve 24833.4 Differentiation from first principles 24933.5 Differentiation of y= axn by the general rule 25033.6 Differentiation of sine and cosine functions 25233.7 Differentiation of eax and ln ax 25333.8 Summary of standard derivatives 25433.9 Successive differentiation 25533.10 Rates of change 255



prelims 9/2/2005 10: 51 page x

x Contents

34. Introduction to integration 257

34.1 The process of integration 25734.2 The general solution of integrals of the form axn 25734.3 Standard integrals 25734.4 Definite integrals 26034.5 Area under a curve 261

Assignment 15 265

List of formulae 266

Answers to exercises 270

Index 285



prelims 9/2/2005 10: 51 page xi

Preface

Basic EngineeringMathematics, 4th Edition introduces and then consolidates basic mathematical principles and promotes awarenessof mathematical concepts for students needing a broad base for further vocational studies. In this fourth edition, new material hasbeen added on engineering notation, inequalities, graphs with logarithmic scales and adding waveforms, together with extra practicalproblems interspersed throughout the text.

The text covers:

(i) the Applied Mathematics content of the GNVQ mandatory unit Applied Science and Mathematics for Engineering atIntermediate level (i.e. GNVQ 2)

(ii) the mandatory Mathematics for Engineering at Advanced level (i.e. GNVQ 3) in Engineering

(iii) the optional Applied Mathematics for Engineering at Advanced level (i.e. GNVQ 3) in Engineering

(iv) the Mathematics content of Applied Science and Mathematics for Technicians for Edexcel/BTEC First Certificate

(v) the mandatory Mathematics for Technicians for National Certificate and National Diploma in Engineering

(vi) Mathematics 1 for City & Guilds Technician Certificate in Telecommunications and Electronics Engineering

(vii) basic mathematics for a wide range of introductory/access/foundation mathematics courses

(viii) GCSE revision, and for similar mathematics courses in English-speaking countries world-wide.

Basic Engineering Mathematics 4th Edition provides a lead into Engineering Mathematics 4th Edition.Each topic considered in the text is presented in a way that assumes in the reader little previous knowledge of that topic. Theory is

introduced in each chapter by a brief outline of essential theory, definitions, formulae, laws and procedures. However, these are keptto a minimum, for problem solving is extensively used to establish and exemplify the theory. It is intended that readers will gain realunderstanding through seeing problems solved and then solving similar problems themselves.

This textbook contains some 600 worked problems, followed by over 1050 further problems (all with answers at the end of thebook). The further problems are contained within some 129 Exercises; each Exercise follows on directly from the relevant sectionof work. 260 line diagrams enhance the understanding of the theory. Where at all possible the problems mirror practical situationsfound in engineering and science.

At regular intervals throughout the text are 15 Assignments to check understanding. For example, Assignment 1 covers materialcontained in chapters 1 and 2, Assignment 2 covers the material contained in chapters 3 and 4, and so on. These Assignments donot have answers given since it is envisaged that lecturers could set the Assignments for students to attempt as part of their coursestructure. Lecturers may obtain a complimentary set of solutions of the Assignments in an Instructors Manual available from thepublishers via the internet see below.

At the end of the book a list of relevant formulae contained within the text is included for convenience of reference.Learning by Example is at the heart of Basic Engineering Mathematics 4th Edition.

John BirdDefence College of Electro-Mechanical Engineering, HMS Sultan,

formerly University of Portsmouth and Highbury College, Portsmouth

Instructors ManualAn Instructors Manual containing the full worked solutions for all the Assignments in this book is available for down-load for lecturers only. To obtain a password please e-mail [email protected] with the following details: course title,number of students, your job title and work postal address. To download the Instructors Manual use the following direct URL:http://books.elsevier.com/manualsprotected/0750665750



This page intentionally left blank



ch001 9/2/2005 10: 47 page 1

1

Basic arithmetic

1.1 Arithmetic operations

Whole numbers are called integers.+3,+5,+72 are called posi-tive integers;13,6,51 are called negative integers. Betweenpositive and negative integers is the number 0 which is neitherpositive nor negative.

The four basic arithmetic operators are: add (+), subtract (),multiply () and divide ()

For addition and subtraction, when unlike signs are togetherin a calculation, the overall sign is negative. Thus, adding minus4 to 3 is 3+4 and becomes 3 4=1. Like signs togethergive an overall positive sign. Thus subtracting minus 4 from 3 is3 4 and becomes 3+ 4= 7. For multiplication and division,when the numbers have unlike signs, the answer is negative, butwhen the numbers have like signs the answer is positive. Thus3 4=12, whereas 34=+12. Similarly

4

3 = 4

3and

43 = +

4

3

Problem 1. Add 27, 74, 81 and 19

This problem is written as 27 74+ 81 19Adding the positive integers: 27

81Sum of positive integers is: 108

Adding the negative integers: 7419

Sum of negative integers is: 93

Taking the sum of the negative integers from the sum of thepositive integers gives:

1089315

Thus 27 74+ 81 19= 15

Problem 2. Subtract 89 from 123

This is written mathematically as 123 891238934

Thus 123 89= 34


This problem is written as 377 74. Like signs together givean overall positive sign, hence

37774= 377+ 74 377+74451

Thus 37774= 451


The problem is 126 243. When the second number is largerthan the first, take the smaller number from the larger and makethe result negative.

Thus 126 243=(243 126) 243126117

Thus 126 243=117




ch001 9/2/2005 10: 47 page 2

2 Basic Engineering Mathematics

269 318. The sum of the negative integers is269

+318587

Thus 269 318= 587

Problem 6. Multiply 74 by 13

This is written as 74 137413

222 74 3740 74 10

Adding: 962

Thus 74 13= 962

Problem 7. Multiply by 178 by 46

When the numbers have different signs, the result will be nega-tive. (With this in mind, the problem can now be solved bymultiplying 178 by 46)

17846

10687120

8188

Thus 178 46= 8188 and 178 (46)=8188

Problem 8. Divide l043 by 7

When dividing by the numbers 1 to 12, it is usual to use a methodcalled short division.

1 4 97)103463

Step 1. 7 into 10 goes 1, remainder 3. Put 1 above the 0 of 1043and carry the 3 remainder to the next digit on the right,making it 34;

Step 2. 7 into 34 goes 4, remainder 6. Put 4 above the 4 of 1043and carry the 6 remainder to the next digit on the right,making it 63;

Step 3. 7 into 63 goes 9, remainder 0. Put 9 above the 3 of 1043.

Thus 1043 7= 149

Problem 9. Divide 378 by 14

When dividing by numbers which are larger than 12, it is usualto use a method called long division.

2714)37828

9898

00

(2) 2 14

(4) 7 14

(1) 14 into 37 goes twice.Put 2 above the 7 of 378.

(3) Subtract. Bring down the8. 14 into 98 goes 7 times.Put 7 above the 8 of 378.

(5) Subtract.

Thus 378 14= 27

Problem 10. Divide 5669 by 46

This problem may be written as5669

46or 5669 46 or

5669/46Using the long division method shown in Problem 9 gives:

12346)566946

10692

149138

11

As there are no more digits to bring down,

5669 46= 123, remainder 11 or 1231146

Now try the following exercise

Exercise 1 Further problems on arithmetic operations(Answers on page 270)

In Problems 1 to 21, determine the values of the expressionsgiven:

1. 67 82+ 342. 124 273+ 481 3983. 927 114+ 182 183 2474. 2417 487+ 2424 1778 47125. 38419 2177+ 2440 799+ 28346. 2715 18250+ 11471 1509+ 1132747. 73 578. 813 (674)9. 647 872

10. 3151 (2763)11. 4872 4683



ch001 9/2/2005 10: 47 page 3

Basic arithmetic 3

12. 23148 4772413. 38441 5377414. (a) 261 7 (b) 462 915. (a) 783 11 (b) 73 2416. (a) 27 38 (b) 77 2917. (a) 448 23 (b) 143 (31)18. (a) 288 6 (b) 979 1119. (a)

1813

7(b)

896

16

20. (a)21432

47(b) 15904 56

21. (a)88738

187(b) 46857 79

22. A screw has a mass of 15 grams. Calculate, in kilograms,the mass of 1200 such screws.

23. Holes are drilled 35.7mm apart in a metal plate. If a rowof 26 holes is drilled, determine the distance, in centi-metres, between the centres of the first and last holes.

24. Calculate the diameter d and dimensions A and B forthe template shown in Figure 1.1. All dimensions are inmillimetres.

110

B

12

60

50 38

120

dA

Fig. 1.1

1.2 Highest common factors and lowestcommon multiples

When two or more numbers are multiplied together, the indi-vidual numbers are called factors. Thus a factor is a numberwhich divides into another number exactly.Thehighest common

factor (HCF) is the largest number which divides into two ormore numbers exactly.

A multiple is a number which contains another number anexact number of times. The smallest number which is exactlydivisible by each of two or more numbers is called the lowestcommon multiple (LCM).

Problem 11. Determine the HCF of the numbers 12, 30and 42

Each number is expressed in terms of its lowest factors. This isachieved by repeatedly dividing by the prime numbers 2, 3, 5, 7,11, 13 . . . (where possible) in turn. Thus

12 2 2 3

30 2 3 5

42 2 3 7

The factors which are common to each of the numbers are 2 incolumn 1 and 3 in column 3, shown by the broken lines. Hencethe HCF is 2 3, i.e. 6. That is, 6 is the largest number whichwill divide into 12, 30 and 42.

Problem 12. Determine the HCF of the numbers 30, 105,210 and 1155

Using the method shown in Problem 11:

30 2 3 5

105 3 5 7

210 2 3 5 7

1155 3 5 711

The factors which are common to each of the numbers are 3 incolumn 2 and 5 in column 3. Hence the HCF is 3 5= 15.

Problem 13. Determine the LCM of the numbers 12, 42and 90

The LCM is obtained by finding the lowest factors of each ofthe numbers, as shown in Problems 11 and 12 above, and thenselecting the largest group of any of the factors present. Thus

12 2 2 3

42 2 3 7

90 2 3 3 5

The largest group of any of the factors present are shown by thebroken lines and are 2 2 in 12, 3 3 in 90, 5 in 90 and 7 in 42.



ch001 9/2/2005 10: 47 page 4


Hence the LCM is 2 2 3 3 5 7= 1260, and is thesmallest number which 12, 42 and 90 will all divide into exactly.

Problem14. Determine theLCMof the numbers 150, 210,735 and 1365

Using the method shown in Problem 13 above:

150 2 3 5 5

210 2 3 5 7

735 3 5 7 7

1365 3 5 7 13

The LCM is 2 3 5 5 7 7 13= 95550


Exercise 2 Further problems on highest commonfactors and lowest common multiples(Answers on page 270)

In Problems 1 to 6 find (a) the HCF and (b) the LCM of thenumbers given:

1. 6, 10, 14 2. 12, 30, 45

3. 10, 15, 70, 105 4. 90, 105, 300

5. 196, 210, 910, 462 6. 196, 350, 770

1.3 Order of precedence and brackets

When a particular arithmetic operation is to be performed first,the numbers and the operator(s) are placed in brackets. Thus 3times the result of 6minus 2 iswritten as 3 (6 2). In arithmeticoperations, the order in which operations are performed are:

(i) to determine the values of operations contained in brackets;

(ii) multiplication and division (the word of also meansmultiply); and

(iii) addition and subtraction.

This order of precedence can be remembered by the wordBODMAS, standing for Brackets, Of, Division,Multiplication,Addition and Subtraction, taken in that order.

The basic laws governing the use of brackets and operators areshown by the following examples:

(i) 2+ 3= 3+ 2, i.e. the order of numbers when adding doesnot matter;

(ii) 2 3= 3 2, i.e. the order of numbers when multiplyingdoes not matter;

(iii) 2+ (3+ 4)= (2+ 3)+ 4, i.e. the use of brackets whenadding does not affect the result;

(iv) 2 (3 4)= (2 3) 4, i.e. the use of brackets whenmultiplying does not affect the result;

(v) 2 (3+ 4)= 2(3+ 4)= 2 3+ 2 4, i.e. a number placedoutside of a bracket indicates that the whole contents of thebracket must be multiplied by that number;

(vi) (2+ 3)(4+ 5)= (5)(9)= 45, i.e. adjacent brackets indicatemultiplication;

(vii) 2[3 + (4 5)] = 2[3 + 20] = 2 23 = 46, i.e. when anexpression contains inner and outer brackets, the innerbrackets are removed first.

Problem 15. Find the value of 6+ 4 (5 3)

The order of precedence of operations is remembered by thewordBODMAS.

Thus 6+ 4 (5 3) = 6+ 4 2 (Brackets)= 6+ 2 (Division)= 8 (Addition)

Problem 16. Determine the value of

13 2 3 + 14 (2 + 5)

13 2 3+ 14 (2+ 5) = 13 2 3+ 14 7 (B)= 13 2 3+ 2 (D)= 13 6+ 2 (M)= 15 6 (A)= 9 (S)

Problem 17. Evaluate

16 (2 + 6) + 18[3 + (4 6) 21]

16 (2+ 6)+ 18[3+ (4 6) 21]= 16 (2+ 6)+ 18[3+ 24 21) (B)= 16 8+ 18 6 (B)= 2+ 18 6 (D)= 2+ 108 (M)= 110 (A)



ch001 9/2/2005 10: 47 page 5

Basic arithmetic 5

Problem 18. Find the value of

23 4(2 7) + (144 4)(14 8)

23 4(2 7)+ (144 4)(14 8) = 23 4 14+

36

6(B)

= 23 4 14+ 6 (D)= 23 56+ 6 (M)= 29 56 (A)= 27 (S)


Exercise 3 Further problems on order of precedenceand brackets (Answers on page 270)

Simplify the expressions given in Problems 1 to 7:

1. 14+ 3 152. 17 12 43. 86+ 24 (14 2)4. 7(23 18) (12 5)5. 63 28(14 2)+ 26

6.112

16 119 17+ (3 19)

7.(50 14)

3+ 7(16 7) 7



ch002 9/2/2005 10: 47 page 6

2

Fractions, decimals and percentages

2.1 Fractions

When 2 is divided by 3, it may be written as 23 or 2/3.23 is

called a fraction. The number above the line, i.e. 2, is called thenumerator and the number below the line, i.e. 3, is called thedenominator.

When the value of the numerator is less than the value of thedenominator, the fraction is called a proper fraction; thus 23 is aproper fraction. When the value of the numerator is greater thanthe denominator, the fraction is called an improper fraction.Thus 73 is an improper fraction and can also be expressed as amixed number, that is, an integer and a proper fraction. Thusthe improper fraction 73 is equal to the mixed number 2

13 .

When a fraction is simplified by dividing the numeratorand denominator by the same number, the process is calledcancelling. Cancelling by 0 is not permissible.

Problem 1. Simplify 13 + 27

The LCM of the two denominators is 3 7, i.e. 21.Expressing each fraction so that their denominators are 21, gives:

1

3+ 2

7= 1

3 7

7+ 2

7 3

3= 7

21+ 6

21

= 7 + 621

= 1321

Alternatively:

Step(2) Step(3)

1

3+ 2

7= (7 1) + (3 2)

21

Step(1)

Step 1: the LCM of the two denominators;Step 2: for the fraction 13 , 3 into 21 goes 7 times, 7 the

numerator is 7 1;Step 3: for the fraction 27 , 7 into 21 goes 3 times, 3 the

numerator is 3 2.Thus

1

3+ 2

7= 7+ 6

21= 13

21as obtained previously.

Problem 2. Find the value of 3 23 2 16

One method is to split the mixed numbers into integers and theirfractional parts. Then

32

3 21

6=(3 + 2

3

)(2 + 1

6

)= 3 + 2

3 2 1

6

= 1 + 46

16

= 136

= 112

Another method is to express the mixed numbers as improperfractions.

Since 3= 93, then 3

2

3= 9

3+ 2

3= 11

3

Similarly, 21

6= 12

6+ 1

6= 13

6

Thus 32

3 21

6= 11

3 13

6= 22

6 13

6= 9

6= 11

2as obtained

previously.

Problem 3. Evaluate 7 18 5 37

71

8 53

7=(7 + 1

8

)(5 + 3

7

)= 7 + 1

8 5 3

7

= 2 + 18

37

= 2 + 7 1 8 356



ch002 9/2/2005 10: 47 page 7

Fractions, decimals and percentages 7

= 2 + 7 2456

= 2 + 1756

= 2 1756

= 11256

1756

= 112 1756

= 9556

= 13956

Problem 4. Determine the value of 4 58 3 14 + 1 25

45

8 31

4+ 12

5= (4 3 + 1) +

(5

8 1

4+ 2

5

)

= 2 + 5 5 10 1 + 8 240

= 2 + 25 10 + 1640

= 2 + 3140

= 23140

Problem 5. Find the value of3

7 14

15

Dividing numerator and denominator by 3 gives:137

14155

= 17

145

= 1 147 5

Dividing numerator and denominator by 7 gives:

1 14217 5

= 1 21 5 =

25

This process of dividing both the numerator and denominator ofa fraction by the same factor(s) is called cancelling.

Problem 6. Evaluate 1 35 2 13 3 37

Mixed numbersmust be expressed as improper fractions beforemultiplication can be performed. Thus,

13

5 21

3 33

7=(5

5+ 3

5

)(6

3+ 1

3

)(21

7+ 3

7

)

= 85

17

13 24

8

71= 8 1 8

5 1 1

= 645

= 1245

Problem 7. Simplify3

7 12

21

3

7 12

21=

3

712

21

Multiplying both numerator and denominator by the reciprocalof the denominator gives:

3

712

21

=

13

17 21

3

12 4112121

211

12 1

=3

41

= 34

This method can be remembered by the rule: invert the secondfraction and change the operation fromdivision tomultiplication.Thus:

3

7 12

21=

13

17 21

3

124= 3

4as obtained previously.

Problem 8. Find the value of 5 35 7 13

The mixed numbers must be expressed as improper fractions.Thus,

53

5 71

3= 28

5 22

3=

14285

32211

= 4255

Problem 9. Simplify 13 (25 + 14

) ( 38 13 )

The order of precedence of operations for problems contain-ing fractions is the same as that for integers, i.e. rememberedby BODMAS (Brackets, Of, Division, Multiplication,Additionand Subtraction). Thus,

1

3(2

5+ 1

4

)(3

8 1

3

)

= 13

4 2 + 5 120

31

248(B)

= 13

13520

82

1(D)

= 13

265

(M)

= (5 1) (3 26)15

(S)

= 7315

= 41315

Problem 10. Determine the value of

7

6of(31

2 21

4

)+ 51

8 3

16 1

2

7

6of(31

2 21

4

)+ 51

8 3

16 1

2

= 76of 1

1

4+ 41

8 3

16 1

2(B)



ch002 9/2/2005 10: 47 page 8


= 76

54

+ 418

316

12

(O)

= 76

54

+ 4118

162

3 1

2(D)

= 3524

+ 823

12

(M)

= 35 + 65624

12

(A)

= 69124

12

(A)

= 691 1224

(S)

= 67924

= 28 724


Exercise 4 Further problems on fractions (Answerson page 270)

Evaluate the expressions given in Problems 1 to 13:

1. (a)1

2+ 2

5(b)

7

16 1

4

2. (a)2

7+ 3

11(b)

2

9 1

7+ 2

3

3. (a) 53

13+ 33

4(b) 4

5

8 32

5

4. (a) 103

7 82

3(b) 3

1

4 44

5+ 15

6

5. (a)3

4 5

9(b)

17

35 15

119

6. (a)3

5 7

9 12

7(b)

13

17 4 7

11 3 4

39

7. (a)1

4 3

11 1 5

39(b)

3

4 14

5

8. (a)3

8 45

64(b) 1

1

3 25

9

9.1

3 3

4 16

27

10.1

2+ 3

5 9

15 1

3

11.7

15of(15 5

7

)+(3

4 15

16

)

12.1

4 2

3 1

3 3

5+ 2

7

13.(2

3 11

4

)(2

3+ 1

4

)+ 13

5

14. If a storage tank is holding 450 litres when it is three-quarters full, how much will it contain when it is two-thirds full?

15. Three people, P, Q and R contribute to a fund, P provides3/5 of the total, Q provides 2/3 of the remainder, andR provides 8. Determine (a) the total of the fund, (b)the contributions of P and Q.

2.2 Ratio and proportion

The ratio of one quantity to another is a fraction, and is the numberof times one quantity is contained in another quantity of thesame kind. If one quantity is directly proportional to another,then as one quantity doubles, the other quantity also doubles.When a quantity is inversely proportional to another, then asone quantity doubles, the other quantity is halved.

Problem 11. Divide 126 in the ratio of 5 to 13.

Because the ratio is to be 5 parts to 13 parts, then the total numberof parts is 5+ 13, that is 18. Then,

18 parts correspond to 126

Hence 1 part corresponds to126

18= 7,

5 parts correspond to 5 7= 35 and 13 parts correspond to13 7= 91(Check: the parts must add up to the total 35+ 91= 126= thetotal.)

Problem12. Apiece of timber 273 cm long is cut into threepieces in the ratio of 3 to 7 to 11. Determine the lengths ofthe three pieces.

The total number of parts is 3+ 7+ 11, that is, 21. Hence 21parts correspond to 273 cm

1 part corresponds to273

21= 13 cm

3 parts correspond to 3 13 = 39 cm7 parts correspond to 7 13 = 91 cm

11 parts correspond to 11 13 = 143 cmi.e. the lengths of the threepieces are 39 cm,91 cmand143 cm.

(Check: 39+ 91+ 143= 273)



ch002 9/2/2005 10: 47 page 9


Problem 13. A gear wheel having 80 teeth is in mesh witha 25 tooth gear. What is the gear ratio?

Gear ratio= 80 : 25= 8025

= 165

= 3.2i.e. gear ratio= 16:5 or 3.2:1

Problem 14. Express 25p as a ratio of 4.25 l

Working in quantities of the same kind, the required ratio is

25

425i.e.

1

17

That is, 25p is1

17th of 4.25. This may be written either as:

25:425: :1:17 (stated as 25 is to 425 as 1 is to 17) or as

25425

= 117

Problem 15. An alloy is made up of metalsA and B in theratio 2.5:1 by mass. How much ofA has to be added to 6 kgof B to make the alloy?

Ratio A:B: :2.5:1 i.e.A

B= 2.5

1= 2.5

When B= 6 kg, A6

= 2.5 from which, A= 6 2.5= 15 kg

Problem 16. If 3 people can complete a task in 4 hours,find how long it will take 5 people to complete the sametask, assuming the rate of work remains constant.

The more the number of people, the more quickly the task isdone, hence inverse proportion exists.

3 people complete the task in 4 hours,

1 person takes three times as long, i.e. 4 3= 12 hours,5 people can do it in one fifth of the time that one person takes,

that is12

5hours or 2 hours 24 minutes.


Exercise 5 Further problems on ratio and proportion(Answers on page 270)

1. Divide 312mm in the ratio of 7 to 17.

2. Divide 621 cm in the ratio of 3 to 7 to 13.

3. 4.94 is to be divided between two people in the ratio of9 to 17. Determine how much each person will receive.

4. When mixing a quantity of paints, dyes of four differentcolours are used in the ratio of 7:3:19:5. If the mass ofthe first dye used is 3 12 g, determine the total mass of thedyes used.

5. Determine how much copper and how much zinc isneeded to make a 99 kg brass ingot if they have to bein the proportions copper:zinc: :8:3 by mass.

6. It takes 21 hours for 12men to resurface a stretch of road.Find howmanymen it takes to resurface a similar stretchof road in 50 hours 24 minutes, assuming the work rateremains constant.

7. It takes 3 hours 15 minutes to fly from city A tocity B at a constant speed. Find how long the journeytakes if:

(a) the speed is 1 12 times that of the original speed and

(b) if the speed is three-quarters of the original speed.

2.3 Decimals

The decimal system of numbers is based on the digits 0 to 9.A number such as 53.17 is called a decimal fraction, a decimalpoint separating the integer part, i.e. 53, from the fractional part,i.e. 0.17.

A number which can be expressed exactly as a decimalfraction is called a terminating decimal and those which can-not be expressed exactly as a decimal fraction are called non-terminating decimals. Thus, 32 = 1.5 is a terminatingdecimal, but 43 = 1.33333 . . . is a non-terminating decimal.1.33333 . . . can be written as 1.3, called one point-threerecurring.

The answer to a non-terminating decimal may be expressed intwo ways, depending on the accuracy required:

(i) correct to a number of significant figures, that is, figureswhich signify something, and

(ii) correct to a number of decimal places, that is, the number offigures after the decimal point.

The last digit in the answer is unaltered if the next digit on theright is in the group of numbers 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, but is increasedby 1 if the next digit on the right is in the group of numbers 5, 6,7, 8 or 9. Thus the non-terminating decimal 7.6183 . . . becomes7.62, correct to 3 significant figures, since the next digit on theright is 8, which is in the group of numbers 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9. Also7.6183 . . . becomes 7.618, correct to 3 decimal places, since thenext digit on the right is 3, which is in the group of numbers 0,1, 2, 3 or 4.

Problem 17. Evaluate 42.7+ 3.04+ 8.7+ 0.06



ch002 9/2/2005 10: 47 page 10


The numbers are written so that the decimal points are under eachother. Each column is added, starting from the right.

42.73.048.70.06

54.50

Thus 42.7+ 3.04+ 8.7+ 0.06= 54.50

Problem 18. Take 81.70 from 87.23

The numbers arewrittenwith the decimal points under each other.

87.2381.70

5.53

Thus 87.23 81.70= 5.53


23.4 17.83 57.6 + 32.68

The sum of the positive decimal fractions is

23.4 + 32.68 = 56.08The sum of the negative decimal fractions is

17.83 + 57.6 = 75.43Taking the sum of the negative decimal fractions from the sumof the positive decimal fractions gives:

56.08 75.43i.e. (75.43 56.08)=19.35

Problem 20. Determine the value of 74.3 3.8

When multiplying decimal fractions: (i) the numbers are multi-plied as if they are integers, and (ii) the position of the decimalpoint in the answer is such that there are as many digits to theright of it as the sum of the digits to the right of the decimal pointsof the two numbers being multiplied together. Thus

(i) 74338

594422 290

28 234

(ii) As there are (1+ 1)= 2 digits to the right of the deci-mal points of the two numbers being multiplied together,(74.3 3.8), then

74.3 3.8= 282.34

Problem 21. Evaluate 37.81 1.7, correct to (i) 4 sig-nificant figures and (ii) 4 decimal places.

37.81 1.7 = 37.811.7

The denominator is changed into an integer by multiplying by10. The numerator is also multiplied by 10 to keep the fractionthe same. Thus

37.81 1.7 = 37.81 101.7 10 =

378.1

17

The long division is similar to the long division of integers andthe first four steps are as shown:

22.24117..17)378.1000003438344134706820

(i) 37.81 1.7= 22.24, correct to 4 significant figures, and(ii) 37.81 1.7= 22.2412, correct to 4 decimal places.

Problem 22. Convert (a) 0.4375 to a proper fraction and(b) 4.285 to a mixed number.

(a) 0.4375 can be written as0.4375 10 000

10 000without changing

its value,

i.e. 0.4375= 437510 000

By cancelling4375

10 000= 875

2000= 175

400= 35

80= 7

16

i.e. 0.4375= 716

(b) Similarly, 4.285= 4 2851000

= 4 57200

Problem 23. Express as decimal fractions:

(a)9

16and (b) 5

7

8

(a) To convert a proper fraction to a decimal fraction, the numer-ator is divided by the denominator. Division by 16 can



ch002 9/2/2005 10: 47 page 11


be done by the long division method, or, more simply, bydividing by 2 and then 8:

4.50 0.5 6 2 5Thus,

916

= 0.56252)9.00 8

)4.5502040

(b) For mixed numbers, it is only necessary to convert the properfraction part of themixed number to a decimal fraction.Thus,dealing with the 78 gives:

0.875i.e.

7

8= 0.875

8)7.000

Thus 578

= 5.875


Exercise 6 Further problems on decimals (Answerson page 270)

In Problems 1 to 7, determine the values of the expressionsgiven:

1. 23.6+ 14.71 18.9 7.4212. 73.84 113.247+ 8.21 0.0683. 5.73 4.24. 3.8 4.1 0.75. 374.1 0.0066. 421.8 17, (a) correct to 4 significant figures and

(b) correct to 3 decimal places.

7.0.0147

2.3, (a) correct to 5 decimal places and

(b) correct to 2 significant figures.

8. Convert to proper fractions:

(a) 0.65 (b) 0.84 (c) 0.0125 (d) 0.282 and (e) 0.024

9. Convert to mixed numbers:

(a) 1.82 (b) 4.275 (c) 14.125 (d) 15.35 and

(e) 16.2125

In Problems 10 to 15, express as decimal fractions to theaccuracy stated:

10.4

9, correct to 5 significant figures.

11.17

27, correct to 5 decimal place.

12. 19


13. 535

11, correct to 3 decimal places.

14. 1331

37, correct to 2 decimal places.

15. 89


16. Determine the dimension marked x in the length of shaftshown in Figure 2.1. The dimensions are in millimetres.

82.92

27.41 8.32 34.67x

Fig. 2.1

17. A tank contains 1800 litres of oil. How many tinscontaining 0.75 litres can be filled from this tank?

2.4 Percentages

Percentages are used to give a common standard and arefractions having the number 100 as their denominators. For

example, 25 per cent means25

100i.e.

1

4and is written 25%.

Problem 24. Express as percentages: (a) 1.875 and(b) 0.0125

A decimal fraction is converted to a percentage by multiplyingby 100. Thus,

(a) 1.875 corresponds to 1.875 100%, i.e. 187.5%(b) 0.0125 corresponds to 0.0125 100%, i.e. 1.25%

Problem 25. Express as percentages:

(a)5

16and (b) 1

2

5

To convert fractions to percentages, they are (i) converted todecimal fractions and (ii) multiplied by 100

(a) By division,5

16= 0.3125, hence 5

16corresponds to

0.3125 100%, i.e. 31.25%(b) Similarly, 1

2

5= 1.4 when expressed as a decimal fraction.

Hence 12

5= 1.4 100%= 140%



ch002 9/2/2005 10: 47 page 12


Problem 26. It takes 50 minutes to machine a certain part.Using a new type of tool, the time can be reduced by 15%.Calculate the new time taken.

15% of 50 minutes= 15100

50= 750100

= 7.5 minutes.Hence the new time taken is 50 7.5= 42.5 minutes.Alternatively, if the time is reduced by 15%, then it now

takes 85% of the original time, i.e. 85% of 50= 85100

50=4250

100= 42.5 minutes, as above.

Problem 27. Find 12.5% of 378

12.5% of 378 means12.5

100 378, since per cent means per

hundred.

Hence 12.5% of 378= 12.5 1

1008 378= 378

8= 47.25

Problem 28. Express 25 minutes as a percentage of2 hours, correct to the nearest 1%.

Working in minute units, 2 hours= 120 minutes. Hence25 minutes is

25

120ths of 2 hours.

By cancelling,25

120= 5

24

Expressing5

24as a decimal fraction gives 0.2083

Multiplyingby100 to convert the decimal fraction to a percentagegives:

0.2083 100= 20.83%Thus 25 minutes is 21% of 2 hours, correct to the nearest 1%.

Problem 29. A German silver alloy consists of 60% cop-per, 25% zinc and 15% nickel. Determine the masses of thecopper, zinc and nickel in a 3.74 kilogram block of the alloy.

By direct proportion:

100% corresponds to 3.74 kg

1% corresponds to3.74

100= 0.0374 kg

60% corresponds to 60 0.0374 = 2.244 kg25% corresponds to 25 0.0374 = 0.935 kg15% corresponds to 15 0.0374 = 0.561 kg

Thus, the masses of the copper, zinc and nickel are 2.244 kg,0.935 kg and 0.561 kg, respectively.

(Check: 2.244+ 0.935+ 0.561= 3.74)


Exercise 7 Further problems percentages (Answerson page 271)

1. Convert to percentages:

(a) 0.057 (b) 0.374 (c) 1.285

2. Express as percentages, correct to 3 significant figures:

(a)7

33(b)

19

24(c) 1

11

16

3. Calculate correct to 4 significant figures:

(a) 18% of 2758 tonnes (b) 47% of 18.42 grams

(c) 147% of 14.1 seconds

4. When 1600 bolts are manufactured, 36 are unsatisfac-tory. Determine the percentage unsatisfactory.

5. Express:

(a) 140 kg as a percentage of 1 t

(b) 47 s as a percentage of 5min

(c) 13.4 cm as a percentage of 2.5m

6. A block of monel alloy consists of 70% nickel and 30%copper. If it contains 88.2 g of nickel, determine themassof copper in the block.

7. A drilling machine should be set to 250 rev/min. Thenearest speed available on the machine is 268 rev/min.Calculate the percentage overspeed.

8. Two kilograms of a compound contains 30% of elementA, 45% of element B and 25% of element C. Determinethe masses of the three elements present.

9. A concrete mixture contains seven parts by volume ofballast, four parts by volume of sand and two parts byvolume of cement. Determine the percentage of each ofthese three constituents correct to the nearest 1% andthe mass of cement in a two tonne dry mix, correct to1 significant figure.

10. In a sample of iron ore, 18% is iron. How much ore isneeded to produce 3600 kg of iron?

11. A screws dimension is 12.5 8%mm. Calculate thepossible maximum and minimum length of the screw.

12. The output power of an engine is 450 kW. If the efficiencyof the engine is 75%, determine the power input.



ch002 9/2/2005 10: 47 page 13


Assignment 1

This assignment covers the material contained inChapters 1 and 2. The marks for each question areshown in brackets at the end of each question.

1. Evaluate the following:

(a) 2016 (593)(b) 73+ 35 (11 4)(c)

120

15 133 19+ (2 17)

(d)2

5 1

15+ 5

6(e) 49.31 97.763+ 9.44 0.079 (14)

2. Determine, by long multiplication 37 42 (3)

3. Evaluate, by long division4675

11(3)

4. Find (a) the highest common factor, and (b) the lowestcommon multiple of the following numbers:

15 40 75 120 (6)

5. Simplify (a) 22

3 31

3

(b)1(

4

7 21

4

) (13

+ 15

)+ 2 7

24(9)

6. A piece of steel, 1.69m long, is cut into three piecesin the ratio 2 to 5 to 6. Determine, in centimeters, thelengths of the three pieces. (4)

7. Evaluate576.29

19.3

(a) correct to 4 significant figures

(b) correct to 1 decimal place (4)

8. Express 79

46correct to 2 decimal places (2)

9. Determine, correct to 1 decimal places, 57% of17.64 g (2)

10. Express 54.7mm as a percentage of 1.15m, correct to3 significant figures. (3)



ch003 9/2/2005 10: 47 page 14

3

Indices, standard form and engineeringnotation

3.1 Indices

The lowest factors of 2000 are 2 2 2 2 5 5 5. Thesefactors are written as 24 53, where 2 and 5 are called bases andthe numbers 4 and 3 are called indices.

When an index is an integer it is called a power. Thus, 24 iscalled two to the power of four, and has a base of 2 and an indexof 4. Similarly, 53 is called five to the power of 3 and has a baseof 5 and an index of 3.

Special names may be used when the indices are 2 and 3, thesebeing called squaredand cubed, respectively.Thus 72 is calledseven squared and 93 is called nine cubed. When no index isshown, the power is 1, i.e. 2 means 21.

Reciprocal

The reciprocal of a number is when the index is1 and its valueis given by 1 divided by the base. Thus the reciprocal of 2 is21 and its value is 12 or 0.5. Similarly, the reciprocal of 5 is 5

1

which means 15 or 0.2

Square root

The square root of a number is when the index is 12 , andthe square root of 2 is written as 21/2 or

2. The value of a

square root is the value of the base which when multiplied byitself gives the number. Since 3 3= 9, then 9= 3. However,(3) (3)= 9, so 9=3. There are always two answerswhen finding the square root of a number and this is shown byputting both a + and a sign in front of the answer to a squareroot problem. Thus

9=3 and 41/2 =4=2, and so on.

Laws of indices

When simplifying calculations involving indices, certain basicrules or laws can be applied, called the laws of indices. Theseare given below.

(i) When multiplying two or more numbers having the samebase, the indices are added. Thus

32 34 = 32+4 = 36

(ii) When a number is divided by a number having the samebase, the indices are subtracted. Thus

35

32= 352 = 33

(iii) When a number which is raised to a power is raised to afurther power, the indices are multiplied. Thus

(35)2 = 352 = 310

(iv) When a number has an index of 0, its value is 1. Thus 30 = 1(v) A number raised to a negative power is the reciprocal of

that number raised to a positive power. Thus 34 = 134

Similarly,1

23= 23

(vi) When a number is raised to a fractional power the denomina-tor of the fraction is the root of the number and the numeratoris the power.

Thus 82/3 = 382 = (2)2 = 4and 251/2 = 2251 = 251 = 5

(Note that 2 )

3.2 Worked problems on indices

Problem 1. Evaluate: (a) 52 53, (b) 32 34 3 and(c) 2 22 25



ch003 9/2/2005 10: 47 page 15

Indices and standard form 15

From law (i):

(a) 52 53 = 5(2+3) = 55 = 5 5 5 5 5= 3125(b) 32 34 3= 3(2+4+1) = 37

= 3 3 . . . to 7 terms= 2187

(c) 2 22 25 = 2(1+2+5) = 28 = 256

Problem 2. Find the value of: (a)75

73and (b)

57

54

From law (ii):

(a)75

73= 7(53) = 72 = 49

(b)57

54= 5(74) = 53 = 125

Problem 3. Evaluate: (a) 52 53 54 and(b) (3 35) (32 33)

From laws (i) and (ii):

(a) 52 53 54 = 52 5354

= 5(2+3)

54

= 55

54= 5(54) = 51 = 5

(b) (3 35) (32 33)= 3 35

32 33 =3(1+5)

3(2+3)

= 36

35= 365 = 31 = 3

Problem 4. Simplify: (a) (23)4 (b) (32)5, expressing theanswers in index form.

From law (iii):

(a) (23)4 = 234 = 212

(b) (32)5 = 325 = 310

Problem 5. Evaluate:(102)3

104 102

From the laws of indices:

(102)3

104102 =10(23)

10(4+2)= 10

6

106= 1066 = 100 = 1

Problem 6. Find the value of (a)23 2427 25 and (b)

(32)3

3 39

From the laws of indices:

(a)23 2427 25 =

2(3+4)

2(7+5)= 2

7

212= 2712 = 25 = 1

25= 1

32

(b)(32)3

3 39 =323

31+9= 3

6

310= 3610 = 34 = 1

34= 1

81

Problem 7. Evaluate (a) 41/2 (b) 163/4 (c) 272/3 (d) 91/2

(a) 41/2 =4=2(b) 163/4 = 4163 = (2)3 = 8(Note that it does not matter whether the 4th root of 16 is foundfirst or whether 16 cubed is found firstthe same answer willresult.)

(c) 272/3 = 3272 = (3)2 = 9

(d) 91/2 = 191/2

= 19

= 13 =13


Exercise 8 Further problems on indices(Answers on page 271)

In Problems 1 to 12, simplify the expressions given, express-ing the answers in index form and with positive indices:

1. (a) 33 34 (b) 42 43 442. (a) 23 2 22 (b) 72 74 7 73

3. (a)24

23(b)

37

32

4. (a) 56 53 (b) 713/710

5. (a) (72)3 (b) (33)2

6. (a) (153)5 (b) (172)4

7. (a)22 23

24(b)

37 3435

8. (a)57

52 53 (b)135

13 132

9. (a)(9 32)3(3 27)2 (b)

(16 4)2(2 8)3

10. (a)52

54(b)

32 3433



ch003 9/2/2005 10: 47 page 16


11. (a)72 737 74 (b)

23 24 252 22 26

12. (a) 13 132 134 133 (b) 57 52

58 53

3.3 Further worked problems on indices

Problem 8. Evaluate33 5753 34

The laws of indices only apply to terms having the same base.Grouping terms having the same base, and then applying the lawsof indices to each of the groups independently gives:

33 5753 34 =

33

34 5

7

53= 3(34) 5(73)

= 31 54 = 54

31= 625

3= 2081

3

Problem 9. Find the value of23 35 (72)274 24 33

23 35 (72)274 24 33 = 2

34 353 7224

= 21 32 70 = 12

32 1

= 92

= 412

Problem 10. Evaluate:41.5 81/322 322/5

41.5 = 43/2 =43 = 23 = 8, 81/3 = 38= 2, 22 = 4

322/5 = 1322/5

= 15322

= 122

= 14

Hence41.5 81/322 322/5 =

8 24 14

= 161

= 16

Alternatively,

41.5 81/322 322/5 =

[(2)2]3/2 (23)1/322 (25)2/5 =

23 2122 22

= 23+12(2) = 24 = 16

Problem 11. Evaluate:32 55 + 33 53

34 54

Dividing each term by the HCF (i.e. highest common factor) ofthe three terms, i.e. 32 53, gives:

32 55 + 33 5334 54 =

32 5532 53 +

33 5332 53

34 5432 53

= 3(22) 5(53) + 3(32) 50

3(42) 5(43)

= 30 52 + 31 50

32 51

= 1 25 + 3 19 5 =

2845

Problem 12. Find the value of32 55

34 54 + 33 53

To simplify the arithmetic, each term is divided by the HCF ofall the terms, i.e. 32 53. Thus

32 5534 54 + 33 53 =

32 5532 53

34 5432 53 +

33 5332 53

= 3(22) 5(53)

3(42) 5(43) + 3(32) 5(33)

= 30 52

32 51 + 31 50

= 2545 + 3 =

2548

Problem 13. Simplify73 34

32 75 52 , expressing theanswer in index form with positive indices.

Since 73 = 173

,1

32= 32 and 1

52= 52 then

73 3432 75 52 =

34 32 5273 75

= 3(4+2) 527(3+5)

= 36 5278



ch003 9/2/2005 10: 47 page 17


Problem 14. Simplify162 92

4 33 23 82 expressing theanswer in index form with positive indices.

Expressing the numbers in terms of their lowest prime numbersgives:

162 924 33 23 82 =

(24)2 (32)222 33 23 (23)2

= 28 34

22 33 23 26

= 28 34

22 33 23Dividing each term by the HCF (i.e. 22) gives:

28 3422 33 23 =

26 3433 2 =

26

34(33 2)

Problem 15. Simplify

(4

3

)3(3

5

)2(2

5

)3

giving the answer with positive indices.

A fraction raised to a power means that both the numeratorand the denominator of the fraction are raised to that power,

i.e.(4

3

)3= 4

3

33A fraction raised to a negative power has the same value as the

inverse of the fraction raised to a positive power.

Thus,(3

5

)2= 1(

3

5

)2 = 13252

= 1 52

32= 5

2

32

Similarly,(2

5

)3=(5

2

)3= 5

3

23

Thus,

(4

3

)3(3

5

)2(2

5

)3 =43

33 5

2

32

53

23

= 43

33 5

2

32 2

3

53

= (22)3 23

3(3+2) 5(32) =29

35 5


Exercise 9 Further problems on indices (Answerson page 271)

In Problems 1 and 2, simplify the expressions given,expressing the answers in index form and with positiveindices:

1. (a)33 5254 34 (b)

72 3235 74 73

2. (a)42 9383 34 (b)

82 52 34252 24 92

3. Evaluate (a)(

1

32

)1(b) 810.25

(c) 16(1/4) (d)(4

9

)1/2In problems 4 to 10, evaluate the expressions given.

4.92 74

34 74 + 33 72 5.33 52

23 32 82 9

6.33 72 52 73

32 5 72 7.(24)2 32 44

23 162

8.

(1

2

)3(2

3

)2(3

5

)2 9.(4

3

)4(2

9

)2

10.(32)3/2 (81/3)2

(3)2 (43)1/2 (9)1/2

3.4 Standard form

A number written with one digit to the left of the decimal pointand multiplied by 10 raised to some power is said to be written instandard form. Thus: 5837 is written as 5.837 103 in standardform, and 0.0415 is written as 4.15 102 in standard form.

When a number is written in standard form, the first factor iscalled themantissa and the second factor is called the exponent.Thus the number 5.8 103 has a mantissa of 5.8 and an exponentof 103

(i) Numbers having the same exponent can be added orsubtracted in standard form by adding or subtracting themantissae and keeping the exponent the same. Thus:

2.3 104 + 3.7 104 = (2.3 + 3.7) 104= 6.0 104

and 5.9 102 4.6 102 = (5.9 4.6) 102= 1.3 102



ch003 9/2/2005 10: 47 page 18


When the numbers have different exponents, one way ofadding or subtracting the numbers is to express one of thenumbers in non-standard form, so that both numbers havethe same exponent. Thus:

2.3 104 + 3.7 103 = 2.3 104 + 0.37 104= (2.3 + 0.37) 104= 2.67 104

Alternatively,

2.3 104 + 3.7 103 = 23 000 + 3700 = 26 700= 2.67 104

(ii) The laws of indices are used when multiplying or dividingnumbers given in standard form. For example,

(2.5 103) (5 102) = (2.5 5) (103+2)= 12.5 105 or 1.25 106

Similarly,6 1041.5 102 =

6

1.5 (1042)= 4 102

3.5 Worked problems on standard form

Problem 16. Express in standard form:

(a) 38.71 (b) 3746 (c) 0.0124

For a number to be in standard form, it is expressed with onlyone digit to the left of the decimal point. Thus:

(a) 38.71 must be divided by 10 to achieve one digit to the leftof the decimal point and it must also be multiplied by 10 tomaintain the equality, i.e.

38.71= 38.7110

10= 3.871 10 in standard form

(b) 3746= 37461000

1000= 3.746 103 in standard form

(c) 0.0124= 0.0124 100100

= 1.24100

= 1.24 102 in standardform

Problem 17. Express the following numbers, which arein standard form, as decimal numbers:

(a) 1.725 102 (b) 5.491 104 (c) 9.84 100

(a) 1.725 102 = 1.725100

= 0.01725

(b) 5.491 104 = 5.491 10 000= 54 910(c) 9.84 100 = 9.84 1= 9.84 (since 100 = 1)

Problem 18. Express in standard form, correct to 3significant figures:

(a)3

8(b) 19

2

3(c) 741

9

16

(a)3

8= 0.375, and expressing it in standard form gives:

0.375 = 3.75101

(b) 192

3= 19.6= 1.97 10 in standard form, correct to 3

significant figures.

(c) 7419

16= 741.5625= 7.42 102 in standard form, correct

to 3 significant figures.

Problem 19. Express the following numbers, given instandard form, as fractions or mixed numbers:

(a) 2.5 101 (b) 6.25 102 (c) 1.354 102

(a) 2.5 101 = 2.510

= 25100

= 14

(b) 6.25 102 = 6.25100

= 62510 000

= 116

(c) 1.354 102 = 135.4= 135 410

= 13525


Exercise 10 Further problems on standard form(Answers on page 271)

In Problems 1 to 5, express in standard form:

1. (a) 73.9 (b) 28.4 (c) 197.72

2. (a) 2748 (b) 33 170 (c) 274 218

3. (a) 0.2401 (b) 0.0174 (c) 0.00923

4. (a) 1702.3 (b) 10.04 (c) 0.0109

5. (a)1

2(b) 11

7

8(c) 130

3

5(d)

1

32In Problems 6 and 7, express the numbers given as integersor decimal fractions:

6. (a) 1.01 103 (b) 9.327 102 (c) 5.41 104(d) 7 100

7. (a) 3.89 102 (b) 6.741 101 (c) 8 103



ch003 9/2/2005 10: 47 page 19


3.6 Further worked problems onstandard form


(a) 7.9 102 5.4 102(b) 8.3 103 + 5.415 103 and(c) 9.293 102 + 1.3 103 expressing the answers in

standard form.

Numbers having the same exponent can be added or subtractedby adding or subtracting the mantissae and keeping the exponentthe same. Thus:

(a) 7.9 102 5.4 102 = (7.9 5.4) 102= 2.5 102

(b) 8.3 103 + 5.415 103 = (8.3+ 5.415) 103= 13.715 103= 1.3715 104

in standard form.

(c) Since only numbers having the same exponents can beadded by straight addition of the mantissae, the numbers areconverted to this form before adding. Thus:

9.293 102 + 1.3 103 = 9.293 102 + 13 102

= (9.293 + 13) 102

= 22.293 102

= 2.2293103

in standard form.

Alternatively, the numbers can be expressed as decimalfractions, giving:

9.293 102 + 1.3 103

= 929.3 + 1300= 2229.3= 2.2293103

in standard form as obtained previously.This method is oftenthe safest way of doing this type of problem.

Problem 21. Evaluate (a) (3.75 103)(6 104) and

(b)3.5 1057 102 expressing answers in standard form.

(a) (3.75 103)(6 104)= (3.75 6)(103+4)= 22.50 107

= 2.25 108

(b)3.5 1057 102 =

3.5

7 1052 = 0.5 103 = 5 102


Exercise 11 Further problems on standard form(Answers on page 271)

In Problems 1 to 4, find values of the expressions given,stating the answers in standard form:

1. (a) 3.7 102 + 9.81 102(b) 1.431 101 + 7.3 101(c) 8.414 102 2.68 102

2. (a) 4.831 102 + 1.24 103(b) 3.24 103 1.11 104(c) 1.81 102 + 3.417 102 + 5.972 102

3. (a) (4.5 102)(3 103) (b) 2 (5.5 104)

4. (a)6 1033 105 (b)

(2.4 103)(3 102)(4.8 104)

5. Write the following statements in standard form.

(a) The density of aluminium is 2710 kgm3

(b) Poissons ratio for gold is 0.44

(c) The impedance of free space is 376.73

(d) The electron rest energy is 0.511MeV

(e) Proton charge-mass ratio is 95 789 700C kg1

(f) The normal volume of a perfect gas is0.02241m3 mol1

3.7 Engineering notation andcommon prefixes

Engineering notation is similar to scientific notation except thatthe power of ten is always a multiple of 3. For example,

0.00035= 3.5 104 in scientific notation,but 0.00035= 0.35 103 or 350 106

in engineering notation.

Units used in engineering and science may be made larger orsmaller by using prefixes that denote multiplication or divisionby a particular amount. The eight most common multiples, with



ch003 9/2/2005 10: 47 page 20


Table 3.1

Prefix Name Meaning

T tera multiply by 1 000 000 000 000 (i.e. 1012)G giga multiply by 1 000 000 000 (i.e. 109)M mega multiply by 1 000 000 (i.e. 106)k kilo multiply by 1000 (i.e. 103)m milli divide by 1000 (i.e. 103) micro divide by 1 000 000 (i.e. 106)n nano divide by 1 000 000 000 (i.e. 109)p pico divide by 1 000 000 000 000 (i.e. 1012)

their meaning, are listed in Table 3.1, where it is noticed that theprefixes involve powers of ten which are all multiples of 3.For example,

5MV means 5 1 000 000= 5 106 = 5 000 000 volts3.6 k means 3.6 1000= 3.6 103 = 3600 ohms

7.5C means 7.5 1 000 000= 7.5106

or 7.5 106

= 0.0000075 coulombsand 4mA means 4 103 or 4

103= 4

1000= 0.004 amperes

Similarly,

0.00006 J= 0.06mJ or 60J5 620 000N= 5620 kN or 5.62MN47 104 = 470 000= 470 k or 0.47M

and 12 105 A= 0.00012A= 0.12mA or 120A

A calculator is needed for many engineering calculations, andhaving a calculator which has an EXP and ENG function ismost helpful.

For example, to calculate: 3 104 0.5 106 volts, inputyour calculator in the following order: (a) Enter 3 (b) PressEXP (c) Enter 4 (d) Press (e) Enter 0.5 (f) Press EXP(g) Enter 6 (h) Press =The answer is 0.015 V. Now press the ENG button, and theanswer changes to 15 103V. The ENG or Engineeringbutton ensures that the value is stated to a power of 10 that isa multiple of 3, enabling you, in this example, to express theanswer as 15mV.


Exercise 12 Further problems on engineering notationand common prefixes (Answers onpage 271)

1. Express the following in engineering notation and inprefix form:

(a) 100 000W (b) 0.00054A (c) 15 105 (d) 225 104 V (e) 35 000 000 000Hz(f) 1.5 1011 F (g) 0.000017A (h) 46200W

2. Rewrite the following as indicated:

(a) 0.025mA= .......A (b) 1000 pF= ..... nF(c) 62 104 V= ....... kV (d) 1 250 000= .....M

3. Use a calculator to evaluate the following in engineeringnotation:

(a) 4.5 107 3 104 (b) (1.6 105)(25 103)

(100 106)



ch004 9/2/2005 10: 47 page 21

4

Calculations and evaluation of formulae

4.1 Errors and approximations

(i) In all problems in which themeasurement of distance, time,mass or other quantities occurs, an exact answer cannot begiven; only an answer which is correct to a stated degreeof accuracy can be given. To take account of this an errordue to measurement is said to exist.

(ii) To take account of measurement errors it is usual to limitanswers so that the result given is not more than one sig-nificant figure greater than the least accurate numbergiven in the data.

(iii) Rounding-off errors can exist with decimal fractions. Forexample, to state that = 3.142 is not strictly correct,but = 3.142 correct to 4 significant figures is a truestatement.(Actually, = 3.14159265 . . .)

(iv) It is possible, through an incorrect procedure, to obtain thewrong answer to a calculation. This type of error is knownas a blunder.

(v) An order of magnitude error is said to exist if incorrectpositioning of the decimal point occurs after a calculationhas been completed.

(vi) Blunders and order of magnitude errors can be reduced bydetermining approximate values of calculations.Answerswhich do not seem feasible must be checked and the cal-culation must be repeated as necessary. An engineer willoften need to make a quick mental approximation for

a calculation. For example,49.1 18.4 122.1

61.2 38.1 may beapproximated to

50 20 12060 40 and then, by cancelling,

50 120 120 2 1160 40 2 1

= 50. An accurate answer somewherebetween 45 and 55 could therefore be expected. Certainly

an answer around 500 or 5 would not be expected. Actu-

ally, by calculator49.1 18.4 122.1

61.2 38.1 = 47.31, correct to4 significant figures.

Problem 1. The area A of a triangle is given by A= 12bh.The base b when measured is found to be 3.26 cm, and theperpendicular height h is 7.5 cm. Determine the area of thetriangle.

Area of triangle= 12bh= 12 3.26 7.5= 12.225 cm2 (bycalculator).

The approximate value is 12 3 8= 12 cm2, so there are noobvious blunder or magnitude errors. However, it is not usualin a measurement type problem to state the answer to an accu-racy greater than 1 significant figure more than the least accuratenumber in the data: this is 7.5 cm, so the result should not havemore than 3 significant figures

Thus area of triangle= 12.2 cm2

Problem 2. State which type of error has been made in thefollowing statements:

(a) 72 31.429= 2262.9(b) 16 0.08 7= 89.6(c) 11.714 0.0088= 0.3247, correct to 4 decimal

places.

(d)29.74 0.0512

11.89= 0.12, correct to 2 significant figures.



ch004 9/2/2005 10: 47 page 22


(a) 72 31.429= 2262.888 (by calculator), hence arounding-off error has occurred. The answer shouldhave stated:

72 31.429= 2262.9, correct to 5 significant figures or2262.9, correct to 1 decimal place.

(b) 16 0.08 7= 416 810025

7

= 32 725

= 22425

= 82425

= 8.96Hence an order of magnitude error has occurred.

(c) 11.714 0.0088 is approximately equal to 12 9 103,i.e. about 108 103 or 0.108. Thus a blunder has beenmade.

(d)29.74 0.0512

11.89 30 5 10

2

12= 150

12 102

= 15120

= 18

or 0.125

hence no order of magnitude error has occurred.

However,29.74 0.0512

11.89= 0.128 correct to 3 signifi-

cant figures, which equals 0.13 correct to 2 significantfigures.

Hence a rounding-off error has occurred.

Problem 3. Without using a calculator, determine anapproximate value of

(a)11.7 19.19.3 5.7 (b)

2.19 203.6 17.9112.1 8.76

(a)11.7 19.19.3 5.7 is approximately equal to

10 2010 5 , i.e. about 4

(By calculator,11.7 19.19.3 5.7 = 4.22, correct to 3 significant

figures.)

(b)2.19 203.6 17.91

12.1 8.76 2 200 20

10 10 = 2 2 20 aftercancelling

i.e.2.19 203.6 17.91

12.1 8.76 80

(By calculator,2.19 203.6 17.91

12.1 8.76 = 75.3, correct to3 significant figures.)


Exercise 13 Further problems on errors (Answerson page 271)

In Problems 1 to 5 state which type of error, or errors, havebeen made:

1. 25 0.06 1.4= 0.21

2. 137 6.842= 937.4

3.24 0.008

12.6= 10.42

4. For a gas pV = c. When pressure p= 1 03 400 Pa andV = 0.54m3 then c= 55 836 Pam3.

5.4.6 0.07

52.3 0.274 = 0.225

In Problems 6 to 8, evaluate the expressions approximately,without using a calculator.

6. 4.7 6.3

7.2.87 4.076.12 0.96

8.72.1 1.96 48.6

139.3 5.2

4.2 Use of calculator

The most modern aid to calculations is the pocket-sized elec-tronic calculator. With one of these, calculations can be quicklyand accurately performed, correct to about 9 significant figures.The scientific type of calculator has made the use of tables andlogarithms largely redundant.

To help you to become competent at using your calculatorcheck that you agree with the answers to the following problems:

Problem 4. Evaluate the following, correct to 4 significantfigures:

(a) 4.7826+ 0.02713 (b) 17.6941 11.8762(c) 21.93 0.012981

(a) 4.7826+ 0.02713= 4.80973= 4.810, correct to 4 signifi-cant figures.

(b) 17.6941 11.8762= 5.8179= 5.818, correct to 4 signifi-cant figures.

(c) 21.93 0.012981= 0.2846733 . . .= 0.2847, correct to4 significant figures.



ch004 9/2/2005 10: 47 page 23

Calculations and evaluation of formulae 23

Problem 5. Evaluate the following, correct to 4 decimalplaces:

(a) 46.32 97.17 0.01258 (b) 4.62123.76

(c)1

2(62.49 0.0172)

(a) 46.32 97.17 0.01258 = 56.6215031 . . . = 56.6215,correct to 4 decimal places.

(b)4.621

23.76= 0.19448653 . . .= 0.1945, correct to 4 decimal

places.

(c)1

2(62.49 0.0172)= 0.537414= 0.5374, correct to 4

decimal places.


(a)1

52.73(b)

1

0.0275(c)

1

4.92+ 1

1.97

(a)1


places.

(b)1


places.

(c)1

4.92+ 1

1.97= 0.71086624 . . .= 0.711, correct to 3

decimal places.

Problem 7. Evaluate the following, expressing theanswers in standard form, correct to 4 significantfigures.

(a) (0.00451)2 (b) 631.7 (6.21+ 2.95)2

(c) 46.272 31.792

(a) (0.00451)2 = 2.03401 105 = 2.034 105, correct to4 significant figures.

(b) 631.7 (6.21+ 2.95)2 = 547.7944= 5.477944 102 =5.478 102, correct to 4 significant figures.

(c) 46.272 31.792 = 1130.3088= 1.130 103, correct to4 significant figures.


(a)(2.37)2

0.0526(b)

(3.60

1.92

)2+(5.40

2.45

)2

(c)15

7.62 4.82

(a)(2.37)2


places.

(b)(3.60

1.92

)2+(5.40

2.45

)2= 8.37360084 . . .= 8.374, correct

to 3 decimal places.

(c)15

7.62 4.82 = 0.43202764 . . .= 0.432, correct to 3 decimalplaces.

Problem 9. Evaluate the following, correct to 4 significantfigures:

(a)5.462 (b)

54.62 (c)

546.2

(a)5.462= 2.3370922 . . .= 2.337, correct to 4 significant

figures.

(b)54.62= 7.39053448 . . .= 7.391, correct to 4 significant

figures.

(c)546.2= 23.370922 . . .= 23.37, correct to 4 significant

figures.


(a)0.007328 (b)

52.9131.76

(c)(1.6291 104)

(a)0.007328= 0.08560373= 0.086, correct to 3 decimal

places.

(b)52.9131.76= 1.63832491 . . .= 1.638, correct to

3 decimal places.

(c)(1.6291 104)=(16291)= 127.636201 . . .= 127.636,

correct to 3 decimal places.



ch004 9/2/2005 10: 47 page 24


Problem 11. Evaluate the following, correct to 4 signifi-cant figures:

(a) 4.723 (b) (0.8316)4 (c)(76.212 29.102)

(a) 4.723 = 105.15404 . . .= 105.2, correct to 4 significantfigures.

(b) (0.8316)4 = 0.47825324 . . .= 0.4783, correct to 4 signifi-cant figures.

(c)(76.212 29.102)= 70.4354605 . . .= 70.44, correct to 4

significant figures.

Problem 12. Evaluate the following, correct to 3 signifi-cant figures:

(a)

[6.092

25.27]

(b) 347.291

(c)(7.2132 + 6.4183 + 3.2914)

(a)

[6.092

25.27]= 0.74583457 . . .= 0.746, correct to

3 significant figures.

(b) 347.291= 3.61625876 . . .= 3.62, correct to 3 significant

figures.

(c)(7.2132 + 6.4183 + 3.2914)= 20.8252991 . . .= 20.8,

correct to 3 significant figures.

Problem 13. Evaluate the following, expressing theanswers in standard form, correct to 4 decimal places:

(a) (5.176 103)2

(b)(1.974 101 8.61 102

3.462

)4

(c)(1.792 104)

(a) (5.176 103)2 = 2.679097 . . . 105 = 2.6791 105,correct to 4 decimal places.

(b)(1.974 101 8.61 102

3.462

)4= 0.05808887 . . .

= 5.8089 102, correct to 4 decimal places(c)

(1.792 104)= 0.0133865 . . .= 1.3387 102, correct

to 4 decimal places.


Exercise 14 Further problems on use of calculator(Answers on page 271)

In Problems 1 to 3, use a calculator to evaluate the quantitiesshown correct to 4 significant figures:

1. (a) 3.2492 (b) 73.782 (c) 311.42 (d) 0.06392

2. (a)4.735 (b)

35.46 (c)

73280

(d)0.0256

3. (a)1

7.768(b)

1

48.46(c)

1

0.0816(d)

1

1.118

In Problems 4 to 11, use a calculator to evaluate correct to4 significant figures:

4. (a) 43.27 12.91 (b) 54.31 0.5724

5. (a) 127.8 0.0431 19.8 (b) 15.76 4.329

6. (a)137.6

552.9(b)

11.82 1.7360.041

7. (a)1

17.31(b)

1

0.0346(c)

1

147.9

8. (a) 13.63 (b) 3.4764 (c) 0.1245

9. (a)347.1 (b)

7632 (c)

0.027

(d)0.004168

10. (a)(24.68 0.0532

7.412

)3(b)

(0.2681 41.2232.6 11.89

)4

11. (a)14.323

21.682(b)

4.8213

17.332 15.86 11.612. Evaluate correct to 3 decimal places:

(a)29.12

(5.81)2 (2.96)2 (b)53.9821.78

13. Evaluate correct to 4 significant figures:

(a)

[(15.62)2

29.2110.52]

(b)(6.9212 + 4.8163 2.1614)

14. Evaluate the following, expressing the answers in stand-ard form, correct to 3 decimal places:

(a) (8.291 102)2 (b) (7.623 103)



ch004 9/2/2005 10: 47 page 25


4.3 Conversion tables and charts

It is often necessary to make calculations from various con-version tables and charts. Examples include currency exchangerates, imperial to metric unit conversions, train or bus timetables,production schedules and so on.

Problem 14. Currency exchange rates for five countriesare shown in Table 4.1

Table 4.1

France 1= 1.50 eurosJapan 1= 175 yenNorway 1= 11.25 kronorSwitzerland 1= 2.20 francsU.S.A. 1= 1.82 dollars ($)

Calculate:(a) how many French euros 27.80 will buy,(b) the number of Japanese yen which can be bought

for 23,(c) the pounds sterling which can be exchanged for 6412.5

Norwegian kronor,(d) the number ofAmericandollarswhich canbepurchased

for 90, and(e) the pounds sterling which can be exchanged for 2794

Swiss francs.

(a) 1= 1.50 euros, hence27.80= 27.80 1.50 euros= 41.70 euros

(b) 1= 175 yen, hence23= 23 175 yen= 4025 yen

(c) 1= 11.25 kronor, hence6412.5 kronor= 6412.5

11.25= 570

(d) 1= 1.82 dollars, hence90= 90 1.82 dollars= $163.80

(e) 1= 2.20 Swiss francs, hence2794 franc= 2794

2.20= 1270

Problem 15. Some approximate imperial tometric conver-sions are shown in Table 4.2

Table 4.2

length 1 inch= 2.54 cm1 mile= 1.61 km

weight 2.2 lb= 1 kg(1 lb= 16 oz)

capacity 1.76 pints= 1 litre(8 pints= 1 gallon)

Use the table to determine:

(a) the number of millimetres in 9.5 inches,

(b) a speed of 50 miles per hour in kilometres per hour,

(c) the number of miles in 300 km,

(d) the number of kilograms in 30 pounds weight,

(e) the number of pounds and ounces in 42 kilograms(correct to the nearest ounce),

(f ) the number of litres in 15 gallons, and

(g) the number of gallons in 40 litres.

(a) 9.5 inches= 9.5 2.54 cm= 24.13 cm24.13 cm= 24.13 10mm= 241.3mm

(b) 50m.p.h.= 50 1.61 km/h= 80.5 km/h

(c) 300 km= 3001.61

miles= 186.3 miles

(d) 30 lb= 302.2

kg= 13.64 kg

(e) 42 kg= 42 2.2 lb= 92.4 lb0.4 lb= 0.4 16 oz= 6.4 oz= 6 oz, correct to the nearestounce. Thus 42 kg= 92 lb 6 oz, correct to the nearest ounce.

(f ) 15 gallons= 15 8 pints= 120 pints

120 pints= 1201.76

litres= 68.18 litres

(g) 40 litres= 40 1.76 pints= 70.4 pints

70.4 pints= 70.48

gallons= 8.8 gallons


Exercise 15 Further problems conversion tablesand charts (Answers on page 272)

1. Currency exchange rates listed in a newspaper includedthe following:

Italy 1= 1.52 euroJapan 1= 180 yenAustralia 1= 2.40 dollarsCanada 1= $2.35Sweden 1= 13.90 kronor

Calculate (a) how many Italian euros 32.50 will buy,(b) the number of Canadian dollars that can be pur-chased for 74.80, (c) the pounds sterling which can beexchanged for 14 040 yen, (d) the pounds sterling whichcan be exchanged for 1751.4 Swedish kronor, and (e) theAustralian dollars which can be bought for 55



ch004 9/2/2005 10: 47 page 26


Table 4.3 Liverpool, Hunts Cross and WarringtonManchester

Reproduced with permission of British Rail

2. Below is a list of some metric to imperial conversions.

Length 2.54 cm= 1 inch1.61 km= 1 mile

Weight 1 kg= 2.2 lb (1 lb= 16 ounces)Capacity 1 litre= 1.76 pints

(8 pints= 1 gallon)Use the list to determine (a) the number of millimetresin 15 inches, (b) a speed of 35mph in km/h, (c) the

number of kilometres in 235 miles, (d) the numberof pounds and ounces in 24 kg (correct to the nearestounce), (e) the number of kilograms in 15 lb, (f ) the num-ber of litres in 12 gallons and (g) the number of gallons in25 litres.

3. Deduce the following information from the BR traintimetable shown in Table 4.3:

(a) At what time should a man catch a train at MossleyHill to enable him to be in Manchester Piccadilly by8.15 a.m.?



ch004 9/2/2005 10: 47 page 27


(b) A girl leaves Hunts Cross at 8.17 a.m. and trav-els to Manchester Oxford Road. How long doesthe journey take. What is the average speed of thejourney?

(c) A man living at Edge Hill has to be at work at Traf-ford Park by 8.45 a.m. It takes him 10 minutes towalk to his work from Trafford Park station. Whattime train should he catch from Edge Hill?

4.4 Evaluation of formulae

The statement v = u+ at is said to be a formula for v in termsof u, a and t.

v, u, a and t are called symbols.The single term on the left-hand side of the equation, v, is

called the subject of the formulae.Provided values are given for all the symbols in a formula

except one, the remaining symbol can be made the subject of theformula and may be evaluated by using a calculator.

Problem 16. In an electrical circuit the voltage V is givenby Ohms law, i.e. V = IR. Find, correct to 4 significantfigures, the voltage when I = 5.36 A and R= 14.76.

V = IR = (5.36)(14.76)

Hence voltageV = 79.11V, correct to 4 significant figures.

Problem 17. The surface area A of a hollow cone is givenby A=rl. Determine, correct to 1 decimal place, thesurface area when r= 3.0 cm and l= 8.5 cm.

A = rl = (3.0)(8.5) cm2

Hence surface areaA= 80.1 cm2, correct to 1 decimal place.

Problem 18. Velocity v is given by v = u+ at. Ifu= 9.86m/s, a= 4.25m/s2 and t= 6.84 s, find v, correctto 3 significant figures.

v = u + at = 9.86 + (4.25)(6.84)= 9.86 + 29.07= 38.93

Hence velocity = 38.9m/s, correct to 3 significantfigures.

Problem 19. The area, A, of a circle is given by A=r2.Determine the area correct to 2 decimal places, given radiusr= 5.23m.

A = r2 = (5.23)2 = (27.3529)

Hence area, A= 85.93m2, correct to 2 decimal places.

Problem 20. The power P watts dissipated in an electrical

circuit may be expressed by the formula P= V2

R. Evalu-

ate the power, correct to 3 significant figures, given thatV = 17.48V and R= 36.12.

P = V2

R= (17.48)

2

36.12= 305.5504

36.12

Hence power, P = 8.46W, correct to 3 significantfigures.

Problem 21. The volume V cm3 of a right circular coneis given by V = 13r2h. Given that r= 4.321 cm and h=18.35 cm, find the volume, correct to 4 significant figures.

V = 13r2h = 13 (4.321)2(18.35)= 13 (18.671041)(18.35)

Hence volume,V = 358.8 cm3, correct to 4 significant figures.

Problem 22. Force F newtons is given by the formula

F = Gm1m2d2

, where m1 and m2 are masses, d their distance

apart and G is a consta

Basic Engineering Mathematics

Documents

Transcript of Basic Engineering Mathematics