Basic Features of Civilization P E R S I A Political Organization Economy Religion Society [Social...

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Transcript of Basic Features of Civilization P E R S I A Political Organization Economy Religion Society [Social...

Page 1: Basic Features of Civilization P E R S I A Political Organization Economy Religion Society [Social Classes] Innovations [Technology] Art and Architecture.
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Basic Features of Civilization

• P

• E

• R

• S

• I

• A

• Political Organization

• Economy

• Religion

• Society [Social Classes]

• Innovations [Technology]

• Art and Architecture

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MesopotamiaLand Between Two Rivers

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Crossroads of Three Continents

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MesopotamiaThe Fertile Crescent

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Sumerians3000 BCE

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Sumerian Political Organization

• Priests with religious and power– Success of crops– irrigation

• Warrior kings – Defense– Dynasties

• City-states—Ur• Laws• Taxes• Public Works

– Ziggurats – Walled cities

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Royal Standard of Ur

Depicts scenes of war and peace

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Economy

• Agriculture– Catastrophic floods

• Irrigation • Canals

– Date Palms, grains such as barley and wheat

• Trade– Traded—grain, cloth,

crafted tools– Received—stone, wood,

metal

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Mesopotamian Trade

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Sumerian Cylinder Seals

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Religion

• Polytheistic

• Goddesses

• Afterlife

• Pessimistic

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Society

• Social Hierarchy• Kings, ruling family and Priests• Merchants, scribes, lesser priests• Peasant farmers• Slaves

– Captured in war– Sold self into slavery to pay off

debts

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Sumerian Scribes

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Innovations

• Cuneiform• Canals, dams, irrigation• Mud bricked walls• Wheeled vehicles, sail, plow??• Number system based on 60• Arches, columns, ramps• Ziggurat

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CuneiformWedge Shaped Writing on Clay Tablets

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Deciphering Cuneiform

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Metallurgy Skills

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Art and Architecture

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Ziggurats

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Gilgamesh

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The World’s First EmpireAkkadians

Sargon

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• Babylonian– Hammurabi

• Law Code

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Hammurabi’s Code

STELE

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Hammurabi the Judge

“Eye for an eye”

Why are written laws important?

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HittitesBeginning of Iron Ageorigin in present day Turkey

1900 BCE-1193 BCE

Spoke wheeled chariots

Iron Weapons

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• Assyrians– Fierce– One of first world’s libraries

• Babylonian– Nebuchadnezzar

• Ishtar Gate• Hanging Gardens of Babylon

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Cyrus the Great580-529 BCE

• Tolerant ruler—allowed those within his empire to keep their own institutions

• Greeks called him “Law Giver”

• 537 BCE allowed over 40,000 Jews to return to Palestine

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Darius the Great526-485 BCE

• Built Persepolis• Extended empire to Indus River

—2 million square miles• Established tax collecting

system• Divided empire into satrapies• Royal road• Postal system• Network of spies

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Persepolis

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Royal Road

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Zoroaster“Zarathustra”

570 BCE

Good vs. Evil

Ahura Mazda vs. Ahriman

“Good thoughts, good words, good deeds”

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Extent of Zoroastrianism

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Trading Peoples

Aramaeans

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Phoenicians

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• Phoenicians– Colonies– Alphabet– Purple Dye

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Carthage: Phoenicia’s Mightiest ColonyCarthage: Phoenicia’s Mightiest Colony

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Muryx Shell and

Purple Dye

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Byblos—Home of the Alphabet

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Lydians

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Israelites

• Information comes from archaeological digs, Egyptian and Assyrian royal annals, and the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament– not written down until 5th century BCE– Point of view of priests of the Temple of

Jerusalem– Disagreement by historians as to the degree

of accuracy

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1900 BCE

Israelites and Abraham

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Moses and the Exodus

1200’s BCE

•Moses leads Israelites out of Egypt

•Renews covenant with God

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Route of the Exodus

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Temple Mount in Jerusalem Today

Solomon’s Temple Wall—Wailing Wall

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Israelites in Captivity

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Israelites

Torah—first five books of the Hebrew Bible

approx. 400’s BCE