Basic Anatomy Gary Davis MD. Anatomical and Physiological Systems Cardiovascular Skeletal Nervous...
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Basic Anatomy
Gary Davis MD
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Anatomical and Physiological Systems
• Cardiovascular• Skeletal• Nervous• Lymphatic• Respiratory
• Digestive• Urinary• Endocrine• Reproductive• Integumentary
system
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Cardiovascular System
• Transport
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Skeletal System
• Protection
• Movement
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Lymphatic system
• Protection
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Integumentary System
• Skin
• Protection
• Body Temp Control
• Sensory
• Excretion
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Muscular System
• Movement
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Nervous System
• Sensory
• Integration
• Control
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Central Nervous System
• Brain and Spinal Cord
Pg 361
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Spinal Cord
• Passes inferiorly through foramen
magnum into vertebral canal
• 31 pairs of spinal nerves branch off
spinal cord through intervertebral
foramen
• Spinal cord made of a core of gray
matter surrounded by white matter
Pg 393
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Organization of Nervous System• Central Nervous System (CNS) = brain and spinal cord• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) = nerves
CNS PNS
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Spinal Nerves (31 pairs)
• Each pair of nerves located in particular segment (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, etc.)
• Each nerve pair is numbered for the vertebra sitting above it (i.e. nerves exit below vertebrae)– 8 pairs of cervical spinal nerves; *C1-C8
– 12 pairs of thoracic spinal nerves; T1-T12
– 5 pairs of lumbar spinal nerves; L1-L5
– 5 pairs of sacral spinal nerves; S1-S5
– 1 pair of coccygeal spinal nerves; C0
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Spinal Cord Segments
Pg 393
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Respiratory System
• Gas Exchange
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The Respiratory System
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Epiglottis
Trachea
Nose Pharynx Larynx
Lungs
Bronchus
Mouth
Diaphragm
Bronchioles
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Digestive System
• Process food• Nutrient absorption
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General Structure and Functionsof the Digestive System
• The GI tract organs:
– Oral cavity
– Pharynx
– Esophagus
– Stomach
– Small intestine
– Large intestine
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General Structure and Functionsof the Digestive System
• Form a continuous tube that extends about 30 feet (9–
10 meters) from the mouth to the anus
• Smooth muscle in the GI tract wall pushes materials
from one end to the other
• Accessory digestive organs: do not form the long GI tube,
but often develop as outgrowths from and are
connected to the GI tract
• Assist the GI tract in the digestion of food
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Supporting Elements for the Digestive System
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• Sphincter-a circular muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice (opening)
• Cardiac sphincter• Pyloric sphincter• Food sits in stomach for 1-
4 hours• Gastric juices contain
hydrochloric acid- activates pepsin, kills bacteria
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Small Intestine
• Finishes the chemical digestion process and is responsible for absorbing most of the nutrients
• Ingested nutrients spend at least 12 hours in the small intestine as chemical digestion and absorption are completed
• Coiled, thin-walled tube about 6 meters (20 feet) in length• Extends from the pylorus of the stomach to the cecum of
the large intestine, and thus occupies a significant portion of the abdominal cavity
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Digestive Organ’s Functions cont.
Small Intestine It has three parts, duodenum, jejunum and ileum
Duodenum Is responsible cor continuing to break down of food
Jejunum Absorbing nutrients into the blood stream
Iluem Absorbing nutrients into the blood stream
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Small Intestine
• The duodenum forms the first segment of the small intestine
• Approximately 25 centimeters (10 inches) long and originates at the pyloric sphincter
• The jejunum is the middle region of the small intestine
• Extending approximately 2.5 meters (7.5 feet), it makes up approximately two-fifths of the small intestine’s total length
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Small Intestine
• Primary region for chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
• The ileum is the last region of the small intestine• At about 3.6 meters (10.8 feet) in length, the ileum
forms approximately three-fifths of the small intestine
• Its distal end terminates at the ileocecal valve, a sphincter that controls the entry of materials into the large intestine
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Digestive Organ’s Functions cont.
Large Intestine Also known as the colon
It has three major parts, ascending colon, transverse colon and descending colon
Rectum Part of the colon, used to store waste for disposal
Gall Bladder Stores bile from the liver and releases bile into the duodenum
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Large Intestine
• Approximate length of 1.5 meters (5 feet) and a
diameter of 6.5 centimeters (2.5 inches)
• Absorbs most of the water and electrolytes from the
remaining digested material
• Watery material that first enters the large intestine
soon solidifies and becomes feces
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Large Intestine
• Stores this fecal material until the body is ready to
defecate
• Absorbs a very small percentage of nutrients still
remaining in the digested material
• Composed of four segments:
– The cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal
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Large intestine
• Separated from small intestine by ileocecal valve
• Final absorption of water, storage of indigestible
material, absorption of vitamins B and K by bacteria
• Colon connects to rectum-anal canal opens to the
anus (final opening)
– Fecal material is expelled
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The Liver is where it all happens!!!!
• Liver- largest gland in your body
• Secretes bile-emulsifies fat, makes them water soluble.
• Stores glucose in the form of glycogen
• Makes clotting proteins• Detoxifies blood
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The Liver
• Produce bile: a greenish fluid that breaks down fats
into small droplets to assist in their chemical
digestion
• Detoxify drugs, metabolites, and poisons
• Store excess nutrients and vitamins and release them
when they are needed
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The Liver
• Synthesize blood plasma proteins such as albumins,
globulins, and proteins required for blood clotting
• Phagocytize debris in the blood
• Help break down and recycle components of aged
erythrocytes and damaged or worn-out formed
elements
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Digestive Organ’s Functions cont.Accessory Organs: Gall Bladder and Pancreas
Pancreas The body’s sugar control board. Produces insulin and glucagon
Liver Food doesn’t pass through this organ, instead the liver secretes bile
Gall Bladder Stores bile from the liver and releases bile into the duodenum
Appendix We do not need our appendix, sometimes a piece of food gets stuck in here and causes an infection.
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Pancreas
• Mixed gland because it exhibits both endocrine and exocrine
functions
• Endocrine functions are performed by the pancreatic islets
• Exocrine activity results in the secretion of digestive enzymes,
collectively called pancreatic juice, into the duodenum
• Secretes insulin, a hormone that transports glucose into cells
• Secretes glucagon- increases glucose in bloodstream
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Gallbladder
• Concentrates bile produced by the liver and stores
this concentrate until it is needed for digestion
• Cystic duct connects the gallbladder to the common
bile duct
• Can hold approximately 40 to 60 milliliters of
concentrated
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Endocrine System
• Hormones-chemical messengers carried by blood
• May stimulate other glands– Regulate growth,
development, metabolism, sex processes
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Major Glands of the Endocrine System
• Pituitary• Thyroid• Parathyroid• Adrenal• Pancreas• Ovaries• Testes
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Pituitary gland
• Master gland of body• Located in the depression of sphenoid bone• Produces many hormones that affect other glands
– Thyroid stimulating hormone– Somatotropin -- growth hormone– Lutenizing (LH) -- causes ovulation– ICSH -- causes testes to secrete testosterone– Melanocyte stimulating -- distribution of melanin in skin– ADH -- antidiuretic hormone
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Pituitary Gland Abnormalities
• Gigantism: oversecretion of somatotropin before puberty
• Dwarfism: under secretion of somatotropin– Cause: tumor, injury, infection,
genetics• Diabetes insipidus- decreased
ADH
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Thyroid
• Produces hormones that control metabolism
• Thyroid gland must have source of iodine
• Goiter: not enough iodine
• Hyperthyroidism• hypothyroidism
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Adrenal Glands
• Located just above the kidney
• Secretes many hormones– Epinephrine – Norepinephrine
• Many steroid hormones– Estrogen– Androgen
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Reproductive System
• Necessary for offspring and continuation of the
species
• Endocrine and some exocrine function
• Supported by fascial attachments to the bony pelvis
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Male Reproductive System
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Female Reproductive System
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Female Pelvic Organs
• Pelvic organs are protected by the bony pelvis and
are supported by the levator ani muscles and their
parietal fascia
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Urinary System
• Maintains water and electrolyte balance
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Bladder and Urethra
• A bladder is a pouch or other
flexible enclosure with
waterproof or gas-proof walls
• In the human female, the
urethra is about 1-1.5 inches
(2.5-4 cm) long and opens in
the vulva between the clitoris
and the vaginal opening
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Summary
• All physiologic and anatomical systems are
interrelated
• Function determines structure
• Surgical procedures are often designed to restore
function and hopefully function