Baseline Study on Water Supply and Environmental Hygiene in 6 Districts of Binh Dinh Province_EN

8/3/2019 Baseline Study on Water Supply and Environmental Hygiene in 6 Districts of Binh Dinh Province_EN

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SOUTHERN INSTITUTE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTCENTER FOR RESEARCH AND CONSULTANCY FOR DEVELOPMENT

FINAL REPORT

SURVEY ON WATER SUPPLY ANDENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE IN

6 DISTRICTS OF BNH NH PROVINCE(Districts: Hoi Nhn, Ph M , Ph Ct,

Ty Sn, An Nhn, Tuy Phc)

2010


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2

ABBREVIATION

ADB Asian Development BankCARE International CARE Vietnam

CPC Commune Peoples CommitteeDARD Department of Agriculture and Rural DevelopmentDONRE Department of Natural Resources and EnvironmentDOC Department of ConstructionDPC District Peoples CommitteeDPI Department of Planning and InvestmentEIA Environmental Impact AssessmentJIBIC Japan Bank for International CooperationM&E Monitoring and EvaluationPPC Provincial Peoples CommitteeSONRE Section of Natural Resources and Environment

WB World BankVND Vietnam Dong

,


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

A. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 6

B. RESEARCH METHODOLGY ............................................................................ 7

I. RESEARCH APPROACHES............................................................................. 7

II. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION AND PROCESSING............................. 71. Quantitative sampling ...................................................................................... 7

2. Qualitative sampling ......................................................................................... 8

3. Secondary data collection............................................................................... 8

C. RESEARCH RESULTS ...................................................................................... 8

PART I. STATE MANAGEMENT AGENCIES AND SERIVCE PROVIDERS ... 8

I. ENVIRONMENT RELATED STATE MANAGEMENT AGENCY ................. 8

1. Institutions and relations among environment related state

management agencies...................................................................................... 82. Human resources of state management agencies in the field ofenvironment....................................................................................................... 11

3. Inspection and monitoring on clean water supply and environmentalsanitation............................................................................................................ 12

4. Archives and periodical reports .............................................................. 13

5. Training and communication activities ................................................. 14

6. Participation of institutions and mass organizations........................ 16

7. Results of implementing basic environmental indicators of 2009. 17

8. Planning ......................................................................................................... 20

9. General assessment on state management in the field of clean watersupply and environmental sanitation ......................................................... 21

II. Situation of projects on centralized water supply, solid waste andwaste water treatment, and environmental sanitation in the project area23

1. Centralized water supply ........................................................................... 23

2. Solid waste treatment................................................................................. 27

3. Waste water................................................................................................... 28

PART II: FOR HOUSEHOLDS ................................................................................ 30I. DESCRIPTION OF INTERVIEWEES AND SURVEYED HOUSEHOLDS 30

1. Characteristics of interviewees ............................................................... 30

2. Households characteristics..................................................................... 31

II. DOMESTIC WATER ......................................................................................... 33

1. The situation of existing domestic water sources of households . 33

1.1. The situation of existing water sources of households who donot use piped water ..................................................................................... 33

1.2. The situation of existing water sources of households whoconnect to piped water ............................................................................... 34

2 Classification of water quality by purposes of household uses 35


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2.2. Quality of water sources for cooking ............................................. 36

2.3. Quality of water sources for bathing .............................................. 37

3. Classification of water quality by sources of water supply ............. 38

3.1. The quality of the dug wells .............................................................. 38

3.2. The quality of the drilled wells.......................................................... 40

3.3. The quality of the piped water .......................................................... 424. Accessibility to water sources and water storage devices.............. 43

5. Water treatment methods before use..................................................... 44

6. Water consumption of households ........................................................ 46

7. Assessment of piped water supply services for households ......... 46

8. Local awareness in terms of their not using piped water ................ 49

9. Local awareness in the areas where piped water is inaccessible . 50

III. SOLID WASTE AND ENVIORNMENTAL SANITATION .......................... 51

1. The situation of solid waste collection/treatment, waste watertreatment and environmental sanitation in the surveyed area ............ 51

1.1. Solid waste treatment situation of the households................ 51

1.2. Waste water treatment situation of the households .............. 53

1.3. Other environmental sanitation related problems .................. 53

2. Local awareness of solid waste collection/treatment, waste watertreatment, environmental sanitation, and epidemic diseases ............. 54

3. Assessement of the necessity of using solid waste collectionservices and willingness to use them ........................................................ 56

3.1. Necessity of the solid waste collection services........................ 56

3.2. Willingness to use solid waste collection services of local people........................................................................................................................... 58

4. Assessment of existing solid waste collection services in thesurvey areas ...................................................................................................... 58

4.1. Existing solid waste collection services in the locality............. 58

4.2. Assessment on existing services of local people in the surveyarea.................................................................................................................. 59

4.2. Some recommendations on supply of solid waste collectionservices........................................................................................................... 61

5. Communication activities and awareness building of local people inenvironmental sanitation ............................................................................... 63

5.1. The situation of communication activities in the surveyed areas........................................................................................................................... 63

5.2.Some recommendations on communication activities .............. 64

PART III: RECOMMENDATIONS ON POLICES ..................................................... 66

I. CLEAN WATER SUPPLY AND CONSUMPTION............................................ 66

1. Recommendations to state management agencies and massorganizations..................................................................................................... 66


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1.1. Local awareness of water source protection and use of cleanwater is increased........................................................................................ 66

1.2. It is needed to have a comprehensive mechanism to developrural centralized water supply works in the province so that it isconvenient to manage and operate these works and integratesources of funding effectively.................................................................. 66

1.3. Promulgation of assistance policies to encourage rural people,poor households, ethnic groups to use clean water.......................... 67

2. Recommendations to clean water supply providers ......................... 67

2.1. It is needed to consult local people about basic indicators beforeclean water service projects are implemented.................................... 67

2.2. It is needed to regularly monitor and improve water supplyquality during project implementation and management................. 68

II. SOLID WASTE ISSUES AND SOLID WASTE COLLECTION/TREATMENT................................................................................................................................... 69

1. It is needed to increase local awareness of environmental sanitationthrough a model of regional self-management groups......................... 69

2. It is needed speed up communication activities for keepingsurrounding sanitation in order to make changes in local behaviors69

3. It is needed to provide support and investment in solid wastecollection services for their improvement................................................ 70

4. Investment in wastewater treatment systems from domestic use,livestock, and production.............................................................................. 71

III. SOME POLICIES TO FACILITATE LOCAL PEOPLE TO USE CLEAN

WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION............................................. 711. Short-term policies...................................................................................... 72

2. Long-term policies ...................................................................................... 72


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A. INTRODUCTIONBnh nh is one of poor provinces with high density of population. Though ruralinfrastructure and economic conditions have been significantly improved recently, localpeople are facing with a difficult life and environmental problems. Clean water supply,wastewater and solid waste management, are currently considered as a keyenvironmental concern of rural people and local authorities. Except to Ty Sn district,other remaining districts of 6 surveyed districts (Hoi Nhn, Ph M, Ph Ct, Tuy Phc,and An Nhn) are located in the delta region, close to the South China Sea. Hence, watersources are generally salined and aluminated. On the other hand, abundant use ofunderground water sources and water contamination by agricultural and livestockproduction, and domestic waste, ect are seen as key factors of polluted environment. Thismight directly affect health and living conditions of local people accordingly.

Main purposes of this survey are to:

1. Have a quantitative description about current status of the project area, namely:

o Problems related to domestic water sources, solid waste, waste water, andenvironmental hygiene;

o Degree of existing services in water supply and environmental hygiene;

o Degree of awareness of problems related to domestic water sources andenvironmental hygiene

o Affordability and willingness of local people to use improved services in watersupply and environmental hygiene.

2. Describe capacities of governmental institutes and organizations in providing suchservices, including private service providers, during the project/program

implementation, operation and maintenance.3. Develop basic indicators of each expected result of the Logical framework so as to

measure project achievement later on, including indicators given to agencies in chargeof planning, design, and implementation of rural water supply systems and ofstrengthened solid waste management systems; indicators of increasing awareness ofusing safety drinking water and protecting water sources as well as protectingenvironment through solid waste collection and treatment.

The Final Report consists of four (4) key components. Firstly, the Report will presentresearch methodologies, included approaches, data collection and analysis methods. TheReport will then analyze the current status of centralized clean water supply projects,

waste collection systems, disposal areas, and other environment and sanitation projects,state management agencies and related service providers. In this section, some areasrelated to project planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation (M&E), dataarchives, training programs and advanced technology will be reviewed. The Report willalso present households characteristics, existing use of water sources, solid wastetreatment, and other relevant sanitation and environment, local awareness of abovementioned problems, affordability and willingness to use centralized clean water supplyand strengthened solid waste collection services in the future. Based on the aboveanalysis results, the last section will recommend basic indicators, which shall be a basisfor making action plans, monitoring and evaluation of the project in the coming time.


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B. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

I. RESEARCH APPROACHES

The survey is carried out through various approaches. The most important and initialapproach is given to project stakeholders, including: Beneficiaries: households; Serviceproviders: water supply works, solid waste collection system, and sanitation andenvironment; State management agency: state management units; Supporting agencies:mass organizations, social organizations, communities. Another approach is for datacollection from different sources, i.e. quantitative questionnaires and household groupdiscussion; data collection of relevant agencies and organizations and in-depth interviewswith key individuals; Reports and secondary data sources; and Field observation. Finally,the survey is approached at different levels, line agencies and functional organizations:individuals, community, communes, districts, provinces, and other correlativeorganizations.

II. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION AND PROCESSING

1. Quantitative samplingIt is required that the sampling should: (1) reflect the reality of using water sources, ofprocessing solid waste and sanitation and environment of rural households, (2) assessquality of centralized clean water supply and waste collection services in the rural area forthe time being even though there is a small number of households using these services.The sampling is carried out into two stages.

Stage 1. Survey locations are identified (a commune/town is seen as a sampling unit).Two communes/towns are selected for each district. Two hamlets are selected for eachcommune/town. In total, there are 24 hamlets of 12 communes/towns of 6 districts beingselected for the survey

Step 1: Communes/towns are selected based on following criteria: existing status of watersources and solid waste treatment, degrees of water supply and solid waste treatmentservices: good, not good, unavailable (In case those services are not available, selectioncriteria are made based on: residential groups, and transportation route), urgent needs.Communes/towns are selected in consultation and agreement with local leaders to ensurethat vital demands are fully covered. (see the Table 1 in the Annex).

Step 2: In each commune, two hamlets are selected based on following criteria: (1) In acommune where clean water supply services are available, hamlets with those servicesare selected; In a commune where clean water supply services are unavailable, onehamlet located in the commune center and another hamlet is far from the commune centerare selected. (see table 2 in the Annex)

Stage 2: Sampling unit for the survey. Thirty (30) households of each hamlet (who areconnected with clean water systems or not, depending on the local living conditions) areinterviewed through quantitative questionnaires. The survey is carried out to 720households as a whole, which is classified into two (2) groups. Group 1 consists ofhouseholds connected with piped water. These households (i) are connected with pipedwater and installed with water meters; (ii) are connected with piped water and are notinstalled with water meters (households are using public water taps); (iii) are connectedwith piped water and do not use water supply services. Groups 2 consist of householdswho are not connected with piped water.

Step 1: Work with the Commune/Town Peoples Committee to get a list of households ofh l l d i h Ph 1


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Step 2. Samples based on systematical random principles, and identify 30 households ofeach hamlet for the survey. The way of random sampling is that the number of householdslisted by local staff is divided by the number of surveyed households to get an intervalsize. That interval size is then taken to wind up with household selection.

As a result, 720 households of 24 hamlets are selected, in which 25% of thesehouseholds are connected to piped water (who are connected with main pipelines and use

the water supply services; or who are connected with main pipelines, but do not use thewater supply services); and 75% of households are not connected to the centralized cleanwater supply systems.

Alternative sampling: In case sampled households are not living in the surveyed area;have a house but do not live in the surveyed area; or move to another area; are absentfrom home during the survey; or refuse to give answers to questions, alternativehouseholds are selected for the survey. The alternative sampling is applied to the nexthousehold in the remaining list. If it is impossible, the next households are taken from thefirst part of the household list. In reality, there are normally one or two household absentfrom home for their own business so interviews do not work out. Low ratio of alternativesampling enables the survey to get realizable data.

Identification of a representative of each household for the interview: She/he is a head ofthe household or a spouse of the household head. In case she/he cannot get involved intothe interview, the replacement can be made provided that that person has closerelationships with that family or well understand of the familys issues.

2. Qualitative samplingIn-depth interviews and group discussions are conducted with state managementagencies at different levels, clean water supply and waste collection service providers,and households. Fifty nine (59) cases of agencies, institutions, mass organizations atprovincial, district and commune levels are interviewed as shown in the Table 3.

Besides, 36 group discussions are conducted to 321 interviewees. Main purposes ofgroup discussions are to get characteristic information related occupation, sex,economics, ect.. Five (5) out of 36 group discussions are mixed groups of local authorities,service providers, mass organizations, and household representatives. The number ofgroup discussions, participants, and survey areas are shown in the Table 4.

3. Secondary data collection

Available reports and existing data in the locality are also collected during the survey assupplementary data for surveyors during their field survey. These information sources willcomplement each other and be a basis for analysis of the survey results.

C. RESEARCH RESULTS

PART I. STATE MANAGEMENT AGENCIES AND SERVICE PROVIDERS

I. ENVIRONMENT RELATED STATE MANAGEMENT AGENCY1. Institutions and relations among environment related state management agencies

The Provincial Peoples Committee (PPC) guides and steers all the activities related tomanagement of water resources, environment, domestic waste and production waste

within the province; assigns tasks of various departments, sectors, and the PeoplesCommittees at lower levels.

Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DONRE)


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The DONRE is a professional body under the PPC, acting as an advisory body to help thePPC to execute state management functions in the field of natural resources andenvironment, including: land, water resources, mineral resources, geology, environment,hydrometeorology, survey and mapping, integrated management of maritime and islands;to carry out public services within its management scope. Functions, tasks, roles, andorganization structures of DONRE Bnh nh are regulated in the Decision No. 603/Q-UBND dated 19 August 2009 of the PPC. Environment Protection Sub-Department underthe DONRE shall provide support to the DONRE to fulfill state management functions inthe field of environment in the province.

The DONRE helps the PPC to implement tasks and obligation of state management in thefield of environment protection in the province: guides, organizes and implementsprograms, plans and assignment on environment protection; periodically steersassessment of environment situation; disseminates and educates laws on environmentprotection; guides to check, monitors and handles with any violations against theenvironment protection law;

The DONRE shall be responsible for steering and coordinating with relevant departmentsand sectors to check and develop a system of legal documents (laws and regulations) inthe field of management of water resources and solid waste for appropriate exploitation ofthese water resources; controlling and handling with environmental pollution problems;planning and managing plans on water resources, giving its permissions to projects onwater resource exploitation.

The Environment Protection Sub-Department shall be responsible for consulting with theDirector of DONRE to promulgate or submit to competent authorities for their promulgationor approval of legal documents, programs, projects on environment protection in theprovince, for organizing and implementing legal documents, programs, projects onenvironment protection which are promulgated by the Central governmental agencies, thePPC, and the Director of DONRE.

o Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (DARD)

The DARD shall be responsible for consulting with the PPC to guide the implementation ofwater supply planning in the province; for coordinating with relevant departments andsectors to make plans on development water supply systems to support productionactivities and daily life of the rural people;

The DARD shall be responsible for steering and coordinating with relevant departments,sectors to develop legal documents in the field of water supply and rural sanitation;

The DARD shall be responsible for steering the Rural Water Supply and EnvironmentSanitation Center to build household-scale waste water treatment models, carrying out

capacity building programs on operation and management for technical staff and workersin charge of operating and managing centralized water supply works in the province; forpreparing, employing, and training for human resources to operate and manage ruralcentralized water supply works executed by the DARD or the Center in an effective way.

o Department of Construction (DOC)

The DOC shall be responsible for consulting with the PPC to guide implementation of themater plans on solid waste management in the province; for coordinating with relevantdepartments and sectors to make plans for implementation;

The DOC shall be responsible for verifying construction planning of solid waste treatment

projects; for checking and monitoring the construction and development of projects asplanned;


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The DOC shall be responsible for coordinating with relevant departments and sectors topromulgate legal documents in the field of construction and development of solid wastetreatment projects.

o District/City Peoples Committees (DPCs)

The DPCc shall be responsible for organizing and executing state management functionsin the field of water resources and environment sanitation within their management area;

The DPCs shall be responsible for coordinating with relevant departments and sectors tomake plans for investment projects on water supply works and solid waste treatment inthe locality; organizing and managing water supply plans and master plans on solid wastemanagement as approved;

The DPCs shall be responsible for guiding professional bodies, related Commune/TownPeoples Committees to organizing and setting up management units of centralized watersupply works and of solid waste collection/treatment for effective implementation;

At district level, the Section of Natural Resources and Environment (SONRE) acting asprofessional body, provides support to the DPCs to execute state management functions

in the field of natural resources and environment within the districts as regulated by thelaw and directly under the management of the DPCs, and under the professional guidanceand monitoring of the DONRE.

The SONRE helps the DPCs to execute state management functions in the field ofenvironment protection at district level; guides and organizes implementation of strategies,programs, plans and projects on environment protection; organizes for registration andmonitoring implementation of commitment in environment protection; disseminates andeducates laws on environment protection; guides to checks, supervises and handles withviolations against environment protection laws; handles with any conflict, complaints,accusation, recommendations on environment protection as promulgated in theregulations on complains and accusation and in other relevant legal documents; executesstate management functions related to protection environment as authorized by provincialstate management agencies related to environment protection; guides the CommunePeoples Committees to execute state management functions related to the environmentprotection.

o Commune/Town Peoples Committee (CPC)

The CPC shall be responsible for executing state management functions related toenvironment protection in the locality as regulated; assigning cadastral staff to take overenvironment protection duties. State management activities related to environmentprotection include: to guide, to make plans, and to organize implementation of

environment protection work; to keep environment sanitation clean in their localmanagement areas; to encourage local people to set up community regulations onenvironment protection; to provide guidance on integrating criteria on environmentprotection into assessment of typical hamlets and residential groups, and households; toidentify and to deal with violations against environment protection or to report to higherstate management agencies related to environment protection; to manage activities of thehamlets, residential groups and self-management groups in the area of environmentalsanitation, environment protection in the locality.

Mass organizations such as Womens Union, Youth Union, Farmers Association incoordination with relevant departments and sectors strengthen information education communication activities, mobilize local communities, encourage their members to actively

participate in programs on clean water, solid waste and environment sanitation that canbe a criteria to assess performance of their members at the end of a year. They are also

f i i l l l t th t l l id t d ti iti


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A national week on rural clean water and environmental sanitation, World environmentfestivals which contribute to changes in behaviors of using clean water for domesticuse, to increase awareness, and to positively change in behaviors of solid waste treatmentof households and residential areas.

Based on above institutions, basically, the state management in the field of environment isrun in a systematical way for both in-line and cross departments/sectors, with clear

assignment of their functions and tasks. In reality, depending on specific conditions, onesection/department of this district can take over of tasks, which is different from a similarsection of another district, i.e., on water resources, solid waste, epidemic prevention andenvironmental sanitation.

2. Human resources of state management agencies in the field of environment

As reported on human resources of state management agencies in the field ofenvironment in local areas, the number of officials are working for provincial departments,sectors in the field of clean water supply and environmental sanitation are 75 people, inwhich 28 people have university degrees in the field of clean water supply andenvironmental sanitation, and 47 people have vocational school degrees on clean water

supply and environmental sanitation. This indicates that provincial human resources arequalified, which can meet basic demands about the state management work related to theenvironment issues. In 2009, provincial agencies are involved in 8 training coursesspecialized on clean water supply and environmental sanitation.

In the field of water supply, human resources at district and commune levels are extremelylimited. At district level, there is not any staff that is fully in charge of this work. Thesedistrict staff work on various fields and have insufficient professional skills. At communelevel, there is not any staff that is fully in charge of this work. Staff in charge of cadastraland construction take over this work. Hence, data collection and archives at grassrootslevel are inadequate and unsystematic.

A majority of staff in charge of clean water supply and environmental sanitation are notequipped with professional knowledge (In some cases, some staff who have experiencesin management work only work in a fixed term of office. Then newly appointed staff whohave insufficient experience take over that work). Sometimes, 5-10 day training coursesare provided by technical specialists (normally some staff who was trained previously willwork as trainers for next training courses). Therefore, it is needed to have capacitybuilding programs for specialized staff (Group discussions with staff of Ph M district,Bnh nh province, 2010);

The department is only in charge of state management work. There isnt any staff who isfully in charge of one work. At the same time, these staff work in various fields. Human

resources are inadequate, and have insufficient professional skills. There isnt closecoordination among sectors, while professional skills differ greatly from this sector toanther sector. Hence, mutual agreement and implementation isnt highly effective. (In-depth interviews with management staff of Hoi Nhn district);

In terms of professional skills, 50% of staff are qualified, the remaining staff haveinappropriate background. A large number of staff become confused at work, becausethey dont have a background on the environment. Currently, there are one constructionengineer, one architect specialized in urban planning, one vocational school staffspecialized on transportation, and 1 staff with economics university degree, three college-degree staff (specialized in electricity, thermochemistry, and mechanics). As a result, it isextremely difficult to work on clean water supply and environmental sanitation (In-depthinterviews with management staff of Hoi Nhn district).

Currently human resources in the field of clean water supply and environmental sanitation


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supply companies, staff is not equipped with professional knowledge. Hence, the DARD(the rural clean water supply and environmental sanitation center) will organize trainingcourses specialized in operation and management for a pool of technical workers who incharge of operating rural centralized water supply works in the province in the future.

3. Inspection and monitoring on clean water supply and environmental sanitation

Inspection and monitoring on clean water supply and environmental sanitation is carriedout based on existing regulations.o Domestic water supply

Inspection and monitoring on clean water supply and environmental sanitation is carriedout based on regulations promulgated at the National Technique Standards QCVN 02:2009/BYT as follows:

- Inspection before supplying a water source: Test all the water quotas of A, B level, whichis carried out by the water supply companies.

- Periodical inspection

+ Regarding the quota of A level: Test this water quota, at least once every three months,which is carried out by the water supply companies; inspect, monitor a test at least onceevery six months, which is carried out by competent agencies (take water samples of100% of water supply companies in their management areas; take random samples ofwater which are self-reflected by individuals, households for domestic use);

+ Regarding the quota of B level: Test this water quota, at least once every three months,which is carried out by the water supply companies; inspect, monitor, an test at least onceevery year, which is carried out by competent agencies (take water samples of 100% ofwater supply companies in their management areas; take random samples of water whichare self-reflected by individuals, households for domestic use);

- Some cases must be monitored suddenly: When test results of water hygiene orepidemic surveys indicate a danger of polluted water sources; When some unexpectedenvironmental issues happen, which may affect quality of water sources; When it isexceptionally required. Sudden monitoring and decisions on monitoring levels are madeby competent governmental agencies.

o Environmental sanitation

Responsibilities for implementing and monitoring committed environmental protectionactivities: Any organization and individual has a waste disposal related activities should beresponsible for following contents of the approved Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA) Report or environment protection commitment or certified environmental sanitation

registration (if it have); for reporting outstanding issues and solid waste managementevery six months to the DONRE. The DPCs and CPCs shall be responsible for guiding,organizing and supervising implementation of contents of the environmental protectioncommitment.

Environment protection monitoring and inspection in the province is carried out every sixmonths. In addition, depending on specific situations, competent authorities shall haveunplanned monitoring missions to small production factories, solid waste treatmentagencies, polluted areas to find out corrective solutions to minimize pollution problems.

Contents are required for monitoring as follows:

- Check the sanitation situation of original water sources: protection walls in the area ofdrilled wells; construction works (including construction works of the water works);culverts, canals, drains where waste water is discharged; cattle, poultry or other animals;


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waste water, human waste, animal waste, carscases, signboards of water sourceprotection areas, screen cleaner, ect.

- Check water treatment process, including: original lakes/tanks, water treatment usingdifferization and demanganization process (if have), sedimentation tanks, filtration tanks,post treatment tanks, chemical substances (types, names, source, preservation, deadline,uses, storage); tools for chemical mixtures, water treatment chemical shortage, protection

equipments when a problem occurs (for water supply factories); water control devices;- Check results of factory water quality tests from the last test to the present time, andarchives on water quality

- Check the quality of domestic water: based on national technical standards QCVN 02:2009/BYT (in terms of physiochemical elements, ect)

Monitoring is undertaken by following competent levels, as follows:

- Agricultural sector (in charge of water supply): the DARD (the Rural Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation Center), the DPCs (Agriculture and Rural DevelopmentSection/Economics Section);

- Natural Resources and Environment Sector: DONRE (Environmental Protection Sub-Department)

- Health Sector: Department of Health (Preventive Medical Care Center), Medical CareSection (Preventive medical care team);

- Science and Technology Sector: Department of Science and Technology (Analysis andTesting Center)

Recently, monitoring activities related to water supply and environment in the province iscarried out quite effectively. However, some organizations are not highly aware ofenvironment protection, only for their own benefits, so they are sometimes not cooperative

with monitoring missions in the field of environment. Only when competent authorities putpressure on these organizations and use some administrative measures, they becomemore cooperative, though they are extremely reluctant.

As shown in the Table 5, at provincial level, monitoring activities are carried out everyquarter, every year and on basis of unplanned schedules. These missions mainly focus onthree contents: assessment of water quality, environmental sanitation, and the situation ofrural centralized water supply works. At district level, monitoring activities dont follow afixed schedule. In Hoi Nhn, Ph M, and An Nhn districts, monitoring activities haveavailable reports; however, their contents are insufficient. In the remaining districts, thisinformation has not been kept as archives. In the reality, monitoring missions related toclean water and environmental sanitation is not periodically carried out, and their resultsare not highly efficient. Only some warnings or no administrative measures are given toviolations related to polluted environment such as noodle production in Hoi Hngcommune, animal husbandry activities in the residential areas, wastewater, and solidwaste, ect

4. Archives and periodical reports

Archives are done based on regulations of state management agencies, specifically:

o Responsibility assignment

- The DARD shall be responsible for keeping documents related to development of watersupply infrastructure (supply of domestic water, irrigation), and results of implementingindicators in the province; the Section of Agriculture and Rural Development, Economicsshall be responsible for keeping documents related water supply infrastructure and results


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- The DONRE (Natural Resources and Environment Information Center) is authorized bythe PPC to collect, process, keep as archives, use, and provide information related tonatural resources and environment in the province; the Section of Natural Resources andEnvironment shall be responsible for keeping all the data related to the natural resourcesand environment in the district/city; the CPC shall be responsible for keeping all the datarelated to natural resources and environment within their management areas.

o Documents for archives and archiving schedules- Data on water resources includes quantity and quality of surface water, undergroundwater; hydrogeology surveys; exploitation and use of water resources, catchment-basinplanning; management, exploration, and protection of water sources, results of issue,extension, revoking, license of exploitation and use of water resources; filling in and caulkof drilled wells; elements affecting water resources.

Data on environment include: results of environmental surveys; data biodiversity; data onstrategic environment assessment, environmental impact assessment, environmentalprotection commitment; results of compensations on environmental damage as approvedby the competent government authorities; lists and information on solid waste sources,

which cause polluted environment; areas with pollution, degradation, environmentalproblems, areas in a danger of environmental problems; list of organizations whichcausing serious environmental pollution; survey results of environmental situation, toxicwaste, common solid waste; data on environmental observations, results of issue,extension, and revoking of environmental license. (Table 6)

Until now, nearly all data on environmental resources have been updated as regulated. Itis fairly convenient for collecting and updating data by application of informationtechnology into data archiving.

However, in some organizations, data archiving is not fully paid attention to, especially atgrassroots levels. Tools for data archiving are poorly equipped. A pool of staff in charge of

data archiving has insufficient skills, resulting in inadequate data and insufficient use ofthese data.

At district level, there isnt a specialized organization, which is fully charge ofenvironmental problems, so it is also difficult for state management in the field ofenvironment at grassroots levels. In addition, sections/departments in charge of cleanwater supply and environmental sanitation management also differs from this district toanother and assigned work is also not similar. Hence, it is difficult to update periodicaldata on ongoing programs in the locality and to get an overall picture of these relatedproblems. Though, each district has one section/department in charge of rural clean watersupply and environmental sanitation, important tasks (such as construction investment,

operation, use, management, degrees of services, implementation status, maintenance,and periodical monitoring of water quality) for operating water supply works, solid wastecollection, and solid waste treatment works are not clearly identified, so as to assessoutputs as well as limitations of each works. During in-depth interviews, it is indicated thatFunctions and management tasks of the section are not specifically identified, still aregeneral and unclear. There are not specific schedule for concrete activities. There aresometimes periodical reports. In principle, there should be monthly and quarterly reports;however, it doesnt work out. (In-depth interviews with management staff of the Section ofCommerce of Ph Mdistrict).

5. Training and communication activitiesAt provincial level, communication programs are regularly organized, especially for A

ti l k l l t d i t l it ti W ld E i t


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Day. There is a great variation of communication approaches: propaganda, posters,actions for awareness increase, training programs on increasing awareness of rural cleanwater supply and environmental sanitation for beneficiary targets, informationdissemination through public media (through radios, newspapers), short dramas, thematicreports to broadcast through provincial radio and television channels. Communicationscopes are spread in the whole province, especially to rural and remote areas, areas withethnic groups. Almost all participants are technical staff from provincial to grassrootslevels, leaders of mass organizations at district level; commune leaders, in-charge staffand mass organization at different levels; staff in hamlets and households in beneficialareas; education sector (pupils, teachers), health sector (in charge staff). However, it isrequired that impact and efficiency of these activities on local people should beconsidered.

Table 7 indicates a brief description of training and communication activities at provincialand district level. It is shown that 29 training courses have been organized withparticipation of 1,455 people. Training contents are extremely important, i.e. training,implementation and evaluation of implementation results of monitoring and evaluationindicators of rural clean water supply and environmental sanitation, and awareness

increase on rural clean water supply and environmental sanitation.At district level, in Hoi Nhn there are various training courses and communicationprograms on implementation of indicators of rural clean water supply and environmentalsanitation, as well as awareness increasing programs for staff of competent authoritiesand mass organizations. These activities have attracted 3,506 people. There are alsosome training courses and communication programs in Ph M, An Nhn, and TuyPhc; however, it mainly focuses on implementation of indicators of rural clean watersupply and environmental sanitation only, and it less attracts participants to join. Otherdistricts also carry out some types of these activities; however, no information on theseactivities is provided.

At grassroots level, staff in charge of training courses and communication programs donthave any relevant background on water supply and environmental sanitation. In-depthinterviews indicate that: training courses and communication programs are currentlyorganized in form of movement or are integrated with other programs. Especially atcommune level, training courses and communication programs seem unknown to localpeople, and there are not enough staff with sufficient professional skills in water supplyand environmental sanitation. In general, there isnt any communication program on cleanwater supply and solid waste as well as environmental sanitation: When it is needed, thecommune only encourages local people to keep the environment clean. People in chargeof management work like us as well as mass organizations dont have sufficientprofessional skills, so how we can talk about these types of topics. We are also in chargeof other work and arent specialized in this professional work. We also dont haveprofessional staff in this field. These programs havent been developed in a systematicalway. (In-depth interview with staff at management level of Ct Lm Commune PeoplesCommittee); (ii) There isnt any training course on environmental sanitation in thiscommune yet, nobody has talked about environmental sanitation, i.e. safe water sources,and environment. In general, there isnt any dissemination activity about the environment.A team of communicators doesnt have necessary professional skills. One man who isworking in the field of cadastral and land management is mainly in charge ofenvironmental issues. So far, we dont have any opportunity for joining a training course.In case there are programs on environment and clean water supply, there should be

specific contents, clear action plans, some funds, and the commune can manageeffectively, coordinate, and play a key role in communication activities (In-depth interviewswith the management level of M Chu commune of Ph M district). There isnt any


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reference. This is a difficulty for capacity building of in-charge staff as well as awarenessincrease for local people in this field. In term of information dissemination, the communeorganized meetings with its members and talked about environment related problems.These contents were developed and integrated with other thematic topics. (In-depthinterviews with the management level of Phc Lc commune, Tuy Phc district).

6. Participation of institutions and mass organizationsAs surveyed, local people and pupils are not much concerned about these activities. Onlytwo main programs are organized, i.e. A national week on rural clean water andenvironmental sanitation, World Environment Day. Specific data on participation ofpupils in activities in surveyed districts have not been provided; however, in-depthinterviews indicates that training-communication-education activities are not paid attendedto in schools. For the time being, there are not training courses as well as communicationprograms on environmental issues in the schools. It is explained that human resources forthese activities are not available, no professional knowledge is equipped, these contentsare not mentioned in the school regulations, and especially there are no contents and a

source of funds for communication programs in the school. This shortcoming cannot beblamed for the school. (In-depth interviews with management staff of M Hip PrimarySchool of Ph M district). Regarding water sources and environmental sanitation, theschool is not responsible for education programs on this topic, as it is a specialized topic,go beyond the schools capacities and its functions. There are not teachers, and staff whoare specialized in this field. There are only health care staff who in charge of caring healthof pupils in the school only. (In-depth interviews with management staff of Ty SnPrimary School, Ty Sn district).

Numerous reports and information dissemination programs through public media aremainly done at provincial level. At district level, there is no information about these

programs. During in-depth interviews, it is shown that mass organizations mainly runcommunication programs through verbal dissemination and integration activities intoother local meetings. Mass organizations almost disseminate information in localmeetings and it is mainly verbally informed about. There are no illustration pictures. Therearent separate thematic programs directly disseminating to local people. Except toWomens Union, there are also separate thematic dissemination programs, cross-cuttingactivities, information exchange, and competition on professional understandings,workshops, and information dissemination on food security. In addition, there are someother support programs such as revolving funds for building latrines, bathrooms.Households who have not been listed for get revolving funds, they can get from savingfunds of Womens Union (5 million/household). In 2008, Environmental ProtectionAssociation was set up. There are some information dissemination programs on use ofbottles and jars, waste disposals, birth flu. In terms of dissemination organizations, thereare no specific regulations on levels of organization. For small groups, communicationprograms can be done verbally. For the large scale programs, it may need to rentprojectors and hire a music band. (Group discussion with staff of Ph M staff). Massorganizations, Womens Union, Farmers Association regularly run informationdissemination activities; however, they are mainly cross-cutting activities. Every year, thedistrict also provides some budgets to organize training courses for communicators in thecommune (a separate thematic training course, once per year). However, thesecommunication programs are only cross-cutting activities in the hamlet. Womens Union

gets documents from the Clean Water Supply Center, make photocopies, and send tocollaborators. Based on these documents, these collaborators will disseminate thisinformation to local people. There are no people who can provide in-depth knowledge to


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communication skills, commune staff get 10 points of the main content, but only candisseminate 7 points. At different levels, information to be disseminated gradually is lost,and become inadequate as its original.

7. Results of implementing basic environmental indicators of 2009

The Table 8 indicates basic indicators of water sources and the ratio of households usingthese sources in 2009 per area. At provincial level, approximately 18.6% of ruralhouseholds (including in towns) use piped water (private and public meters), theremaining households mainly use dug and drilled wells. Out of which, there are 80.1% ofhygienic dug wells and 86.4% of hygienic drilled wells.

It is also shown that distribution of piped water sources greatly differs across 6 surveyeddistricts and 12 communes. Ph M, Tuy Phc, and An Nhn are three districts wherethe number of households use piped water with their own water meters is higher thanaverage level (11.6%, 14.7%, and 15.5% respectively). These ratios do not fall intosurveyed communes, as the survey mainly focuses on areas with difficulties in watersources. Regarding dug wells, there is not much difference in clean water, thoughnorthern and coastal areas have lower ratios. This ratio in drilled wells is higher and quite

similar, except to Hoi Hng commune with low ratio (49.1%). In some communes,some indicators cannot be measured. Once again, this indicates weakness of statisticsand data archiving at grassroots levels. These above indicators are extremely basic toassess the situation of water sources and quality of water sources being used byhouseholds.

Although the ratio of organizations/agencies using water is not much more than the ratioof households, they still play a significant role due to its benefits to local people. Schools,health care centers, hospitals, ect are areas where need to have clean water sources. It isshown in the Table 9 that water sources used for offices and agencies are mainly takenfrom drilled wells, making up 90%, and it is quite common that some areas also have dug

wells such as Ph M district. There are few offices and agencies using piped water making up a very low ratio. In general, offices and agencies have either dug or drilledwells; some agencies can connect to various water sources, not only one water source.Kindergartens, heath care centers, hospitals, schools, and governmental agencies areareas where water sources are relatively adequate. However, in some areas water still arenot sufficiently supplied, especially schools in Ph M district. Among 193 schools, nearly84 schools (making up 43.5%) are not supplied with water sources. Ph Ct, Ty Sn,and An Nhn districts cannot provide any relevant data, indicating that data archiving isnot well done.

During in-depth interviews, it is indicated that: The school is currently using drilled wells.Water in five areas of the school are heavily aluminated. In each area, one water-tap is

installed. Actually, each area has 3 different buildings, there should be 3 water taps;however the school has not a sufficient budget for this installation. Water is tested in theschool, and its hygiene standards are not secured (In-depth interviews with managementstaff of Primary School No. 3, Hoi Hng commune, Hoi Nhn district). Currently, thedistrict health care center use water from drilled and dug wells (15 drilled wells and 4 dugwells). Water sources are aluminated. Drilled well is more aluminated than dug wells.Water sources, which are being used by the health care center, are pumped into theelevator tanks without any water treatment method. There are two reasons to explain whythe health care center have not used piped water: (1) The piped water source has justbeen connected for 3-4 months, so it is not contracted yet. (2) The Health Care Centerthinks that these costs are relatively high, so it is being considered for their use. In thewhole district, there isnt any health care center where piped water is connected, except touse of drilled and dug wells. (In-depth interview with management board of Ph Ct


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In terms of sanitation, as shown in the Table 10, it is estimated for the whole rural area ofBnh nh province, the ratio of households having sanitary latrines is approximately50.2%, in which 28.5% are septic tank latrines, 14.5% are latrines with double vaults. Itmeans that around 50% of households in the rural area dont have latrines or withunsanitary latrines it is quite a high ratio. The ratios of households with sanitary latrinesis the highest in Hoi Nhn district, Ph Phong town of Ty Sn district, Binh Dinh townof An Nhn district, Phc Lc commune of Tuy Phc district. On the contrary, in someareas such as Ph Ct district, Vnh An commune of Ty Sn district, ratios of householdswithout latrines or with unsanitary latrines is extremely high. Latrines greatly affect healthand the spread of digestive problems. Therefore, this is one of the highest indicatorsrelated to environmental sanitation, which some local areas need to reach at in the comingtime.For offices and organizations, almost all of them have latrines, mainly are septic tanklatrines; however, there is still a low ratio of organizations which dont have any latrine(see the Table 11). The ratios of schools in Ph M district, which dont have latrines, areextremely high (86 locations dont have latrines, making up 44.6% of the total locations ofschools in the district). Some markets, and offices in the district dont have latrines. Hoi

Nh

n and An Nh

n are two districts, which have the highest ratios of latrines. However,due to insufficient data on these indicators in some other districts, it is impossible tocompare this problem in a systematical way. As a result, markets and schools are areaswhere ratios of sanitary latrines are lower than governmental offices. Insufficientdata/information of some districts shows that monitoring, statistics and archiving of basicindicators at district and commune level is not well functioned.

In general, clean water supply and environmental sanitation in schools, health carecenters, and other public areas in the rural areas are though concerned about, results arestill low compared to actual demands. A number of schools still lack water supply andsanitation works or have these kinds of work, which cannot meet factual demand. Tocompare above water supply works with targets set in the Decision No. 104/QD-TTg dated25 August, 2000 All the kindergartens, schools, and other education institutes, hospitals,clinics, offices, markets in the rural areas are supplied with clean water and have sufficientsanitary latrines, no targets have been fully achieved.

o Solid waste management

As estimated by solid waste collection management/transportation companies in thedistrict/city in the province, the volume of domestic solid waste in Bnh nh province isapproximately 306.6 ton/day. In which, the volume of solid waste of Quy Nhn city makesup 58% of the amount of solid waste of the whole province.

Solid waste collection: In Quy Nhon city, the ratio of waste collection is approximately

58%, it is approximately 15-30% of the additional volume in the towns.Health solid waste: Approximately 700 ton/year, in which harmful health solid waste isapproximately 100 ton/year (Source: A master plan of solid waste management of urbanareas and industrial zones in Bnhnh province until 2020)

The Table 12 indicates the ratios of agencies/organizations with solid waste and wastewater management systems of surveyed districts. It is shown that health care centers,hospitals have higher ratios of using solid waste and waste water methods than othertypes of organizations, especially in Hoi Nhn district. This ratio is the lowest in themarkets. Large scale production units also have to have solid waste and waste watertreatment systems; however, there are no sufficient information in reports and data

archiving. There are differences in task assignment for management agencies in differentprofessional fields to work on environment issues, while there isnt any professionalorganization Hence various district cannot provide relevant information


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There is few organizations having standard solid waste and waste water treatmentsystems in surveyed districts. For the time being, health care centers and markets areapplying home-made solid waste and waste water systems, which cannot ensurenecessary environmental sanitation conditions for the community. In terms of animalhusbandry, households with large-scale animal husbandry production are annuallysupported to build biogas plants by agriculture, science and technology, environmentsectors for the rural areas. It helps to minimize pollution in animal husbandry production.However, households with medium scale animal husbandry production are coping withsome difficulties in waste treatment. In-depth discussions indicate that: Some householdshave biogas plants for waste treatment from pig raising. On average, one household has70 pigs. Some households dont have biogas plants, which affects surroundingenvironment. Actually, when biogas tanks become full due to a high amount of livestockwaste, it also makes pollution and have a bad smell (In-depth interviews with managementstaff of Ct Tin commune of Ph Ct district). There is one market in the commune. Themarket is on business five times per month. When the market is active, there is one wastecollector working on that day. There is a small open land near the market. When themarket is closed, waste collector burn or bury waste to clean up the market. (In-depth

interviews with management staff of M Chu commune of Ph M district). Thecommune health care center has applied health waste separation methods, in which anytype of medical waste is burnt and then buried (In-depth discussion with managementstaff of M Chu commune of Ph M).

Though basic norms have been covered, it is still agreed that clean water supply andenvironmental sanitation management is not well integrated. Currently, constructioninvestment in rural clean water supply and environmental sanitation in the province areundertaken by numerous departments, sectors, organizations. Therefore, data collection,management, assessment of work quality still meet some difficulties.

Operation and management of centralized water supply works after their completion of

competent authorities, especially at district and commune levels are not well paid attentionto. After their completion, these works are handed over to commune authorities for theiroperation and management; however, technical workers normally lack sufficientprofessional skills, and additional materials and chemicals are seldom provided as asupplementary source. Some required operation and management steps are skipped,which dont work out based on operation procedures. Consequently, water quality isreduced, service quality become worse, operation of these works is not efficient,maintenance work is inadequate, and investment efficiency cannot be seen.

Integration of various programs/projects in the same area is not well paid attention to.Mobilization of resources, economic components, and local contributions in the beneficiaryareas for further expansion of water supply networks to each household is still slow.Consequently, it takes time for centralized water supply projects to increase theirefficiency.

Communication education and social mobilization play very important roles; however,guidance and concerns in this field are highly limited, in terms of communication tools andhuman capacities.

A process of socialization in the field rural clean water supply and environmentalsanitation has not been developed. There is a lack of pilot models and/or samples forfurther study and upscaling in the province.

Collection of domestic and healthcare waste has achieved some positive results, however,

it still differs from one location to another. In towns, it is considered as initial achievement(approximately 15-30% of the total volume). In other rural areas, waste almost is buried orburnt in streams and canals which seriously polluted environment


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Socialization and privatization of solid waste management has been run by local areas;however, there is a shortage of mechanism to stimulate these organizations. Almost allthe local areas have to provide additional financial support to these organizations forcontinuity of activities.

There are available models for recycling, reusing and processing compost; however theirresults are still unclear. Medical solid waste burners have been invested in three health

care centers only (a hospital of Bng Sn area, a hospital of Ph Phong area and apulmonary tuberculosis hospital), in which their capacity can be served for their volume ofwaste only.

A majority of solid waste dumpsites in the province are illegal, open, and unhygienic ones,which have caused pollution to the surrounding environment.

Industrial waste has not been treated as instructed. Although there are some models andpilot projects, failure still occurs after the project completion.

Though some results can be recognized, it should be admitted that implementation of theLaw on Environmental Protection in the province is still insufficient and ineffective. Forexample, supervision and management of violations against the Law on EnvironmentalProtection of enterprises in industrial zones and industrial groups has been strengthened;however, its efficiency is low. Different types of waste water, smoke, noise, ect havecaused environmental pollution in industrial zones, which has not been overcome. Thereason is that a large number of enterprises have not discharged waste water into a publicwaste water collection system of the industrial zone

At district level, state management in the field of environmental protection in industrialzones has not been paid attention to. Some enterprises have not prepared reports onenvironmental impact assessment, only around 50% of them has developed dossiersrelated on environment. Nearly all the industrial zones have not developed centralizedwaste water treatment works. Environment pollution in numerous industrial zones has not

been handled with.In addition, the number of enterprises who should be punished for their violations againstenvironment is lower than the actual figures. Forms of punishment are still insufficient tostop them from causing these kinds of violations. Numerous business enterprises havebeen irresponsible for environment protection.

8. Planning

o Clean water supply

Decision No. 5284/Q-BNN-KH dated 20 November, 2000 of Minister of Agriculture andRural Development is for approval of rural water supply and environmental sanitation

planning of Bnh nh province for the period of 2000-2010. (Currently, a consultancycompany is reviewing for any adjustment of this plan). Accordingly, Bnh nh needs toreach following criteria until end 2010:

+ 85% of rural households can access clean domestic water for their consumption of 60liters per person per day;

+ 70% of households have sanitary latrines for their use;

+ 100% of education institutions, schools, heath care centers in the rural area are suppliedwith clean water and developed with sanitary latrines.

According to the master plan on socio-economic development of Bnh nh province until

2020, till 2015, 100% of local people are supplied with clean water for their domestic use,and till 2020, all the rural households use clean water, as indicated at national clean waterstandards with a consumption of at least 60 liters per person per day use sanitary


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latrines, and ensure their personal hygiene and commune/hamlet environmentalsanitation.

o Solid waste treatment

Decision No. 637/Q-UBND dated 27 August 2009 of the Provincial Peoples Committeeapproved a master plan on urban solid waste management and solid waste managementof industrial zones in the province until 2020. Accordingly, until 2015, 100% of domestic

solid waste in Quy Nhn city, 70% of total domestic solid waste in other urban areas arecollected and treated; 100% of domestic solid waste in urban areas are separated atsource. It is targeted till 2020 that, 80% of total domestic solid waste is collected andtreated.

Accordingly, targets in clean water, sanitation and solid waste have been set for the yearof 2010, 2015, and 2020. The PPC has guided relevant departments and sectors in localareas to implement these activities. However, these guidance still have some weak points:It is only targeted at clean water and environment in the rural areas, but not for solid wastetreatment. Objectives of waste water treatment has been developed yet. Investmentimplementation meets some difficulties because (i) project plans are normally unpractical,

(ii) local contributions are not mentioned, mainly depending on planning objectives, (iii) itsometimes doesnt meet demand of local beneficiary communities, and (iv) participation oflocal people in the projects seem to be invisible, and (v) investment capitals are stilllimited.

However, development of above mentioned planning projects has strategically outlined anoverall picture on strategic orientation and an overall picture on water supply and solidwaste management in the province. It is also a basis for relevant local departments andsectors to make plans for implementation, to call for investors for their involvement in, andto attract investment capitals of international organizations.

In the surveyed districts, basic indicators on clean water and sanitary latrines as follows:

Until 2010, at least 82% of households use clean water, which shall be increased to 100%in 2015. Some districts have to reach higher ratios such as An Nhn and Tuy Phc (to90% in 2010). Until end of 2010, at least 60% of households have sanitary latrines indistricts, which should be increased to 85% in 2015 (see the Table 13).

Until end 2010, 50% of total domestic solid waste in towns and rural centralized residentialgroups are collected and treated; 80% of solid waste in industrial zones are separated,collected, and treated by applying appropriate methods.

Until 2015, 70% of total domestic solid waste in towns and rural centralized residentialgroups are collected and treated; 100% of solid waste in industrial zones are separated,collected, and treated by applying appropriate methods.

Until end 2010, 100% of total waste discharged by production units is treated inaccordance with regulated treatment standards before it is discharged into theenvironment.

9. General assessment on state management in the field of clean water supply andenvironmental sanitation

o Clean water and sanitation

In a word, with positive concern and active guidance of Executive Committees of the Partyat different levels, of the PPC, of relevant departments and sectors in the province, legaldocuments on water supply and sanitation in the province have been promulgated, which

is a basis for execution and implementation. In addition, specialized planning projectshave been set up, which can be served for monitoring and implementation. Moreover,regulations on implementation management are also developed


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However, water supply and sanitation in the rural areas are one of extreme difficulties formonitoring and implementation - low benefits, losses for a long time, mainly for serving.Therefore, socialization of these fields is coping with various difficulties, especially inattracting economic sectors for their involvement. Some organizations, which work onrural water supply and sanitation currently, have to prepare additional budgets to maintainits operation.

Recently, management and development of rural clean water supply infrastructure hascreated a relatively satisfactory/better picture. So far, in the rural areas of Bnh nhprovince, a shortage of domestic water in the dry season is partly overcome. Investmentimplementation and operation of large-scale rural clean water supply projects have beenimplemented, i.e. water supply for East Tuy Phc, for Bnh Tng and Vnh Ancommunes of Ty Sn district, 9-town water supply, which outline a new appearance forpotential rural areas. In addition, operation and management of rural clean water supplyworks has been gradually run in a professional way, especially with active involvement ofthe agricultural sector. It is initially satisfactory when the DARD directly assign tasks forthe Rural Clean Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Center to operate andmanage rural clean water supply works. With a existing pool of qualified staff, the Rural

Clean Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Center will play a core part in operationand management of rural clean water supply works in the province in the coming time.

In the future, based on different sources of funding, the DARD shall invest in constructionof inter-commune/inter-district large-scale works (i.e. Ph Ct water supply, water supplyfor Ty Giang and Ty Thun-Ty Sn communes, water supply for Nhn Ho-An Nhncommune, water supply for southeast Hoi Nhn, water supply for Ph M coastal area,ect...). It is one of positive changes to integrate socio-economic development of ruralareas into the urban areas.

However, post-investment management is coping with some difficulties: projects/works ismanaged by local authorities; works are invested by the Program 134, 135; management

and operation has not been paid attention to in an efficient way; almost all the works arehanded over to local authorities for their management (the CPCs) or involvedorganizations have insufficient capacities; maintenance work is not highly concernedabout; works are quickly downgraded and cannot make full use of its capacity, resulting inineffective/wasteful investment.

o Solid waste management

Thanks to concerns and guidance of Executive Committees of the Party and of competentauthorities at different levels, and of relevant sectors, solid waste collection and treatmentin the province has gone through positive changes recently. So far, local areas in theprovince have made plans and invested in building solid waste dumpsites; however,nearly all of them in districts are not hygienic no treatment of flowing water from garbageand scattered disposal of solid waste. Dumpsites are only for temporary disposal of wasteand are not circled with surrounding walls. Management and operation of solid wastedumpsites is not well functioned, causing pollution to the surrounding environment.

Currently, domestic solid waste in the province has not been separated at source. A total amountof solid waste is collected and transported to dumpsites by some types of vehicles. In thedumpsites, recyclable solid waste is separated and collected by a pool of waste collectors. Theremaining waste is buried or burnt. The amount of solid waste for composting production is notworth considering.

At district level, solid waste collection is only being connected in towns and residentialareas along the main roads. The ratio of waste collection is low, making up 15-30%. Solidwaste collection/treatment organizations almost do not work effectively, and additional


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co-operatives, public transportation unit, private enterprises. However, tools and vehiclesfor solid waste collection of some organizations are poorly equipped (In Ty Sn and PhCt districts, ect, there are no specialized vehicles).

II. Situation of projects on centralized water supply, solid waste and waste watertreatment, and environmental sanitation in the project area

1. Centralized water supply

According to the Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Center, there arecurrently 119 rural centralized water supply works with various types of water supply, andnumerous operation and management models (table 14a,14b, 14c). Regarding types ofwater supply, there are 84 gravity works and 34 conduction pump works. Regardingmanagement models, 3 water supply works are managed by the Clean Water SupplyCenter, 7 works are managed by the Water Supply Company, 8 works are managed byenterprises, 4 works are managed by the District Management Boards, 6 works aremanaged by co-operatives, and 91 works are managed by the Commune PeoplesCommittee. Among 6 rural water supply management models as mentioned above, themodel managed by the Commune Peoples Committee is the most common.

Recently, rural centralized water supply works have been implemented through differentinvestment sources such as the National Target Program on Rural Clean Water andEnvironmental Sanitation; Program 134, 135; loan capitals (World Bank, ADB); capital forresettlement, funding (Kingdom of Belgium, Holland, JIBIC, International CARE Vietnam),ect.

On the basis of above a source of funds, a number of relatively large-scale works havebeen implemented by the province, including: Phc Sn Water Supply Works of TuyPhc district (water is supplied to 32.000 people), 9-town Water Supply Project (water issupplied to 110,435 people), Water Supply Works for Bnh Tng and Vnh Ancommunes of Ty Sn district (water is supplied to 13,000 people), ect, which have

initially led to satisfactory results. In the coming time, large-scale works continued beimplemented by the province based on above investment capitals, including: Ph CtDistrict Water Supply Works (which is funded by the Kingdom of Belgium and water issupplied for households in 7 communes of Ph Ct and Tuy Phc districts); Nhn HoCommune Water Supply Works of An Nhn district (water is supplied to approximately28,000 people); ng Nam Water Supply Works of Hoi Nhn district (water is supplied tohouseholds of 4 communes); Coastal Commune Water Supply Works of Ph M district(water is supplied to households of 5 communes); Water Supply Works of Nhn Hu andNhn M communes of An Nhn district.

As a whole, a pool of staff in charge of operation and management of rural centralized

water supply works in the district areas, mainly at grassroots level, has low backgrounds.In some units, some staff has insufficient professional skills.

In terms of equipment and technology, 24 out of 119 works are equipped with a completewater treatment system, in which some works are equipped with an automatic controlsystem (Phc Sn Water Supply Works of Tuy Phc district, and a 9 Town WaterSupply Works Project). However, there is still some primitively equipped water supplyworks (i.e. gravity water supply works in the mountainous communes), it is quite difficult tocontrol the water quality.

In general, a number of centralized water supply works in the province dont workeffectively, which mainly focus on low-capacity works managed by the locality poor

performance and degradation of works. To overcome this situation, the ProvincialPeoples Committee (PPC) issued Regulations on operation and management of ruraldomestic water supply works of Bnh nh province dated 3 March 2010 It is a basis for


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For the time being, awareness building programs on rural clean water is almost run by theRural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Center. Mass organizations fromprovincial to grassroots level seldom involve in these communication programs. For watersupply works/projects, which are implemented and managed by the district level and/orrelevant departments/sectors, communication programs to increase awareness of localpeople in the project area do not work out.

In 6 project districts, there are 33 centralized clean water supply projects in total, including5 works in Hoi Nhn district, 10 works in Ph M district, 5 works in Ph Ct district, 5works in An Nhn district, 4 works in Tuy Phc district, and 4 works in Ty Sn district.In terms of technology, 19 out of 33 works are equipped with complete water treatmentsystems. However, some works are simply constructed (only with sedimentation, filtration,and without dehydrators). It is normally difficult to control the water quality. In terms ofmanagement models, 14 works are managed by the Commune Peoples Committee, 8works are managed by enterprises, 3 works are managed by the District ManagementBoards, 5 works are managed by co-operatives, and 3 works are managed by the RuralWater Supply and Environmental Sanitation Center. In terms of the design capacity,nearly all the works are designed with small and medium capacities, from a works with

capacity of 50 m3 /day for Giang hamlet of Vnh An commune to another works withcapacity of 3,850 m3/day for local people of Bng Sn-Tam Quan group. Though somewater supply works are working at high capacity, some other works only can operate at30% of its capacity or are out of order. Small-scale supply works are normally managedby Commune Peoples Committees or co-operatives; meanwhile some larger-scale worksare managed by enterprises or the Clean Water Supply Center (see the Table 14d).

Basically, a pool of staff in charge of operation and management of water supply works inthe 6 project districts still have limited capacities. A pool of staff who have high capacityand sufficient professional skills mainly work for water supply factories of Phc Sn (TuyPhc), of B nh Tng (Ty Sn), of Nhn Tn (An Nhn), of 9 towns, and of some

water supply works managed by the District Management Boards. A pool of staff in-chargeof works managed by the Commune Peoples Committee still have insufficientprofessional skills. Hence, it is required that operation and management units shouldprepare a capacity building programs for their staff in the future so that they can fully takeover the new technological process.

In terms of operation regulations, water supply works of 6 districts (except to water supplyworks of Giang hamlet of Vnh An commune and of Bnh Tn commune) are operatingbased on regulations on operation and management of rural domestic water supply worksof Bnhnh province

In terms of communication activities, this area is constituted with over 85% of total

population in the whole province. Its territory is complex (made up of mountains, plain, andcoastal areas). There is also a high variation in ethnic groups and great differences inlocal awareness. Therefore, communication activities and awareness increase programson clean water are mainly carried out in these areas.

In the same situation of the whole province, operation and management of ruralcentralized water supply works in the province still have some difficulties, especially infinancial management. For some water supply works, expenses cannot be covered byreceipts, they are at loss for a long time, and their capacity isnt fully used, namely:

o Hoi Hi commune water supply works, water supply works for Hoi Hi resettlementareas, water supply works of Hoi M commune Hoi Nhn district;

o Water supply works of hamlet 7 and hamlet 9 of M Thng commune; M Phongcommune water supply works; M Th commune water supply works, M Ti


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o East-An Nhn three-commune water supply works;

o Rural centralized water supply works managed by the Commune PeoplesCommittees.

Main reasons of these problems are:

o Water consumption is too low, because local people save on water. Nearly allhouseholds only use piped water for drinking, and use well water sources, which arenot clean, for other domestic use.

o A pool of staff and workers in charge of operation and management of someunits/organizations have insufficient professional skills and are not well qualified. Somewater supply units are irresponsible and are not concerned about water quality.Maintenance services are not well cared, so water quality is insufficient.

o The feasibility study and surveys for preparation of investment works is inadequate. Asa result, users are not interested in the project/works after its completion. Inadequacy

in site survey, water source exploration, analysis of water quality, selection oftreatment technologies is a cause of unsecured water quality and negative thinking oflocal people.

Since the Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Center took responsibility foroperation and management of rural centralized water supply works, it has proved its highefficiency and brings out a new look at operation and management of water supply works.In addition, the District Project Management Boards and co-operatives are seen effectivemodels, which contribute to create a variation in types of operation.

To obtain an in-depth assessment of the situation of water supply works, 13 water supplyworks in towns/districts and communes in the project area are typically analyzed during

the survey. The Table 15 indicates sources of funding and ratios of investment of supplywater works. On the basis of investment capitals for 13 rural water supply works, it isestimated that, the average investment value for one water supply works is approximately9.4 billion VND, in which approximately 25% is taken from governmental budgets, 66% istaken from international donors, 5.6% is from local community or investors contribution,and the remaining 3.2% is from private sectors. It is indicated that governmental andinternational budgets are main sources of funding for water supply works; meanwhilecontributions of private sectors and local commune are still low. However, scale ofinvestment of water supply projects, and governmental and international budgets arecompletely different issues. For some large-scale projects such for Bng Sn, Tam Quan,Hoi Tn, Hoi Ho water supply works, they are mainly funded by international donors.

Meanwhile small-scale projects such as Phc Sn water supply works (Tuy Phc), it ismainly financed by the government.

On average, design capacities of these water supply works are approximately 1,500m3/day, in which 500 m3/day is seen as the lowest capacity and 3,850 m3/day is seen asthe highest capacity. Depending on total investment and technological process, andaverage investment value for 1 m3/day is approximately 6 million VND, in which the lowestaverage investment value is 1.7 million VND and the highest is 20 million VND. In line withtotal investment and technological process, one water supply works can serveapproximately 3,300 households on average, and average investment value perhousehold is approximately 2.8 million VND. Almost all the water supply works has an

average investment value per household is from 1 to 2 million VND, and to 4 million VNDin some cases.


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As shown in the Table 16, except to some water supply works, which have been operated just before and after the year of 2000, nearly all works have been run since 2009. Inwhich, only a few water supply works use surface water sources, and others almost useunderground water sources. Compared to their design capacity, water supply works iscurrently working at 43% of water volume on average. Out of them, some water supplyworks is operating at its original design capacity such as Phc Sn commune watersupply works (100%), Phc Thun commune water supply

Baseline Study on Water Supply and Environmental Hygiene in 6 Districts of Binh Dinh Province_EN

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