Baseline Study for SWM in Mardan Pakistan

September 2012

Baseline Study for SWM in Mardan Pakistan

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Table of Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................ 6

1.1. Background ....................................................................................... 6

1.2. Objectives ........................................................................................ 6

1.3. Study Design and Methodology................................................................. 6

2. Scope ................................................................................................... 8

2.1. Geographical Scope of Study ................................................................... 8

2.2. Mardan ............................................................................................ 8

2.3. City Statistics..................................................................................... 8

2.4. Guli Bagh (The Study Area)..................................................................... 9

3. The State of Waste in Mardan ..................................................................... 11

3.1. Situation in the City ........................................................................... 11

3.2. City Waste Composition and total waste generated ...................................... 11

Table of Contents

2

3.3. Differentiate between categories of Solid Waste .......................................... 11

3.4. Hospital waste management ................................................................. 11

3.5. Construction Waste Management ........................................................... 11

4. Estimation of Waste generation and Composition .............................................. 12

4.1. Waste Generation ............................................................................. 12

4.2. Waste Composition ............................................................................ 12

5. Examination of Existing Waste Management and Recycling System ......................... 14

5.1. Formal Collection System ..................................................................... 14

5.1.1. Analysis of operations of Current Landfill site ............................................ 17

5.1.2. Analysis of the performance of the existing Compost Plants ............................ 17

5.2. Informal Collection System ................................................................... 17

5.2.1. Actors and Location ........................................................................... 17

5.2.2. Number and Income of Actors ............................................................... 18

5.2.3. Quantity and Price of Collected Recyclable ................................................ 18

5.2.4. Interest Group and Mafia ..................................................................... 19

5.2.5. Vegetable Market .............................................................................. 19

6. Institutional Capacity and Ongoing Initiatives .................................................. 21

7. Assessment of Community Needs ................................................................. 22

7.1. Household Level ............................................................................... 22

7.2. Municipal Level ................................................................................ 25

7.3. Market Level .................................................................................... 25

8. Identification of Possible Options for Recycling ................................................ 27

8.1. Recycling Options .............................................................................. 27

9. Information for carbon financing opportunities ................................................ 28

10. Marketing of Compost and its use in agriculture............................................. 29

11. Annexures ......................................................................................... 35

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LIST of Tables Table 2-1: Existing scenario of Guli Bagh, Mardan .................................................... 9

Table 5-1: Budget of TMA Mardan for Waste Management 2012-2013 ............................ 14

Table 5-2: Staff Employment for waste collection .................................................. 14

Table 5-3: Staff Employment for waste Management in total ..................................... 15

Table 5-4: Equipment Involved in Waste Management .............................................. 15

Table 5-5: Characteristics of TMA Mardan Landfill site ............................................. 17

Table 5-6: Waste Recycling Actors in Mardan City .................................................. 18

Table 5-7: Existing Scenario of Vegetable Markets in Mardan ..................................... 20

Table 7-1: Results of Community needs assessment survey at house hold level ................ 22

Table 10-1: Analysis of Farmer’s questionnaire survey ............................................. 29

Table 10-2: Analysis of Fertilizer shops .............................................................. 33

List of Figures

Figure 2-1: Map of Mardan, Pakistan .................................................................... 8

Figure 2-2 : Area Map of Guli Bagh ...................................................................... 9

Figure 5-1: Waste Collection Cycle in Mardan City .................................................. 16

Figure 5-2: The Process Chain for recylcleable products ........................................... 19

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Disposal of Municipal Solid Waste is ignored in the study area as it’s been ignored

throughout the country whereas MSW management has the largest budget among the corresponding departments but it always lack skilled staff. TMA Mardan also exercises the typical model for managing and disposing waste that is done in most parts of the country which puts enormous impact on health, local and global environment, and economy results due to this poor and non scientific management of waste.

This report provides consolidated data on MSW generation, collection, composition, and disposal practices in Mardan with focus on Guli Bagh. The waste generation was seen very low than what it is assumed whereas the waste characterized predominantly contains organic fraction. Analysis depicts that this waste can be converted to compost using higher volumes of waste and by the inclusion of vegetable market waste. This will increase the focus on conversion of green waste to compost and recover maximum amount of recyclables, and the marketing of compost.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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Baseline Study for SWM in Mardan, Pakistan

1. Introduction This study marks the culmination of a Baseline study for Solid Waste Management in

Mardan, Pakistan. The city was selected for piloting the project. The project work is focused on the UNESCAP and Waste Concern developed guidelines to determine the current state of SWM in this city, highlighting the Composition and Quantification of Waste generated, enormity of the issues involved and the efficiency and sufficiency, or otherwise, of current practices. This would include a detailed field study; household survey could then enable selection of Integrated Resource Recovery Center (IRRC) site, its feasibility and engineering design.

1.1. Background

United Nations has been providing grant assistance and technical cooperation to Government of Pakistan (GoP) in the field of solid waste management through its Basic Services Unit. So far it has focused on capacity building of GoP partners and provision of technical support.

UN-Habitat & UNESCAP recognizes that in this sector its assistance has primarily been thematic in nature with its emphasis on capacity building required for better solid waste management. The current study commissioned by UN-Habitat demonstrates its intention and efforts to enhance the nature, and size, of its assistance to achieve more effective and visible improvement in this area of public service, whose need can hardly be overemphasized. Planning an integrated assistance project hopes to take a more informed decision to identify the location of a sequence of complete interventions needed to showcase a best practice example of SWM, which could be replicated all over Pakistan.

1.2. Objectives

The Terms of Reference (TORs) for this study state that it has been designed to meet the following objectives:

o Estimation of Waste Generation and composition o Examination of Existing System of Waste Management and Recycling o Assessment of community needs o Identification of possible options for recycling o Information for carbon financing opportunities o Marketing of compost and its use in agriculture To achieve the above objectives the team of Consultants decided to focus on an assessment

of current situation of SWM in respective cities with detailed Waste Composition and Quantification. 1.3. Study Design and Methodology:

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The study was meticulously designed to ensure a multi-pronged approach to a careful collection of practical dependable data and analytical comparison of SWM parameters, indicators and practices in the selected cities that could help the study achieve its stated purpose and objectives.

Functionaries of the Government Officials at all tiers, from the lowest to the highest, were engaged for exchange of views and ascertainment of the actual ground realities; further to gain knowledge of current situation of SWM.

The methodology adopted included, but was not limited to: o Literature Review of all relevant and available literature o Research of successful responses and practices in comparable locations o Charting of current status in selected cities o Ascertaining stakeholders’ perceptions/needs through questionnaires. Focused

interviews (with Management for supply side), focus group discussions with community (for demand side perceptions) and individual and group interaction with scavengers/persons involved in informal recycling system and sanitary workers (for workers’ perception, needs and suggestions)

o Collection of data o Detailed field study for composition and quantity analysis of Solid Waste. The field study is to be conducted in the selected areas. Each area shall be divided

into three groups i.e. High Income, Low Income and Middle Income, based on their socio-economic characters. Each group was sampled for eight days and data of 60 houses from these groups were taken that includes, Daily Solid Waste, Family members, Income per month, Primary storage type and Daily Composition of waste. The study also added the collection of waste from selected 40 shops of the study area for generation rate as per the guidelines of UNESCAP.

o Refining data into information o Reports

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2. Scope 2.1. Geographical Scope of Study

UN-Habitat and UNESCAP has commissioned this study to chart its future assistance role in the field of Solid Waste Management Projects in Pakistan. It appears to have chosen Mardan for piloting the project as its first focus of attention due to a recognized need in this area, the expected advantages to environment, health and economy resulting from best practices in this sector. Also a positive influence is the apparent political and governmental commitment to the cause of SWM and its disposal in Pakistan.

The present study focuses on Mardan in general and Guli Bagh (Urban Union Council) in particular. 2.2. Mardan

Mardan is the second largest city of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Area constituting Mardan district is part of the Peshawar valley. It was made district in 1937 with the bifurcation of district of Peshawar. Swabi and Charsadda districts were later carved out of Mardan in the 1980s. Mardan district is now comprises of two tehsils i.e. Takhtbhai and Mardan. The total area of Mardan is about 1,632 sq km. The City of Mardan has 56 Union councils in total out of which 16 follows urbanized trend and lie in jurisdiction of City. The population in 1.96 Million1 , the annual growth rate is 1.5%. The estimated population in 2012 is 2.08 Million.

Figure 2-1: Map of Mardan, Pakistan

2.3. City Statistics

1 Census Report, 2008

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The city baseline statistics were collected from the discussions/meetings with the concerned TMA staff and data provided by them. The general waste characteristics are detailed below in table No:

S. No Description Quantity

1 Population (Urban) 0.396 Million2 2 Waste Generation Rate 0.55 Kg/cap/day3 3 Total Waste on the basis of Population 217 tons/day 4 Waste Transported to Landfill Site 65-70 tons/day 5 Landfill Site (7 Km away from TMA

office) 240 Kannals4

2.4. Guli Bagh (The Study Area)

Gulibagh is one of the Urban Union Council of Mardan city situated to the southeast of TMA office, Mardan. This Union Council lies in Middle to low Income group where average monthly income of family is between 8-12 thousand rupees.

Figure 2-2 : Area Map of Guli Bagh

The following table explains the existing scenario of Guli Bagh.

Table 2-1: Existing scenario of Guli Bagh, Mardan

Indicators Guli Bagh Indicators Guli Bagh Population 35000-40000 Staff Employment 5 Sanitary Workers & 1

Sanitary Supervisor

2 Annual Budget Report, 2012 TMA Mardan 3 Ernst Besler+ Partner, 2007 4 A Kannal is equal to 5399.57 square feet

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UC Type Urban Tools One Wheel Barrow No of House

Holds <5000 Recycling at house

hold < 10%

Socio Economic Status

Middle to Low Income

Informal Waste Picking

> 35% (by 5-6 Waste Pickers)

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3. The State of Waste in Mardan 3.1. Situation in the City

Specific information for the study area is described in detail under specific chapter, before analyzing overall findings are discussed in the following paragraphs 3.2. City Waste Composition and total waste generated

The baseline study of SWM in the respective cities has research based data on different types of waste, i.e. municipal solid waste, and commercial waste generated 3.3. Differentiate between categories of Solid Waste

Although the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 19975, defines four different waste categories, on provincial level only Municipal solid waste is referred to in rules on SWM.

Therefore a legal basis has to be enacted to distinguish among: o Municipal Solid Waste o Construction Waste o Slaughter Waste o Hospital Waste

3.4. Hospital waste management

Reliable data on hospital waste generation is not available, it is mixed with municipal waste and collected and disposed off by the CDGs and TMAs. Hospitals do not have a separate collection system from waste generation to the disposal. Hospital wastes include both risk and non-risk wastes. Classification of hospital wastes is compiled and described the “Hospital Waste Management Rules 2005”.

3.5. Construction Waste Management

Construction waste is generated at construction sites in and outside the residential areas. There are no data on the number and size of construction sites. Construction waste gets mostly mixed with municipal waste or goes to open drains. Most of the building materials are locally produced and are based to a large extent on natural resources.

5 The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997

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4. Estimation of Waste generation and Composition In order to estimate the total waste generation in Guli Bagh, household quantity and

composition survey was conducted.

4.1. Waste Generation

The waste generation estimation of Guli Bagh was done using the UNESCAP and Waste Concern developed guidelines. The detailed SWM generation form and calculations are annexed.

Table 4.1: SWM Generation in Guli Bagh

Description Quantity Generation Rate from domestic sources 0.179 kg/person/day

Generation rate from non domestic sources 0.1253 kg/person/day Total Waste Generation rate of City 0.3043 kg/person/day

Population6 35000 Total Waste 10 tons/day

Collected Waste 2.5-3 tons/day Un Collected Waste 6.5-7 tons/day Density of Waste* 61.64 Kg/m3

*Density of waste is at Household level without compaction

4.2. Waste Composition

Composition of waste changes from the point of its collection to final disposal site. The waste of Gulli Bagh comprises of 29% readily degradable, 28% of recyclables and 43% Miscellaneous. The major proportion is miscellaneous waste which has approximately 90 % organics. On daily basis 180 samples were taken from households. The Typical composition of municipal solid waste after composition study of Guli Bagh is represented in Fig.4-1.

Table 4-2: Waste Composition of Mardan (180 Samples)

Composition Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Total %

6 Data obtained from the Tehsil Officer Finance, TMA Mardan

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Weight Vegetables 0.70 2.21 1.78 2.51 1.59 2.66 2.90 14.34 20.48

Bones 0.19 0.03 0.05 0.26 0.18 0.25 0.19 1.15 1.64 Paper 0.35 0.23 0.34 0.53 0.44 0.54 0.65 3.09 4.41 Textile 0.42 0.34 0.55 0.47 0.38 0.61 0.45 3.22 4.60 Plastic 0.77 0.67 0.95 1.25 0.82 0.73 0.43 5.62 8.03

Grass/Wood 1.02 0.10 0.52 0.41 1.22 0.87 1.33 5.47 7.81 Leather/Rubber 0.00 0.37 0.14 0.15 0.42 0.18 0.21 1.47 2.10

Metals 0.00 0.03 0.15 0.18 0.75 0.23 0.34 1.68 2.41 Glass/Ceramics 0.17 0.35 0.42 0.57 1.11 0.80 0.20 3.60 5.15 Miscellaneous* 6.40 5.68 5.10 3.67 3.10 3.13 3.30 30.37 43.38

Total (Kg) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 70 100 *Miscellaneous Waste Contains 90% Organic Fractions

Figure 4.1: Waste Composition of Mardan City (180 Samples)

21%

2%

4%

5%8%

8%

2%2%5%

43%

CompositionVegetables

Bones

Paper

Textile

Plastic

Grass/Wood

Leather/Rubber

Metals

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5. Examination of Existing Waste Management and Recycling System This part deals with the estimation of the existing system of SWM in Mardan City.

Special emphasis was given on the mapping of recycling chain, including informal waste collection and recycling sector.

5.1. Formal Collection System

Budget5

Table 5-1: Budget of TMA Mardan for Waste Management 2012-20137

Description Budget (Pak Rs.) Employs Related Fund

(Basic Pay+ Allowance) 97401455

Petrol Oil and Lubricant* 4158500 Repair & Maintenance for Vehicles of TMA

(Solid Waste and Office) 1955609

Total 103515564 *Includes the transportation cost (Fuel) for SWM Vehicles

Formal Waste Collection

The total amount of waste collected by the TMA staff varies from 65-70 tons per day. The staff of TMA that includes baildar, Sanitary Workers, Behashti and Drivers is directly involved in collection and disposal of solid waste. The supervisory staff includes Sanitary Inspector, Chief Sanitary Inspector and Chief Officer.

At present limited house to house collection services are in operation within the city. This service is limited to the areas where the private parties are working. In general < 5% of the total population is having primary collection of waste from house hold. The fee collected by the private party is from Rupees 50-100 per month.

The general prospect from the household survey depicts that citizens of Gulibagh are not willing to pay service charges for collection of waste from their houses as they are least concerned about the disposal and transportation of Solid Waste.

Table 5-2: Staff Employment for waste collection

Description Posts

7 Schedule of Establishment received from Technical Finance Officer (Copy Enclosed)

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Sanitary Worker 255

Sanitary Inspector 22

Chief Sanitary Inspector 1

Table 5-3: Staff Employment for waste Management in total

Description Posts

Sanitary Worker 255

Labour used for carpeting of Roads(Baildar) 566

Water Distributer (Behashti) 34 Sanitary Inspector 22

Chief Sanitary Inspector 1 Chief Officer 1

The TMA has the basic necessary Machinery available for the collection and transportation of their city waste to the designated landfill site. The details of list of Machinery & tools available are described as under:

Table 5-4: Equipment Involved in Waste Management

Type of Vehicle/tool Quantity Capacity (tons)

Trips (Per Day)

Tractor Trolley 04 1.5 2-3 Tractor with Blade 01 -- --

Skip Container Trucks 04 1.75 4-5 Containers 89 1.75 --

Tractor Trolley Rooter 07 0.75 2-3

Transportation of Waste

The waste is transported as describe in the waste cycle for Mardan City

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Figure 5-1: Waste Collection Cycle in Mardan City

The Solid Waste after collection from the secondary collection points by the trucks/tractor trolley is hauled directly to the designated landfill site. There is no transfer station available or being constructed by the responsible agency.

For the provision of Municipal services, the TMA is not charging any fee at household or from the commercial units.

The collection of Hospital and other hazardous waste produced in the city is a responsibility of the TMA, however the waste collected from hospitals and other medical units is neither transported separately nor disposed in special arrangements according to the Environmental Prohibitions.

There is no specific formal collection recyclables from solid waste, however the staff involved in the primary collection of waste segregates the waste while collection from the households. On average one staff member collects a waste of Rs. 175-200 on daily basis; this collected waste is sold to the Kabari Shop available in their area of service.

The Kabari’s after purchasing Recyclable material from staff and waste pickers crush it at its own shop. The metals are pressed, Pet items are crushed to small grains by using mechanical power and other items are bailed.

Primary Collection by Sanitary Workers

Waste tranported by Wheel barrows to Secondary

Collection points

Trucks/trolleys transport waste to the Landfill site

Disposal of Solid Waste at Landfill site

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5.1.1. Analysis of operations of Current Landfill site

The city of Mardan owns a designated place for disposal of their city waste. This dumping ground is situated in the West of TMA office around 7 Km away. The site has an area of 240 Kannals. The daily waste transported to the landfill site is 65-70 tons8. The landfill site usually has no cover of soil without any compaction. This landfill site can be termed as Unmanaged Landfill site. There is no collection of Leachate or Landfill gas at the landfill site.

Table 5-5: Characteristics of TMA Mardan Landfill site

S. No Landfill Site Description Analysis 1 Area 240 Kannals 2 Daily Waste Deposition 65-70 tons 3 Type of Land Plain with light depressions (< 5 feet) 4 Area Used 20 % of total 5 Type of Deposition Normal daily Soil Cover Without

Compaction 6 Average Life 10 years (2020) 7 Landfill Characterization Unmanaged Landfill site 8 Gas & Leachate collection Not Available

5.1.2. Analysis of the performance of the existing Compost Plants

The compost plants in Mardan city were not observed. The Administrator TMA was very keen for the installation of compost plants, for this the administrator personally visited different composting facilities of country including the visit to Lahore Compost facility.

5.2. Informal Collection System

Waste picking is a widespread activity in nearly all cities of developing countries. Men, women and children, namely scavengers, make their living by collecting the valuables from wastes that households and enterprises throw away. Some waste pickers collect materials from factories, offices, stores, schools, hospitals and residential areas, and dumpsters (large waste receptacles) that hold an abundance of valuable waste. Others work on dumpsites and secondary collection points where huge amount of wastes is gathered. There is a difference in whole of Pakistan between the solid waste quantities generated and the amounts reaching final disposal sites. Part of that difference is due to the reuse and recycling of valuable waste types such as used plastics, used paper and cardboard, used glass and used metals. Mostly informal segregation activities take place at every stage of the solid waste management cycle, from the source to the disposal site:

5.2.1. Actors and Location

8 Record Keeper (Kora Moharrar) at the landfill site

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A reconnaissance survey was conducted in the Mardan City in general and Guli Bagh the focused area in particular. The survey was designed to meet the objective for identifying the actors involved in the waste recycling.

Following waste compositions are picked by the actors involved in informal collection of waste:

Table 5-6: Waste Recycling Actors in Mardan City

Actor Waste Type Fraction of Waste Collected in total

Households Paper, Metal, Wheat <10% Waste Pickers Paper, Metal, Pet, Plastic,

Rubber >35

Hawkers Paper, Metal, Pet, Plastic, Rubber

>35%

Municipal Waste Collectors

Paper, Metal, Pet, Plastic, Rubber

<20%

The shops dealing with the recyclable materials are spread all over the city; mostly the shops are inside homes in outskirts of the city. In city center very few shops are present. The estimated number of shops in the whole city is around 57-60, estimated by the TMA officials. Each shop has 2-3 hawkers. The total number of hawkers in the city is less than 120.

5.2.2. Number and Income of Actors

The number of actors involved was estimated by identification of chain involved in this business. Each actor was asked to whom they sell their retrieved/collected materials and how many are there who collect and sell the same material. By calculation, less than 120 hawkers are estimated that are operating in Mardan City.

The waste pickers in city operate in two shifts i.e. Night and Early Morning. The night shift is focused to collect recyclable waste from the streets, commercial areas and other places. The day shift has the focus on the secondary collection point of waste in city. On Major containers, 1-2 waste pickers are observed that were collecting waste from the open dumps and containers. In interview with few waste pickers, the daily income of each waste picker was estimated; on average a waste picker makes Rs. 250-400 daily by the selling off its collected recyclable material to the Whole Sale shops.

5.2.3. Quantity and Price of Collected Recyclable

In the reconnaissance survey, all the actors were interviewed and data was generated. The prices for recyclable items are different according to the type of waste. On average each waste picker collects 25-40 kg of waste daily, and generates around Rs. 250-400 from selling these recyclable material to the whole sale shops. Total quantity of waste was roughly estimated to 4 tons (Estimated on the basis of Income generated and price of recyclables). This includes the waste collected by all the actors involved in the chain.

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The basic system and the involved stakeholders are reported to be similar all over the city. Since the larger traders and the recycling industry can be found to a very large extent in Lahore, recyclables for manufacturing and export are brought to the capital city of the Punjab from all cities of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhawa.

Figure 5-2: The Process Chain for recyclable products

5.2.4. Interest Group and Mafia

In general no Interest group was identified in Mardan City, whereas the market/shops of Kabaris are interlinked to the main whole seller. This depicts the old association ties between them which may get vulnerable upon disturbance to their interests. The whole seller takes waste from the small shops on weekly basis and is done with the coordination between the shopkeepers.

5.2.5. Vegetable Market

TMA Mardan owns vegetable market where the vegetables and fruits from different areas of KPK are brought in to sell and also transport to Islamabad vegetable market. The amount of waste depends upon the season and type of vegetable/fruit. Higher amounts of waste are observed during the season of cabbage and water melon. The vegetable market is 12 Km away from the IRRC. The inclusion of vegetable market waste will increase the transportation cost. On average there are 80-100 shops that sell goods in the market. On average basis each shop produces 3-5 Kg of Vegetable waste that includes rotten vegetable and green waste parts. The vegetable market waste contains husk, rotten fruits and vegetables, leaves etc. this constitutes 80% and rest of 20% includes dirt, dust, stones and wood.

Procesing Unit

Whole Sale Shops

Waste Picker/Hawkers/Municpal

Satff

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Table 5-7: Existing Scenario of Vegetable Markets in Mardan

Vegetable Markets Type of Market

Amount of Waste (Tons)

Distance from Gulibagh (Km)

Main Vegetable Market

Large 0.5-1.0 12

Linked Market Small <0.1 9 Linked Market Small <0.1 7

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6. Institutional Capacity and Ongoing Initiatives To identify the institutional capacity, detailed interviews were conducted with the

stakeholders involved in SWM cycle of Mardan City. The structured interview was conducted to record the views of municipal staff to identify institutional weakness regarding solid waste management and their views on how best to improve it.

The interviews were conducted with the Administrator, Tehsil Officer Finance, Chief Office, Chief Engineer, Chief Sanitary Inspector and sanitation staff.

It was observed that no regulation, guidelines or initiatives on promoting separation at source is done. There is not much interest available for the concept of 3R i.e. Reduce, Refuse & Recycle.

The administrator was keen for the RDF project Installation, for this he travelled to Lahore and many cement agencies to get a viable and active solution. The problem faced by the administrator was the quantity of waste available in Mardan city.

For conversion of green waste to compost, no specific law exists in the city by-laws or at Provincial level. However, these activities are catered in the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997, Section (11) Prohibition of Certain Discharges or Emissions, part I, deals for disposal/discharge of waste. Moreover, all the administrative setups within the country are liable to dispose off their Waste with compliance to Environmental Guidelines by approved scientific methods and guidelines.

No initiatives were observed in the marketing of compost as it’s done at a very minute scale within the country in general and Province in particular.

The Tehsil Administration has developed the landfill site and other tools for collection of Municipal Solid waste, its transportation and disposal were procured in 2008-09 by the special grants from government. At the moment no support programmes for the management of landfill site are in progress in Mardan City.

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7. Assessment of Community Needs In addition to aforementioned surveys mentioned, community needs assessment survey

was also conducted. The survey was structured to assess community needs; household sample survey was conducted in different income groups using structured questionnaire survey.

The population group was divided into different income groups. These groups were identified on the basis of judgmental sampling and sample from 20 households from each group was taken.

7.1. Household Level

A two way approach was carried out at house hold level to determine the waste characteristics by a detailed sampling of selected houses and social stakeholder survey at household level for determination of social and cultural habits of the inhabitants.

Household waste storage was done in used or refused buckets/Tin Containers. Mostly the storage containers in the household are open. Sometimes the scrapper was used to cover the buckets. Mostly the waste bucket has a shopper placed in.

Daily sweeping of house was observed and washing of cemented floors is done. That determines the positive approach towards hygiene and cleanliness. The inhabitants were keen to dispose the waste on priority and on daily basis. Areas where the service of sanitation staff is not present the inhabitants through their waste in open plots along the streets. The role of household members is to somehow through the waste out from their home and is least bothered to know what happens to the waste from open dumps or the points where they throw waste.

The observed waste composition show that very less amount of segregation of waste is done at household level except for few item i.e. metals & paper.

The cultural habits revealed that in one house is shared between two or three families and they have different waste bins available for each household. In few occasions the waste bins were shared between the joint families.

Community needs assessment survey was conducted to assess community needs at household level. The sample size for this survey was 50.Survey was conducted in different income groups using structured questionnaire survey provided in UNESCAP guidelines. The results of Community needs survey was depicted in Table 7-1.

Table 7-1: Results of Community needs assessment survey at house hold level

S. No

Description Predominant Reply

No of Framers

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S. No


No of Framers

1 Educational qualification of the head

Illiterate 20

Primary 15

Secondary 12

Higher 3

2 Profession of the head

Government Employee 15

Private Employee 25

Business 7

Student 0

Retired 3

3 Monthly Finances

Income Rs. 8000-15000 per

month

Expenditures Rs. 8000-15000 per

month

4 Satisfaction with your current waste disposal system No

5 Current waste disposal system is polluting the environment

Yes Waste Not collected

Regularly 50

6 Disposal of waste from household is done by Family Member 50

7 Disposal of waste mechanism from house Empty Space Near House

8 Problems faced for disposing waste

No Containers in the area 39

Dustbin is quite far away 11

9 Current cost spend for waste disposal per month Zero

10 Satisfaction level about the present municipal waste removal system Not Satisfactory

11 How often do you dispose your household waste? Every Day 31

Once in two days 19

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S. No


No of Framers

12 Disposal of household waste polythene /plastic

packet 27

Small bucket 23

13 Waste disposal timings from household No definite time

14 How often does the city municipality collect the waste Don’t know

15 Problems generated from improper waste disposal

Wastes being disposed in the drain and blocking the drain

29

Mosquitoes/ flies from the dumped wastes

21

16 Preferred system for removal of household waste A collector will collect the waste from the house

50

17 Waste Collection Charges for collection of waste from house hold Zero (Not Willing)

18 If your waste is collected directly from your house, then it will be suitable if it is collected: Everyday

19 When do you prefer for your waste to be collected? Morning 39

Evening 11

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Do you know that from kitchen and vegetable wastes an organic fertilizer can be made which is good for environment and does not degrade the

fertility of land like other chemical fertilizers, on the contrary very much useful for plants and lands?

No 47

Yes 3

21 Would you like to use this organic fertilizer in your garden or in the plants’ tub?

Yes 41

No 9

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S. No


No of Framers

22 Will you agree to separate your kitchen waste from other household waste?

Yes 29

No 21

23 Community participation is inevitable for local waste collection system and improvement of

environment – do you agree?

Yes 34

No 16

24 Do you have any idea about Community Based Organization (CBO)?

Yes 7

No 43

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Community based Organization (CBO) s can improve the local waste removal system and can

help to provide a better environment. Do you like to participate in this type of activities? Y / N

Yes 28

No 22

26 Current Priority Needs

1. Water Supply 35

2. Drainage 34

3. Sanitation 33

4. Solid Waste Management 39

7.2. Municipal Level

A baseline of the detailed information was explained above that includes the overall waste generation and collection mechanism along with the Municipal Services setup of Mardan city. The Municipality has placed one 1.75 cubic meter container. This container is regularly lifted by the Municipality in daily basis. The container is Skip type and Skip Trucks are used to lift and haul them. From the detailed survey it is depicted that the community is not willing to pay any service charges.

7.3. Market Level

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The informal sector was quantified in Mardan City. The targeted city was estimated for Waste Recovery done. The total annual informal waste recovery was estimated to 9 Million Pakistani Rupees, with daily activity of more than Rs 25000.

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8. Identification of Possible Options for Recycling This step of the planning process was to identify possible options for solid waste

recycling based on the estimated waste generation rate, physical and chemical composition of solid waste and existing pattern of the solid waste recycling and resource recovery.

The major portion of Municipal Solid Waste in the City of Mardan was observed to be Debris, Mud etc with organic fraction of 90% termed as Miscellaneous. The organic waste was 30% and can be converted to useful forms as Fodder, Compost or may be for production of Bio-diesel, biogas or briquetting.

The organic wastes have high moisture (3-5%) content in it that makes it more suitable for composting process. The overall condition of soil in the Mardan was good and has a normal pH. The organic matter in the soil is also rich and compost can improve the condition of present soil even more for increased production of crops.

8.1. Recycling Options

Composting

The solid waste of Gulibagh has high concentration of waste with organic matter additive with high moisture content. The temperature of Mardan is also suitable for the composting process. The only constrain for compost plant is the amount of waste required to sustain the compost plant.

Refuse Derived Fuel

Refuse derived fuel can also be one option due to the availability of Cement Kiln in the nearby area. The amount required for the Cement Kiln is one of the issues for RDF plant as a minimum of 400 tons Solid Waste may be desired by the Cement plant owners.

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9. Information for carbon financing opportunities The present state of Laws, strategy and policies within the country supports carbon

financing. However, need is to start projects with specific scope towards carbon financing with good technical skills.

The government at Federal level in general and Provincial level in particular is keen for development of project specially related to Waste management for Carbon financing and to improve the overall condition of cities polluted with waste.

In Pakistan the use of fertilizers has resulted in tremendous yield increases. Over a period of thirty years, with the introduction of high yielding varieties of food grains the use of chemical fertilizers has increased from about 100 to 5700 thousand metric tons in 1996. During this period, the production of major crops also increased significantly. In the case of wheat, which is the main food crop, the production has gone up from 3.9 million metric tons to 17 million metric tons. Rice production has increased from 1.3 million metric tons to 4 million metric tons. Sugarcane has also progressed from 22 million tons to 45 million tons and maize production from 0.7 million tons to 1.3 million tons. There have also been other major factors like increase in acreage, increased supplies of water, availability of seeds of better quality and high yielding varieties; improved pest management and adoption of modern agricultural practices which have contributed to the increased food production along with the chemical fertilizers.

The amount of organic fertilizer application within the country cannot be estimated. The major user of organic fertilizer in country is the Barani or Arid Areas, where Cow dung is used as organic fertilizer to improve the general conditions of soil.

The most common method of Municipal Solid Waste disposal in the country is Open dumps, where some time the soil cover is maintained. The general condition of the dumps is very bad having fire everywhere, no leachate or gas collection mechanisms available in most cases.

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10. Marketing of Compost and its use in agriculture As discussed earlier, most of the farmers in this area use chemical fertilizers, animal dung

is one of the alternatives that is used before sowing of crops. The application is approximately 4 tons per kannal of land, where it’s not used as replacement for chemical fertilizers. However, the farmers think as the animal dung increase water infiltration capacity of soil.

It is further revealed from the field survey that compost can be used for replacement of chemical fertilizers until or unless is being applied in the fields and attains same results. The quality of compost is also very important for making the farmers understand the organic culture. The feasibility of replacing compost over the application of chemical fertilizer requires a comprehensive field survey in addition to practical application of compost. The results shall be shared among the farmers to make them understand benefits of compost application in agriculture fields. In most parts of country in particular and Mardan in general, the farmers are keen to use the agricultural practices adopted by their fore fathers. This approach can be moderated and changed by the introduction of practical results that will enlighten the concept in farmers as “Seeing is Believing”.

The questionnaire survey on the farmers was conducted to determine the present use of compost in their crop land, their demand for compost, as well as their ability and willingness to pay compost and also their present practice of agriculture in terms of doses and crop type. This survey also aimed to understand about the energy consumption by farmers required to irrigate their agricultural lands. Total sample size was 20; this includes small and large scale land owner farmers. General opinion of the farmers was that “compost and animal dung” are same things. Regarding crops, Pakistan has two cropping seasons “Rabi” and “Kharif”. In Pakistan the Kharif Season starts on April 16th and lasts until October 15th whereas Rabi Season starts on 15th October and lasts until 15th April9.

Table 10-1: Analysis of Farmer’s questionnaire survey

S. No


No of Farmers

1 Quantity of Land <8 Kannals 14

>8 Kannals 6

2 Information of Family < 8 Persons 7

9 PARC, Annual Report on Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan, 2012

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S. No


No of Farmers

> 8 Persons 13

3 Have you any tree < 4 8

> 4 12

4 Amount of leaf & branch used as cooking fuel from own trees per month 80 kg/ month

5 Did you participate in social forestry programmes? No

6 The name of crop you cultivate :

Rabi Wheat, barley, mustard

Kharif Maize, Jowar, Sugarcane, Sugar Beet, ground nut

7 Number of Animal: Cows (2-5Years)

35

Goats (<3 Years)

49

Chickens(1-2 Years)

71

8 What are you using for cultivation? Animals (Donkey &

Bull)

9 Farmers

Tractor 20 Farmers

9 What do you use for irrigation in your land?

Diesel Pump 20 Farmers

10 What amount do you spent in a year? Not Known

11 Which source are you using for irrigation? Cannal/Ground Water

Both

12 If you use underground water, Please mention the depth of it

65-100 feet

13 Do you face any problem for irrigation? Yes

Problem: Water do not reach the fields when required

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S. No


No of Farmers

14 Do you have any suggestion to solve irrigation problem?

To decrease canal water theft and proper schedule for irrigation shall be followed

15 What do you do with poultry waste Mix with Animal Dung

16 What do you do with cow dung?

Use as fertilizer in the fields

Yes by all farmers

Application per kannal

2 Trolleys per Kannal of Animal Dung

Weight of One trolley > 2 Tons

Fuel Yes by all farmers as bricks

17 What do you do with agricultural waste? Use it as fodder or burn it

18 What fuel do you use for cooking purpose?

Liquid Petroleum Gas and Wood

19 What is your per month fuel cost for cooking purpose?

Rs. 1500-2000

20 Do you use kerosene? Not Now

21 Is smoke created during cooking? Yes

No Idea for diseases

22 What do you do with kitchen waste? Just throw It to the open field

23 Do you know about compost? No

24 If yes, describe the usefulness of compost No

25 Do you produce compost? No (Farmyard Manure is prepared by Animal Dung)

26 Are you interested to produce compost? No idea

27 Is it possible to get organic waste from adjoining market?

We get animal dung from other farmers

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S. No


No of Farmers

28 If you produce compost, are you facing any problem?

No idea

30 What fertilizer are you using in your land for last 25 years?

Cow Dung 4 tons per Kannal per year

Fertilizer Urea 40 Kg per Kannal

31 Do you think, present cultivation cost has been increased than the previous time?

Yes

32 What amount of fertilizer are you using in your land according to crop pattern?

No Reply

33 Do you think, crop production is decreasing day by day?

Yes because the new generation is involved in jobs

34 Do you think, soil fertility is decreasing day by day?

Yes, because every year we increase the fertilizer requirements

35 Which seems to you as the best organic fertilizer?

Cow dung

36 Is any weather issue working for decreasing soil fertility or crop production?

No Idea

37 Do you change crop pattern due to weather change?

No

38 What are the barriers to produce more crops?

1. Lack of irrigation (for electricity or diesel)

2. Lack or high price of chemical fertilizer

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The analysis of fertilizer shops was conducted in Mardan City and associated areas. Total 08 shops were visited to analyse the current situation of fertilizer applications and general trend/mind set of the farmers in Mardan. The retailers were off the view that if compost is supplied to them in sufficient quantity with some incentives to the farmers, the farmers may get interested to apply it in their fields. However, the results of the survey are displayed in Table 10-1.

Table 10-2: Analysis of Fertilizer shops

S. No Description Predominant Reply 1 Total Shops Visited 08 2 Type of Shop Retailer 05

Dealer 03 3 Information about fertilizer sale No estimates were given by

the shopkeepers however they mainly sale: Urea NPK Pesticide Machinery Parts (Sprayers)

4 Amount of compost sale increasing or decreasing in last 3-5 year

Not available

5 How many dealer shop exists in your area & how many dealer sale compost/ enriched compost

3 & No one sale compost

6 How many retailer shop exists in your area & how many retailer sale compost/ enriched compost

5 & No one sale compost

7 Do you know the advantage of compost? No 8 Do you supply the using procedure of compost to the

farmers at the time of compost sale? Do not Sale Compost

9 What steps may be taken to increase the sale of compost?

No idea

Study Findings

In the preceding description of this city chapter, the study has been able to capture an objective picture of the state of SWM in Mardan-its current status, its prospects for the future on the basis of current commitment of political masters, management personnel and the community at large for better, healthier and more productive SWM. The data collected and analyzed in the city profile also brings out the severity and complexity of the issues faced by the concern quarters and the presence or absence of an atmosphere amenable to change in quality of public service through a systematic approach to SWM.

The major findings are detailed as;

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o The city needs a best practice example of an integrated solid waste management plan (ISWMP) and project;

o There is a strong need for an ISWMP in Mardan, based on the challenges faced by the city’s environment, health hazards to its population and socio-economic needs of the people.

o Few big industries in Mardan increases its importance to be progressed as entrepreneurial hub of KPK in future, its political leadership promises a persistence commitment to the cause of SWM which can guarantee a sustainability of the project.

o Geographical profile of the city with its myriad growth of unplanned population clusters demand a high quality of technical responses to SWM issues.

o The size and type of SWM solutions would be easily replicable elsewhere. o An assisted ISWMP would bring tangible profits and healthy changes in the city’s economy,

with special focus on the disposal of SW. o The community awareness in the city would also guarantee sustainability for the project and

a smooth exit strategy could be planned. o The present composition of waste in the targeted area can be used for composting and

resource recovery, resulting in minimal waste to the disposal site. The resource recovery & a compost plant would require large number of households to receive the required waste, and can manage the cycle for its operational costs.

Conclusion The team of consultants concludes the study with availability of opportunities regarding establishment of Integrated Resource Recovery Centers in Urban UC’s of Mardan to improve SWM and its disposal; promoting the culture of organic farming in its near vicinity.

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11. Annexures SWM Hierarchy in Mardan ……………………………………………………………………………………… 37

Composition of Baseline Study team …………………………………………………………………… 38

List of People for Information Gathering …………………………………………………………….. 38

List of Acronyms ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….39

Solid Waste Management Composition Study ………………………………………………………..40

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SWM Hierarchy in Mardan

Administrator

Chief Officer

Chief Sanitary Inspetor

Sanitary Inspector

Baildar

Behashti

Sanitary Worker

Chief Engineer

Tehsil Officer Finance

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Composition of Baseline Study team

S. No

Particulars Name of Member

Qualification Nationality

1 Associate Member 1 Dr. M. A. Baig PhD Pakistani 2 Associate Member 2 Dr. M. Fahim

Khokhar PhD German

3 Sr. Solid Waste Management Specialist

Dr. Mazhar Azim MBBS Pakistani

4 Team Leader M Usman Hanif PhD Candidate Pakistani 5 Project Monitor Sarah Azhar BS Student French 6 Environmental Engineer 1 Hamid Iqbal PhD Candidate Pakistani 7 Environmental Engineer 2 Saadat Ali MS Engineer Pakistani 8 Sanitary Supervisors Rafique Intermediate Pakistani 9 Sanitary Workers (05) -- -- Pakistani

List of People for Information Gathering

S. No Mardan 1 Administrator 2 Tehsil Officer Finance 3 Chief Officer 4 Chief Sanitary Inspector 5 Sanitary Inspector 6 Residents of Guli Bagh 7 Farmers in Mardan 8 Shop Keepers 9 Hawkers 10 Recycling Business Persons

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List of Acronyms

CDG City District Government CO Chief Officer CSI Chief Sanitary Inspector CSO Civil Society Organization DCO District Coordination Officer HW Household Waste HHWC Household Waste Collection HW Hospital Waste MD Managing Director MSW Municipal Solid Waste MSWM Municipal Solid Waste Management MT Mega ton NGOs Non-Government Organizations PC Primary Collection PEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Act POL Petrol, Oil and Lubricant RDF Refuse Derived Fuel SC Secondary Collection SI Sanitary Inspector SM Social Mobilizers SS Sanitary Supervisor SW Sanitary Worker SWM Solid Waste Management TMA Tehsil Municipal Administration TMO Tehsil Municipal Officer TO Tehsil Officer UC Union Council CDGR City District Government Rawalpindi DO (SWM) District Officer Solid Waste Management

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Solid Waste Management Composition Study

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Baseline Study for SWM in Mardan Pakistan

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