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Bangladesh Environmentand Climate Resilient

Sustainable Development

Vision 2021

25 February 2010

Parliamentary Standing Committee on Ministry of Environment & Forests

Bangladesh Environmentand Climate Resilient

Sustainable Development

Vision 2021

25 February 2010

Contents Context and trends 1

The vision 3

General targets for 2021 3

Policy actions 4

Regional sustainable development visions 14

Priority enabling measures during 2010-2014 17

Priority actions for 2010 17

Targets and indicators 19

References 22

Sus ta i nab l e Deve l opmen t V i s i on 2021 1

Sustainable development aims to meet present human needs while maintaining the environment such that the ability of future generations to meet their needs is not compromised. It recognises and addresses the interactions over time between people (society and economy) and environment. While this concept has drawn attention internationally since the early 1990s, now is the opportune time to adopt this paradigm if we wish to be on the path to a healthy environment and economy by the 50th anniversary of Bangladesh.

Bangladesh has achieved notable development successes in recent decades, with average life expectancy increasing to 65 years, economic growth sustained at about 6% a year, GDP increased to US$ 433 per person, and the percentage of people living in poverty reduced to 40% by 2005. These trends are likely to continue in the next decade, but are not sustainable.

The momentum of past global economic development has left a legacy of irreversible climate change which will continue for decades and the consequences of which must now be faced by present and future generations. In the same way, without a significant shift in the national development path the environmental costs of this path will place serious constraints on the future wellbeing of the citizens of Bangladesh. Despite reducing the population growth rate to 1.4% by 2006, present estimates and the National Population Policy expect only to achieve a stable population by about 2070 when there would be around 230 million people (about 1,600 per km2).

About 1% of crop land is lost each year to other land uses. Even without climate change, an annual rice deficit of 4.7 million tonnes is predicted by 2030 (Ministry of Environment and Forest 2005). If the present development path continues, the productivity of land that remains in cultivation will need to increase by about 35% by 2021 to maintain the current level of food security. But by 2070 if there is

Context and Trends

no urgent action to halt population growth, the farm land that would be left after accommodating increasing non-farm needs would have to be some 2.5 times more productive to maintain per capita food security. Thus to keep up with population growth and the need to reduce poverty in the short term, agriculture will have to grow at an annual rate of 4.0-4.5% (GOB 2008). Despite the proven ability to raise productivity in the past, in the future this could only be achieved through ever more intensive agriculture dependent on biotechnology, genetic engineering and loss of biodiversity in farm land and wetlands. Moreover, in the longer term attempts to achieve these levels of sustained production gains are unlikely to succeed considering the additional constraints imposed by declining ground water levels and climate change.

Already the environment is under severe and increasing stresses:

Wetlands and rivers are dying, a considerable part of floodplain wetlands including 4.5 million ha of floodplain have been drained and degraded, siltation and flooding are growing problems, and native fishes are in decline with 30% of freshwater fish species threatened (IUCN 2000).

Ground water levels are falling by 0.5 to 1 m/year in parts of the central and north-western regions (Shamsudduha et al. 2009).

About 25% of the population is exposed to arsenic levels exceeding Bangladesh standards (0.05 mg/l) (WARPO, 2000).

Although 17% of Bangladesh is considered forest land and 10% is controlled by Forest Department, natural tree cover is much reduced, for example UNEP using 1992/3 satellite images found apparently non-degraded forest on 6.4% of land.

Most large fauna are threatened with extinction or

Sus ta i nab l e Deve l opmen t V i s i on 20212

already nationally extinct: out of 120 mammal species 27 are globally threatened and of these 7 are nationally extirpated; out of 650 bird species 33 are globally threatened and of these 9 are nationally extirpated; out of 154 reptile species 22 are globally threatened; and out of 402 fish species at least 6 are globally threatened (Siddiqui et al. 2008; but status assessments for fish are incomplete).

Poor coordination and planning of infrastructure results in a very high density of rural roads and drainage congestion.

Migration to towns and cities, driven by limited rural economic opportunities and hazards such as erosion and pulled by industrialisation, has raised problems of overcrowding and slum development.

Unsustainable urbanisation results in traffic congestion, untreated effluent, poor sewerage provisions, 90% of Dhaka’s waterbodies being filled in, waterlogging, and a growing risk of widespread building collapse in earthquakes. Dhaka’s population grew tenfold between 1961 and 2001. Dhaka was recently rated by WWF the Asian mega-city most vulnerable to climate change impacts.

By 2020 it is predicted that 85% of Dhaka’s roads will be congested, with 60% of the road network having average speeds below 5 km/h, and emission levels of road traffic pollutants will be about five times their 2002 levels (Alam and Habib 2003).

Railways account for only 4% of passenger and freight traffic, and water transport for 8-16% of traffic, despite resulting in lower pollution and land take than roads.

Pollution is having an increasing impact on human and ecosystem health and livelihoods: 22% of disease (respiratory and diarrhoeal disease) is reported to be due to environmental factors notably urban air pollution, and poor water quality (World Bank 2006).

40-49% of total energy comes from renewable sources but this is largely biomass (fuelwood, crop residues, and dung) which is overexploited and has significant opportunity costs in terms of loss of soil fertility and

biodiversity, and adverse air quality (indoors and outside) that is injurious to health and the environment.

Electrification, rapid industrial development, increasing car ownership, and conversion to natural gas all result in energy demand (including gas demand) rising faster than economic growth at about 10% a year. But national gas reserves are projected to be exhausted by 2021. Although Bangladesh’s CO2 emissions are currently only 0.2% of global emissions (Ministry of Environment and Forest 2009) and per capita energy consumption and CO2 emissions are very low, they are set to rise by about 4.5 times by 2021.

Bangladesh is the most vulnerable nation to cyclones and sixth most vulnerable to floods (UNDP 2004).

Climate change is predicted to raise average sea level by around 18-79 cm during this century (Ministry of Environment and Forest 2009), an increase in the middle of this range would subject to more regular inundation 10.9% of the country and adversely impact the lives and livelihoods of 5.5 million people who will become environmental refugees.

In summary the costs of following the same “business as usual” path will be uninhabitable cities, environmental degradation and irreversible decisions which will seriously constrain and harm the quality of life of future generations. It has been estimated that just some of the main environmental impacts and constraints already result in economic losses of over 4% of GDP (World Bank 2006), and these losses are likely to grow at least as fast as economic growth. If all of the negative environmental impacts of business as usual growth were valued, it is likely that these would cancel out traditional measures of economic growth

The issue addressed by this vision is how to ensure that the nation can modify its economic growth path so that it is environmentally sustainable and resilient to the trends resulting from global climate change. This vision is founded in the belief that there are opportunities to build sustainability into growth in the immediate future and that this is essential in the face of external and internal driving pressures.


The livelihoods and wellbeing, in the widest senses, of all citizens will have improved, and the gap between rich and poor will have narrowed. This includes meeting the needs of a growing population.

To achieve this vision a set of general targets are proposed. Each of these is overarching – its achievement will depend on cooperation among all citizens enabled by a series of changes in policy and practice. Achievement will be assessed through more specific sub-targets and priority steps. The next section sets out the general targets, and is then followed by: a brief summary of the rationale and policy

The Vision

General Targets for 2021

By 2021 the livelihoods of the nation’s population will be self-sustaining through development that ensures a healthy environment and the welfare of future generations.

approaches required; examples of regional applications of the vision; and a set of steps to be taken up in the next year to enable and fast track the changes necessary.

This vision is broadly consistent with existing key Bangladesh policies, strategies and commitments, in particular to the Millennium Development Goals (MDG). For example the poverty target 1 is in fact MDG 1, and Bangladesh is already expected to meet this target as it has been made a major overall policy objective. The challenge is to achieve all the MDGs including poverty eradication, and then maintain long-term those achievements, through sustainable development.

1. Governance: sustainability is the first priority in all development decisions.

2. Eradicate extreme poverty and with no more than 29% of the population below the upper poverty line by 2015, while achieving national food security.

3. Minimise population growth, with replacement fertility achieved by 2012.

4. Cities are sustainable and more efficient, with development following appropriate structure plans.

5. Villages: the quality of life for the bottom 50% of rural people of all regions has improved by their own definitions and assessments.

6. Agriculture: conversion of agricultural land is minimised and production growth for food security achieved with no increase in total irrigation water or agro-chemical use.

7. Water and wetlands: wetlands (including jalmohals and rivers) hold water throughout their official extent in the dry season, have sufficient flows, and support diverse

aquatic life; also dry season groundwater levels do not fall below 2005 levels.

8. Pollution: national air and water quality standards are met at point emission sources and throughout urban areas and water courses.

9. Forests: tree cover is achieved on 20% of the land surface, and ecologically healthy native forests are restored and protected in all public forest lands (about 16% of land).

10. Biodiversity: no new extinctions, and national populations of globally and nationally threatened species are enhanced.

11. Energy demands of development are met through a low carbon strategy subject to availability of funds and appropriate technologies.

12. Hazards: potential economic losses (particularly from floods, drought and salinity) are reduced from current levels.


In this section the key policy actions needed to address each general target are outlined, along with some more specific sub-targets that can be used by the many concerned government agencies as a basis for operationalizing the 12

Policy Actionsgeneral targets. The following table summarises existing policies and highlights any need for change along with the main responsible ministries.

Theme Summary of policy status and needs Ministries/bodies to take action

Governance The framework should be set in the Constitution: sustainability can be formally recognised by adding as a basic human right the right to a safe, healthy environment. The priority need is to ensure greater accountability in implementing policies.

Lead: Prime Minister’s Office

All Ministries for harmonising policies

Extreme poverty Appropriate policy (PRSP-II) being implemented, but when revised and extended needs to explicitly incorporate sustain-able development principles.

Lead: Ministry of Planning/ Planning CommissionAll Ministries for incorporating sustain-ability

Population Population policy 2004 needs revision to target a lower more sustainable stable population through renewed emphasis on immediately achieving replacement fertility.

Lead: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

Urban No specific policy although various plans for Dhaka. A new land use and planning policy could cover urban and rural areas, including decentralising urban growth, under local government.

Lead: Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development (with revised/new agency for Dhaka)

Villages

Agriculture National Agriculture Policy 1999 promotes “environmentally friendly sustainable agriculture” but implementation needs strengthening. Emphasis on expanding irrigation needs revision to optimising returns from scarce dry season water.

Lead: Ministry of AgricultureMinistry of Water Resources

Water and wet-lands

National Water Policy promotes sustainability of wetland functions and community participation, implementation needs strengthening. In fisheries gaps between current jalmohal leasing policy and fisheries strategy need resolving in favour of environment.

No clear lead, jointly involves:Ministry of Water ResourcesMinistry of Fisheries and LivestockMinistry of Land

Pollution No specific policy, covered partially in policies such as agricul-ture, water, and in instruments under Department of Environ-ment. Need to consolidate air and water quality assurance in a new policy and supporting instruments, such as a “clean water act”.

Lead: Ministry of Environment and ForestsMinistry of Finance/Finance Division for supporting taxes and subsidies

Forests National Forest Policy 1994 focuses on social forestry and 20% of the nation being under tree cover by 2015, implemen-tation needs strengthening. Policy needs revising to enable co-management and ecosystem sustainability in all reserve forests.

Lead: Ministry of Environment and ForestsMinistry of Hill Tracts Affairs


Theme Summary of policy status and needs Ministries/bodies to take action

Biodiversity National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2004, generally consistent with vision, but implementation is limited.

Lead: Ministry of Environment and Forests

Energy Renewable Energy Policy 2008 already sets incentives for expanding renewable sources of energy, needs to be comple-mented by wider policy that also promotes energy conserva-tion.

Joint leads: Power and Energy and Min-eral Resources Divisions

Hazards Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 2009, implementa-tion starting. Otherwise focus has been disaster management which needs revision to link into wider development planning

No clear lead, crosscutting issue involv-ing almost all ministries


1 Governance

The key to this vision is a fundamental change towards good environmental governance. There are already a large number of policy initiatives and strategies that are supportive of sustainable development in Bangladesh. These include sectoral policies such as the National Conservation Strategy 1992, National Water Plan 2000, and National Fisheries Strategy 2006, and cross cutting strategies such as the recent Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan and National Sustainable Development Strategy. However, their implementation and adoption into practice has been at best piecemeal and often constrained by contradictory policies for land management and revenue. The table at the start of this section highlights where policy change and new policies are needed.

To give due weight to this major change towards sustainability, and to enable necessary actions under the remaining 11 themes, two fundamental policy actions are proposed:

1. Recognition of the right to a safe, healthy environment as a basic human right under the Constitution.

2. Making the national budget from the Financial Year 2010-11 environmentally responsible, with a separate heading for climate change, and explicitly using taxes, duties and utility pricing to reflect the social and environmental costs of technologies and consumption.

The vision will be further achieved through a set of sub-targets and actions:

1. Activate in 2010 the National Environment Council to meet regularly and oversee mainstreaming of sustainable development.

2. Incorporation of environmental sustainability as a fundamental objective and requirement at all levels of development planning undertaken by all public agencies.

3. Establish effective cooperation across ministries, line agencies and departments, new regional planning bodies, and local government to achieve sustainable development.

Suggested amendments to The Constitution of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh

Part II

Amendment to clause 15 Provision of basic necessities.

It shall be a fundamental responsibility of the State to (new text) protect and improve the environment for present and future generations, and to attain, through planned economic growth, a constant increase of productive forces and a steady improvement in the material and cultural standard of living of the people, with a view to securing to its citizens-

a. the provision of the basic necessities of life, including food, clothing, shelter, education and medical care;

b. the right to work, that is the right to guaranteed employment at a reasonable wage having regard to the quantity and quality of work;

c. the right to reasonable rest, recreation and leisure; and

d. the right to social security, that is to say to public assistance in cases of undeserved want arising from unemployment, illness or disablement, or suffered by widows or orphans or in old age, or in other such cases.

Part III

New clause: Environment

Subject to any reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the interests of the security of the State, every citizen shall have:

a. the right to a safe and healthy environment

b. the right to information pertaining to the condition of the nation’s environment.


4. Harmonisation of policies under a framework of sustainability across all relevant sectors, not just environment and forests; but including industry, water, agriculture, fisheries, land management, and taxation and revenue.

5. Decentralised policy implementation, with primary responsibility at local government level (upazilas and municipalities), but with stronger checks and balances including rights to appeal and a public inquiry process to limit any potential abuses of power.

6. Enactment of a land use zoning and planning control law to enable decentralised land use planning and establish a process to review and permit or deny land use changes (see next sub-targets).

7. Openness and accountability in development planning supported by strengthening monitoring of environmental quality and making the data publicly available.

8. A change in policy emphasis to planning controls and incentives – decisions on what forms of development and land use change will and will not be allowed and where.

9. Establishing a cadre of well trained planning professionals directly answerable to the relevant level of elected government (and thereby the electorate they represent) who will implement and enforce land use and development controls.

2 Extreme poverty

Poverty reduction is already addressed extensively in national policies and strategy. This is currently embodied in: “Moving ahead: national strategy for accelerated poverty reduction II (FY 2009-11)” or “PRSPII”. However, this is short-medium term and has a largely economic focus. Moreover more attention has been paid to reducing the overall incidence of people in poverty (upper poverty bound), although by 2005 the proportion of people living below the lower poverty line had fallen to 25%. Greater emphasis is now being placed in PRSPII and through various projects on ending extreme poverty, for example in terms of people living on less than the minimum necessary diet. To

ensure that this target is achieved in a long term sustainable way requires that future updates explicitly incorporate sustainability principles by demonstrating that all the sectoral components of the strategy will not lead to adverse environmental impacts, conflict, or close future development options by 2021. There are, therefore, no additional policy actions under this strategy beyond existing policies and the mainstreaming of sustainable development under target 3.

3 Population

The Bangladesh population would need to stabilise earlier with zero growth by 2021, when it is likely to be 185 million. One of the few assessments of Bangladesh carrying capacity by FAO estimated with high technology levels a sustainable population of 185 million, although other assessments based on fuelwood and foodgrain availability give much lower estimates. The concept of carrying capacity assumes that a finite number of people can be supported long term in a given area without reducing the ability of the environment to sustain the desired quality of life. However, there are trade-offs between higher population with more stress on resources and poverty, and vice versa, while technological change increases land productivity. Poverty reduction by improving health, education and incomes helps reduce population growth, but the rate of reduction will be too slow. On present trends and policy the population would only stabilise at 210-250 million between 2060 and 2085. This would undermine all other efforts to achieve sustainable development. To reduce the existing population growth momentum requires placing a renewed high priority on limiting population. The PRSPII recommends that limiting population be reinstated as the nation’s top priority. An implication of a stable population is a higher proportion of older people, up to 2021 this will see an increase in the proportion of working age, but numbers of elderly dependents will also rise. Policy actions and targets will include:

1. Immediately generate widespread public debate on population pressure and its implications for sustainability and create a social preference for families of up to two children.


2. Use national identity data bases and birth registration to support incentives for later marriage and having no more than one child (such as education or health allowances).

3. Make recruitment and continued employment of new recruits in all public sector and semi-public jobs (e.g. teachers), and holding of public office, conditional on having no more than two children.

4. Renew and reinvigorate promotion of measures to limit population growth and family size within a year, through general education, health care and civil society opinion leaders.

5. Establish a conditional safety net of pensions as an incentive within five years: persons over 65 who fall below a means test and have no more than one child would receive a modest pension.

4 Cities

Urban centres will have expanded, but this will be kept in line with new city and municipal region structure and land use plans that also invest in public space for flood/storm drainage storage and parks. With the need to maintain agricultural land and space for biodiversity, urbanisation will involve dense housing, but with improved services and sufficient planed open space. Private developers and landowners will pay the full costs of maintaining drainage and sewerage treatment provisions to meet surface water quality standards. The polluter pays principle will be adopted to generate funds to mitigate pollution. As a special priority a sustainable development plan for greater Dhaka will be developed and implemented (see later box). But these changes will be extended to all urban centres. Actions will be taken to meet sub-targets:

1. Develop and implement overarching land use/structure plans for each urban area based on zoning to maintain a healthy environment, maintenance of floodways and drainage systems, and neighbourhood development with a mix of housing, business and industry, services and recreational areas to reduce travel.

2. In major cities adopt and enforce efficient transport

plans through pedestrian and rickshaw zones, one way systems, and more efficient public transport using existing infrastructure.

3. Strict enforcement of existing water and air quality standards at sources of pollution (see target 8).

4. Restoration of urban storm drainage and encroached urban waterways sufficient to avoid street flooding in a one in 20 year extreme rainfall event.

5. Improved public sewerage systems co-financed by requiring private developers (housing and industry) to invest in facilities for treatment, and with users required to pay service charges that cover the costs of meeting quality standards.

6. Adoption in industry, transport, and housing of cleaner, low carbon technologies, through public incentives – reduced duties for appropriate imported equipment, and subsidies for retrofitting key installations.

5 Villages

Improvements in rural life will mainly be addressed by other targets – poverty reduction and sustainable use of natural resources (water and forests), and complemented in specific areas by pollution control and changes in energy policy. In addition to limit the loss of agricultural land, more efficient use of village lands will be promoted through research and development, and use of public lands and infrastructure will be rationalised. Actions to achieve this target will include:

1. Enact a framework making rural land use planning and zoning the responsibilities of upazilas and union parishads. The main entry point for planning is expected to be the upazilas, and this will require building capacity, accountability, and funds. The aim will be to maintain a balance between agriculture, wetlands, other commons, and growth of villages and towns.

2. Develop regional sustainable development plans to meet the special needs of each region of the country. Rules and powers will be set for defining and enforcing land use zones and restrictions on uses in Environmentally Critical Areas.


3. Develop the role of planners in this process, which should no longer be considered the province of engineers and infrastructure development.

4. Rationalise and reduce rural infrastructure – for example where flood control and road embankments duplicate purposes, consolidate them in one place and allocate the freed land for settlement or cultivation by the poor.

5. Support identification and promotion of building practices that enable more efficient use of land.

6 Agriculture

Agricultural research and extension efforts will focus on ensuring food security, environmental sustainability and climate change adaptation, including salinity, drought and flood tolerance. While efforts will need to continue to increase yields, returns from water will be maximised and irrigation of rice optimised. Diversification of crops on higher land will be promoted in favour of high value crops and horticulture suited to drier conditions, thereby reducing groundwater and surface water depletion. Measures to improve soil conservation and soil fertility will be promoted, including composting and greater recycling, as will integrated pest management. Relevant sub-targets include:

1. Significantly reduce use of harmful agro-chemicals (and end use of persistent organic pollutants).

2. Halt loss of agricultural land to infrastructure, towns and cities through zoning and its enforcement.

3. Reduce consumption of irrigation water relative to the yield of dry season boro rice.

4. Achieve reduced soil loss and sedimentation of khals through extension of improved land management practices and soil conservation.

5. Reduce the area of higher drought prone land under irrigated dry season rice which depletes ground and surface water, by developing market chains and providing subsidies to promote adoption of lower water demand high value crops and horticulture.

6. Achieve zero organic content in urban waste used for landfill by promoting public-private partnerships in recycling urban waste for use in maintaining soil fertility for high value peri-urban agriculture.

7 Water and wetlands

Water resources, wetlands and water security will be ensured for environmental health, livelihoods based on aquatic resources, and sufficient safe drinking water. Bangladesh already has considerable success in local community management of wetlands, fisheries and water resources, and this will be expanded. Long term use rights and responsibilities will be devolved to local community organisations which will be entrusted with conserving and sustainably using wetlands and waterbodies. Wetland and fishery management will incorporate conservation measures such as designating and protecting wetland and fish sanctuaries. Development will recognise and maintain the interconnectivity of water, including surface water flows, fish migration routes, and surface-groundwater links. Minimum flows in cross-border rivers should be sufficient to meet environmental needs in the dry season. In general existing policies, particularly the National Water Policy, already support these aims but implementation and enforcement have been patchy and need strengthening. Sub-targets include:

1. Determine and then negotiate for minimum dry season flows that will maintain ecological functions of cross-border rivers.

2. Reorient the water sector, from drainage and flood protection for crops, to maintaining wetland areas, functions, and services; and enabling optimal productivity of floodplains.

3. Revise the current leasing policy so that the majority of jalmohals move from traditional leasing to sustainable community management by ensuring long term rights and responsibilities at minimal lease costs for community organisations that adopt conservation measures for aquatic resources through good governance.

4. In 50% of jalmohals wetland habitat is restored and


sanctuaries established by 2021 through NGO-government facilitation to establish effective community organisations of poor wetland users and fishers that plan and implement sustainable management.

5. Laws and rules will be modified to preserve interconnectedness and functioning of wetlands and floodplains. The spread of public and private infrastructure blocking waterways and enclosing floodplains for aquaculture will be limited to areas zoned as not part of significant natural floodplain fishery-wetland systems and not affecting agricultural drainage.

6. The efficiency of use of irrigation water in agriculture will be increased in terms of yields and returns to volume of water used.

7. More efficient use of urban water supplies will be promoted and the full costs of urban water supply passed on to consumers.

8. Retention of surface water will be promoted for use in the dry season both for irrigation and to maintain fisheries and wetlands, for this re-excavation of silted up waterbodies will be promoted.

9. Dry season ground water levels will be stabilised (presently falling by 1 m per year in places).

10. Ensure that 95% of households have access to drinking water of acceptable standards (including arsenic contamination).

11. Rationalise and reduce the total land take from embankments and infrastructure, by making them multi purpose (flood control, transport, settlement of poor, afforestation).

12. Revise existing surface water management arrangements so that larger systems are owned by consortia of local user organisations and government (co-management), responsible for operating and maintaining infrastructure from locally generated funds.

8 Pollution

Healthy water and air will be ensured through a carrot and stick approach. To consolidate measures addressing this major cross-cutting issue, a new policy will be developed, supported by appropriate instruments based on the polluter pays principle and using these funds to mitigate pollution. This will phase in strict enforcement of existing water and air quality standards, enable installation and enforce operation of effluent treatment plants by industries and adoption of cleaner technologies and vehicles. Monitoring of effluent, emissions, surface and ground water quality and air quality will all be strengthened and the results made publicly available. In the short term a move to an environmentally responsible national budget will start by making pollution a leading factor in setting taxes and subsidies. Taxes and duties will be enhanced on items and technologies that result in pollution problems. Import taxes will be reduced on technologies that treat pollutants and/or minimise emissions. Restoring urban storm drainage and improving public sewerage systems will require investments by private developers and higher service charges. Incentives will encourage links with use of cleaner technologies rather than short term cost considerations which can result in adoption of older less efficient processes and equipment. Sub-targets to achieve this vision include:

1. By 2021 90% of urban air quality tests and dry season surface water tests will show that national quality standards are met.

2. Establish effective monitoring and licensing systems operated by government regulated private sector operations covering mechanised point sources of pollution (motor vehicle and boat licensing based on testing safety for both movement and emissions by authorised mechanics against payments that cover the costs of the process) and general ambient air quality testing and spot checks on certified vehicles.

3. Strict enforcement of existing standards, including vehicle emissions and water quality standards.

4. Enhance public transport, particularly rail services, to reduce emissions per passenger kilometre travelled.


5. Raise annual taxes and duties on vehicles and engines to include an emissions tax component based on the level of emissions from the engine.

6. Allow duty free import of equipment and supplies needed specifically to operate Effluent Treatment Plants.

7. Ensure that all ships imported for breaking are decontaminated prior to entering Bangladesh waters and that breaking only takes place in authorized zones after passing environmental checks.

8. Revise rules so that the fines for failure to comply with standards are a real deterrent. For example, vehicles not meeting standards cannot be driven, factories without effluent treatment plants that they were required to have or persistently failing to discharge water within target standards would face fines equivalent to the cost of a treatment plant.

9. The conditions set in all industrial development approvals through Environmental Impact Assessments will be checked and enforced during construction. On commissioning of the development if effluent treatment provisions required in the assessment have not been met the industry will not be authorised to operate.

10. Establish a system for integrated waste management in all urban areas based on separation of solid waste at source into organic compostable, other recyclable and non-recyclable components.

11. Maximise recycling of solid waste and ensure that disposal of residual unusable waste is non-polluting.

12. Enforce zero production and stocks of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), including clean up and safe disposal of remaining POPs and their replacement with safe alternatives in all industries.

13. Support research and development during the next three years to find ways of making brick production low carbon and low emission, for example using renewable energy sources such as solar power, and enforce conversion if this is successful.

9 Forests

In keeping with the National Forest Policy 1994, 20% of all lands will have forest cover, but the quality of forest in both public and private lands will be assured. On public lands all reserve forest will be protected and managed to have high biodiversity conservation value, maintain ecosystem functions, and so far as possible under those aims meet the livelihood needs of local communities involved in their co-management. Substantial forest restoration and protection will be achieved by accessing global climate change mitigation funds, such as carbon credits and REDD, from both private and public sectors. Active co-management will ensure that the biodiversity value of existing protected forest areas and reserve forests is restored and maximised while ensuring better livelihoods for those dependent on non-timber forest products. Community-owned afforestation with native trees will be encouraged in deforested environments including wetlands, coastal areas, and the southeastern hills. Partnerships between public sector, communities, private sector, and civil society will expand provision for responsible tourism in forests. Sub-targets to achieve this vision include:

1. By 2021 90% of those lands designated for forests (16% of land) will comprise of full canopy or regenerating native trees, this will require a large programme of forest restoration.

2. Forest land boundaries will be surveyed and delineated in the field and forest cover will be monitored at five year intervals making use of ground-truthed remote sensing.

3. All forest protected areas will have conservation based management plans prepared by and endorsed by co-management bodies comprising of local resource users and Forest Department within two years, these will cover participation, habitat restoration and protection, biodiversity and species protection, funding, and sustainable eco-tourism.

4. Changes in use of forest lands will be subject to the same planning controls as other land uses covered in


land use planning and ECAs. Loss of and leasing out of other forest lands – reserved forest and unclassified state forest to other (non forest-based) uses will end immediately except where after a public inquiry loss is found to be in an overriding national interest.

5. The targets for reserve forest and unclassified state forest management will be changed within three years to comprise multiple objectives: generating a sustainable income for local user communities and the national exchequer from sustainable harvest of native trees and other forest products while maintaining forest cover and high biodiversity value.

6. The mechanisms for certifying and approving re-forestation and forest protection under carbon credit and REDD mechanisms will be rationalised and streamlined within a year and used to enable substantial forest restoration and coastal afforestation through partnerships with civil society, local communities and private sector.

10 Biodiversity

Ecosystem based biodiversity conservation is already covered by targets 7 (wetlands) and 9 (forests). However, the following totals of species globally threatened with extinction have been found in Bangladesh: 27 (7 extirpated) out of 120 mammal species, 33 (9 extirpated) out of 650

bird species, 22 out of 154 reptile species, one out of 34 amphibian species, and 6 out of 402 marine fish species. Several are not dependent on existing forest or wetland

protected areas. Most are indicator species for the health of the ecosystems they belong to. To protect and restore populations of threatened species will require species recovery or action plans, similar to that already prepared for the tiger. Priority will be placed on early actions for species for which Bangladesh holds significant proportions of the global population or of other special significance to Bangladesh. Sub-targets include:

1. Prepare (within two years) and implement during the remaining period species recovery plans for all globally threatened species regularly occurring in Bangladesh. Conduct a review and revision of these plans at five year intervals.

2. Establish additional protected areas as necessary within five years that will enable conservation of these threatened species as well as significant eco-systems that are not covered or are under-represented in the existing protected areas and ECAs, particularly in non-forest habitats.

3. Update national threat assessments for vertebrate taxa within four years.

11 Energy

The energy demands of economic growth for a larger and more urban population will be met through a low carbon strategy, subject to availability of funds and technology. Government support will be coordinated across relevant industry, power, and revenue sectors with the aim of promoting innovation and joint ventures that bring in cost-effective technologies based on high energy efficiency, use of renewable sources, and low emissions that are suitable to rural and urban Bangladesh. Inefficiency taxes will be introduced as surcharges on imports of equipment that does not qualify as “low carbon”. The full economic costs of energy will be charged to consumers and industry. Mechanisms will be developed for the private sector, including local communities, to sell surplus electricity generation into the national grid if it comes from certified renewable sources. The following sub-targets will enable this vision:

Over 99% of three species of vultures disappeared across South Asia since the mid-1990s after feeding on cattle carcasses treated with diclofenac (an anti-inflammatory drug lethal to vultures). India, Nepal and Pakistan outlawed its manufacture in 2006, but it continues to be produced and used in Bangladesh. An alternative, meloxicam, is just as good a treatment and causes no harm to vultures.


1. Expansion of dispersed electricity generation from renewable sources (notably solar power) through subsidies and enterprise development in small scale solar power, so that all stationary rural power needs (including irrigation, rice processing, lighting) are met within 2021 from renewable sources.

2. Achieve significantly more efficient use of biomass in domestic cooking.

3. End subsidies for use of fossil fuels.

4. Reduce emissions per megawatt of electricity generated, by adopting cleaner technologies in use of fossil fuels.

12 Hazards

Resilience of the livelihoods of all, but particularly the poor, and of the nation as a whole, will be strengthened to face the challenge of external pressures and natural hazards. In particular better adaptation and coping with the threats posed by climate change such as increased severity of floods, drought and salinity intrusion, will be ensured. But development will also address reducing vulnerability to earthquakes and hazardous development. Climate change adaptation will include strengthening flood mitigation and protection works, but this will not be simply “business as usual”. The opportunity will be taken, through local participation in planning, to correct negative impacts from the past by ensuring a better balance between agriculture, drainage, fisheries and wetlands. A precautionary approach to uncertainty means that in some coastal areas alternatives will be tested. For example, the option of enabling siltation coupled with flood-proofed homes and less intensive livelihoods based on livestock, fisheries and mangrove afforestation, instead of raising embankments with associated costs and risks of failure. There are already detailed strategies to address climate change adaptation, and the other targets set in this vision mainstream climate change adaptation within sustainable development. Additional sub-targets are therefore limited to:

1. Assess the likely impacts of climate change on critical ecosystems in Bangladesh within two years, and feed this information into the management of existing

protected areas and ECAs, species recovery plans, and as appropriate identify how to maintain those habitats by 2021, if necessary in new areas.

2. Ensure that land use zoning and controls, and associated development and building permitted under this system, take into account likely hazards, including increases in extreme flood and cyclonic storm frequency and earthquake risks.


Regional Sustainable Developement VisionIn this section brief sub-national visions are presented as “boxes” for some key environments. To achieve the national vision real changes need to happen on the ground and this should start in some priority pilot areas. In particular Dhaka as a “region” is of such high national significance that an outline is of key principles and steps needed for a sustainable city. Other regions face special issues or are important as

flagships to publicise and demonstrate the policy change to sustainable development, for example the large coastal zone highly vulnerable to climate change, the ecologically and culturally fragile southeastern hilltracts, and the globally significant Sundarban home to a national symbol the “Royal Bengal tiger”.

A sustainable coastal zone

Bangladesh already has a well developed plan for “Integrated Coastal Zone Management” but this is yet to be implemented, it will be updated and revised in line with national sustainability planning. The overall vision is to promote economic growth that builds in resilience to the expected increasing intensity and frequency of natural hazards (including storm surges, sea level rise, salinity intrusion). Key ecosystems will be maintained and protected. Future options will be kept open by limiting intensification and urbanisation to focus sites that are less vulnerable and considered worthwhile to invest in protecting.

The Chittagong region will be favoured for industrial and port development rather than areas of greater ecological significance and vulnerability to pollution. While this will aim for economic growth based on transhipment and business development similar to that of Singapore, it will also replicate the same standards for environmental and urban health found there by requiring that businesses adopt green investment. Moreover properly regulated energy efficient onward water-borne and rail transport of a high standard will be encouraged for bulk goods and people to Dhaka and the north-west region, and for international travel and transhipment.

Existing environmental initiatives and laws will be implemented and enforced, including improving the environmental and human health and safety of the ship-breaking industry and limiting its area. In the offshore zone care will be taken to balance exploitation of resources such as gas and fisheries, with ecology to ensure sustainable harvests. Globally important and productive ecosystems will be maintained, notably mangroves and estuarine mudflats. These key ecosystems and their components will be protected by expanding and improving management of Environmentally Critical Areas to include coastal and marine protected areas for cetaceans, mudflats that are globally important for wintering shorebirds, and St. Martin’s Island.

Land use zoning and management will continue successful promotion of mangrove and coastal afforestation to support land stabilisation and shelter during storms. It will be supported by agricultural research and extension to promote climate change resilient crops and practices in appropriate zones, including zones for responsible shrimp and fish farming.

Land use zoning and planning will also identify and make provision for difficult choices of where to enhance protection against storm surges and floods and where to allow nature to take its course to erode and accrete. In the latter cases, this will include support for relocating settlements when necessary from the most vulnerable areas to designated urban growth zones at locations that are less vulnerable and where investments in higher levels of protection from floods and storm surges will be made. In addition disaster preparedness services including information, forecast and warning systems, communications, cyclone shelters, and evacuation provisions will be strengthened for vulnerable populations.


A vision for environmentally sustainable development of Dhaka

By 2021 with business as usual the population of the greater Dhaka conurbation is expected to be exceed 22 million people, with a third living in slums. Traffic speeds would grind almost to a standstill. There would be growing inequality not only in wealth but also in health between better off and poor. Those who can afford better housing, cars and air conditioning will add to energy consumption and pollution levels. Surface water and air quality will pose significant health hazards. Open space and recreation facilities for the majority will be an unattainable dream. Drainage congestion and storm water flooding will continue to worsen. Environmental damage will increasingly result in economic costs and impediments to a third of our GDP which is based in this region.

An environmentally sustainable greater Dhaka will be founded on coordinated planning and enforcement of plans. The needs and quality of life of the majority of inhabitants will be enhanced by developing a structure plan for the Dhaka region as a whole (the districts of Dhaka, Gazipur, Narayanganj). This will maintain environmental services, define land use zones (residential, industrial, peri-urban food production, open space including floodways, wetlands and forests), and devolve detailed local planning and enforcement to local authorities. Dhaka region planning and local planning within the region will be consolidated under agencies headed by elected councils. While enforcement of building regulations will remain a priority, the focus will be firstly on strict enforcement of the structure plan and its zones, which will extend to relocating unsuitable landuses such as inner city industries and conversion of resulting “brown-field” sites to public open space. These plans will adopt sustainable development principles, by implementing and enabling:

1. Neighbourhood development to reduce travel time and energy wastage and improve quality of life (for example, zones in new and old developments will include relatively dense housing for a range of income levels, services including schools within walking distance, and sufficient open space).

2. Integrated water management by re-opening and maintaining surface drainage, creating and preserving wetlands for sufficient flood storage within the region as a whole and linked with new developments, protecting wetlands for environmental health and recreational opportunities, and on-site rainwater harvesting and storm drainage retention within new developments.

3. Efficient and environmentally healthy waste management by consolidating polluting industries to where they treat effluent on-site, ensuring sewage treatment to maintain surface water quality, and maximising use of solid waste for recycling, energy generation and soil nutrient replenishment.

4. Mitigation of communications congestion (for example, strict enforcement of existing rules, incentives for electric vehicles, enhanced public transport, pedestrian only and rickshaw only zones/roads, improved pavements, congestion taxes, and charges for use of public parking spaces).

5. Increased use of cleaner energy and greater efficiency to minimise air pollution. Research and development will be expedited to minimise construction pollution and produce “low-carbon” buildings (e.g. this might result in solar powered brick kilns and alternative construction methods).


Renewal of community livelihoods in the Chittagong Hilltracts

The vision in this unique region is of a more harmonious development where the basic needs of all communities are met, through development of service provisions that meet the desires of communities and are directly responsible to regional authorities. Existing natural forest will be protected through local co-management. Forest cover will be restored by devolving responsibilities and rights to local communities and then providing access to grants, expertise and enabling access to external climate change mitigation funds.

Land management support will extend soil conservation measures including village based horticultural and agro-forestry systems. It will also recognise traditional land rights on condition of adopting sustainable land uses and taking up subsidies offered for community reforestation. By 2021 these approaches will have been demonstrated in selected watersheds.

Sustainable development will be enabled by facilitating villages to promote and benefit from their individuality. For example, by adapting the “one tambon one product” [one village one product] approach of Thailand to specialise in adding value and enhancing livelihoods based on products using local raw materials and expertise for external markets. This will be coordinated and facilitated through a regionally based livelihood development authority. Small scale eco-tourism will be facilitated through advice and capacity building for the local communities that will control it, appropriate trekking routes and local guiding, and enhanced facilities in rejuvenated protected areas.

To encourage administration by local people and self reliance, and to minimise external influence, extra allowances made for armed services and public servants posted in the region will be ended

Tigers and the Sundarbans

A high priority will be placed on strengthening the successful protection of a national emblem – the Royal Bengal Tiger – and key indicator for the health of the Sundarbans World Heritage Site. The Bangladesh Tiger Action Plan 2009 will be implemented, conservation capacity of the Forest Department strengthened, and responsible boat-based eco-tourism promoted. Public-private partnerships will be encouraged to support and invest in these initiatives. To minimise irreversible changes and pollution hazards, and considering climate change and higher sedimentation, trade and port expansion at Mongla will be limited.


Priority Enabling Measures During 2010-14Government policies

1. Strengthen the capacity of local government (Upazilas and Union Parishads) to develop structure plans, enforce a simple planning process for development and change in land use, and to take as stronger role in coordinating water management. The latter will be a priority since seasonal excesses and shortfalls of water are a major force shaping rural development.

2. Taxation, duties and subsidies reviewed and revised to complement and enable sustainable development principles: polluter pays, adoption of green technologies and development, wise and efficient use of renewable and non-renewable resources.

Supportive collaboration in research and development

1. Establish transparent competitive mechanisms to award grants from public funds and to attract matching funds from diverse sources.

2. Give priority to research and development for adaptation to climate change in agriculture, renewable energy, and improving efficiency in use of water and energy.

3. Demonstrate implementing the suite of sustainable development principles and practices in an integrated way in at least one pilot area for each key environment.

Public-private partnerships

1. Encourage larger companies of Bangladesh to adopt voluntary environmental codes and to sponsor

environmental clean up around their sites and adopt nearby communities.

2. Establish awards to encourage “green” industries, innovations and interventions for sustainable development in categories to cover individuals, communities, small and large business enterprises, local government, and public agencies.

3. Develop incentives for investment by expatriate Bangladeshis and joint ventures in renewable energy, environment friendly smaller scale rural industries, industries that add value to rural production.

Priority Actions for 2010Public consultations

A cross-cutting need is to hold public hearings to foster debate and obtain broad support from civil society for the highest priority areas where major policy changes are proposed:

1. Hearings on this vision and the main policy changes and steps required to refine the steps needed and develop broad based ownership.

2. Hearings on the need to end population growth by 2021 if the aims of poverty eradication and sustainable development are to be achieved and how best to achieve this.

3. Hearings on land use planning controls, sustainable development of greater Dhaka, and institutional reorganisations needed for Dhaka.

Governance

1. In conjunction with implementation of the Climate Change Action Plan, activate the National Environment Council to meet regularly, recognise sustainability as a


national priority, and oversee the adoption of the vision in all sections of government.

2. Establish an independent body to review Environmental Impact Assessments.

3. Identify where laws need to be harmonised and revised in support of sustainable development.

4. Make the national budget from the 2010-11 Financial Year an environmentally responsible budget that includes a separate allocation for climate change adaptation, and that uses taxes, duties and utility pricing to reflect the social and environmental costs of technologies and consumption. Simple initial measures could include setting annual vehicle taxes and import duties proportional to emissions, and increasing service payments for urban waste management and water treatment to cover the costs of necessary improvements to services.

Poverty

1. Adopt sustainable development objective and targets in Planning Commission.

2. Develop a short “PRSPII plus” to harmonise PRSPII with this sustainable development vision for period to 2014.

Population

1. Develop with the NGO sector through PKSF a pilot preferential fund for livelihood development of the poor who commit to permanent birth control after having no more than two children (with a higher level of support for having no more than one child).

Cities

1. Establish Dhaka region planning authority incorporating under it all existing relevant agencies.

2. Prepare and approve a structure plan for greater Dhaka with landuse zoning through pubic consultations and hearings.

3. Revise and harmonise service provision costs (e.g. higher water and electricity charges for buildings lacking on-site storm water retention, rainwater harvesting, solar panels, etc).

4. Revise and enforce building codes/ regulations covering lower carbon buildings and earthquake resistance.

5. Enact rules requiring developers for new urban development to meet standards for drainage, flood retention basins, water treatment.

6. Build capacity in planning and zoning through recruitment of planners and training.

Villages

1. Establish rural land use planning and zoning system.

2. Initiate capacity building and staffing in land use planning at upazila level.

Agriculture

1. Enhance funding for development of crop varieties adapted to drought, salinity and floods.

2. Switch all demonstration funds and effort to cultivation practices that adopt sustainability concepts (e.g. integrated pest management, cultivation of rice with reduced irrigation, alternative low water demand crops)

Water and wetlands

1. Hold public hearings and debate on changing waterbody leasing into a mechanism to promote sustainable wetland management by community organisations of poor users.

2. Enact rules/laws to recognise wetland sanctuaries and community conservation initiatives, and to protect water flows and common fisheries in floodplains.

Pollution

1. Revise fines for non-compliance with existing standards


to create meaningful penalties.

2. Establish duty free import of equipment and materials necessary for effluent treatment plants.

3. Strengthen monitoring and testing, and make water and air quality information public.

Forests

1. Streamline mechanisms for using international climate change mitigation funds in restoring native forest cover and enable significant proposals using these mechanisms.

2. Establish reliable baseline surveys of forest land boundaries and forest cover.

Biodiversity

1. To conserve White-rumped Vulture (critically endangered, named after nation – Gyps bengalensis, Bangladesh is the main range state that has not acted against lethal drugs) ban possession, manufacture, sale and use of diclofenac and ketoprofen for veterinary use, promote use of meloxicam instead.

2. To conserve Spoon-billed Sandpiper (critically endangered, under 250 pairs left worldwide, Bangladesh coast (with Myanmar) main wintering ground) drop plans for deep sea port on Sonadia Island ECA and plan port in a less ecologically damaging site.

3. To conserve Tiger (endangered, national symbol, about 10% of world population in Sundarbans) implement Tiger Action Plan.

4. To conserve Gangetic River Dolphin (endangered, large part of population in Bangladesh) establish at least one river sanctuary covering a significant population.

5. Develop national species recovery action plans for the above four species and the following high priority globally threatened species for which Bangladesh holds important populations: Asian Elephant, Northern Pig-tailed Macaque, Capped Langur, Western Hoolock

Gibbon, Fishing Cat, Irrawaddy Dolphin, Baer’s Pochard, Spotted Greenshank, Pallas’s Fish Eagle, Masked Finfoot, Indian Skimmer, 14 species of globally threatened freshwater turtle, 3 species of nesting marine turtle, and Ganges Shark.

Energy

1. Replace all subsidies for diesel irrigation with subsidies for solar powered irrigation systems.

2. Promote private and community initiatives for renewable power generation in remote rural areas and for use by brickfields.

Hazards

1. Harmonise this vision, the Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan and existing laws such as the Environmental Conservation Act.

Targets and IndicatorsThe following table summarises proposed indicators and tar-gets for monitoring achievement of this vision. It is expected that working groups to implement the vision in each theme will add intermediate indicators and targets to cover the full range of actions envisaged.


Theme and indicator Current status Target 2015 Target 2021 CommentsGovernanceProportion of policies and strategies that incorporate sustainable development principles

To be assessed 100% 100%

PovertyProportion of population below national upper poverty line

40% (2005) 29% 20% MDG 1

Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption

19.5% (2005) 11% 5% MDG 1

PopulationTotal population 155 mill 165 mill 185 mill

Growth rate 1.4% 0.5% 0.0%

Cities and villagesProportion of land covered by sustainable zoning plans

0% 30% 70%

Proportion of inappropriate development applications refused

unknown 50% 100%

AgricultureProportion of agricultural land converted per year to other uses

1% 0.5% 0% Agriculture includes fisheries here

Water and wetlandsProportion of jalmohals with improved ecosystem based management by community organisations

About 3-4% 13% 50%

Rate of fall in dry season groundwater level (non-coastal areas)

0.1-1.0 m/year <0.3 m/year 0 m/year

Number of people drinking water with >10 ppb arsenic

49 million 25 million 10 million

PollutionProportion of surface water monitoring stations in dry season pass 5 quality standards

0% (2004) 40% 90% Dhaka only at present

Number of days with particulate matter in Dhaka’s air exceeding national standard

100 50 10


Theme and indicator Current status Target 2015 Target 2021 CommentsForestProportion of land covered with good quality native forest (>90% canopy cover)

Believed to be about 6%

9% 15% Quality indicator needs review

BiodiversityProportion of globally threatened species with stable or increasing populations in Bangladesh

Likely no more than 10%

50% 100% Of those species regularly occurring in Bangladesh

EnergyProportion of electricity generated from renewable sources

0.5% (20 MW) 5% (450 MW) 10% (1,600 MW)

Data and targets in Renewable Energy Policy

Proportion of rural power needs met from renewable sources

Not assessed 50% 100% Excludes transport

HazardsProportion of land use units have adapted for anticipated hazards

Not known 25% 50%

Note: development of indicators and targets is presently limited by availability of information, a major element of implementing this vision will be developing indicators with expert advice and establishing public information on these indicators based on reliable monitoring systems to measure achievements.


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