BACKGROUND TO THEORIES X-V THE ANCIENT TIMES

(a) Men lived alone in the bush - hunting, fishing, etc. (b) Beginning of towns and villages (c) Men in Villages/Towns - Crafts/Farms

- Crafts - Masters and Apprentices - Farms - Owners & Farm Hands

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

(a) From Crafts in home to factories (b) From simple hand tools to big machines (c) Managing few to many factory hands (d) Prevailing view:

- Man dislikes work- Money motive

PERIOD OF THE 1ST AND 2ND WORLD WARS (1914-1918), (1939-1945)

Major War Issues - Productivity - Ammunition - Factories

- Morale at - SuppliesWar Front - Factories

STUDIES IN PRODUCTIVITY, LEADERSHIP

HAWTHORNE Studies : 1927

PLACE: : Western Electric Co. Plant, Hawthorne, Chicago.

TEAM: : Fritz Roethlisberger of Harvard, William Dickson of Western Electrical, Elton Mayo (Director, Harvard)

Objective : Study Effect of Environmental Factors on Productivity.

Study : Structure: Control & Experimental Group

Factors : Light, Noise, Piece rate, Rest Pauses, Shortened hours.

EMPLOYEE INTERVIEW RESULTS

1. Felt privileged they had been singled out for study. 2. Felt happy about degree of freedom 3. Encouraged by good relations that developed between group members. 4. Encouraged by good relations that developed between employees and research team.

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HUMAN RELATIONS MOVEMENT - 1957

QUALITIES OF A GOOD MANAGER

EXPECTATIONS OF THE BOSS

(a) Able to control Cost (b) Able to Plan and Organize (c) Able to Delegate & Follow up (d) Able to Ensure Production (e) Able to Get Subordinates to Meet Targets

EXPECTATIONS OF THE SUBORDINATE

(a) Able to Listen to Employees (b) Should be Approachable (c) Able to help employees solve Job and Private Problems. (d) Shows concern for subordinates' welfare (e) Maintains good relations with Employees (f) Shows Respect for Employees.

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