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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diversity in Families, Ninth EditionMaxine Baca Zinn • D. Stanley Eitzen • Barbara Wells
Diversity In Families
Chapter FiveClass, Race, and Gender
NINTH EDITION
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diversity in Families, Ninth EditionMaxine Baca Zinn • D. Stanley Eitzen • Barbara Wells
Chapter Five Overview
• Structured Inequalities: - This chapter examines how different
family arrangements are related to these social inequalities:
Class Race Gender
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diversity in Families, Ninth EditionMaxine Baca Zinn • D. Stanley Eitzen • Barbara Wells
Structured Inequalities
• Class, race and gender are macrostructural systems that profoundly affect microstructural family worlds.
• Other conditions also produce inequalities such as age, family characteristics and place of residence, however class, race and gender are most important.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diversity in Families, Ninth EditionMaxine Baca Zinn • D. Stanley Eitzen • Barbara Wells
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diversity in Families, Ninth EditionMaxine Baca Zinn • D. Stanley Eitzen • Barbara Wells
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diversity in Families, Ninth EditionMaxine Baca Zinn • D. Stanley Eitzen • Barbara Wells
Structured Inequalities:
• They are forms of stratification. • They influence family life through
distribution of social resources and opportunities.
• They are relational systems of power and subordination.
• They are interconnected systems of inequality.
• They influence families, yet family can be a place to resist inequality.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diversity in Families, Ninth EditionMaxine Baca Zinn • D. Stanley Eitzen • Barbara Wells
Social Stratification
• Social Stratification refers to structured inequality. Inequalities are not caused by biological, cultural or lifestyle differences, but, of course, class, race and gender also refer to individual characteristics.
• They are built into society’s institutions.
• Groups are socially defined.
• Social Stratification rests on group-based inequalities.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diversity in Families, Ninth EditionMaxine Baca Zinn • D. Stanley Eitzen • Barbara Wells
Life Chances
• Life Chances refers to the chances an individual has throughout his or her life cycle to live and experience the good things in life.
• Social stratification systems also place individuals and families in different social locations.
• Different social locations produce different family dynamics and diverse family arrangements.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diversity in Families, Ninth EditionMaxine Baca Zinn • D. Stanley Eitzen • Barbara Wells
Life Chances
• Class, race and gender are structures of power as well as systems that distribute social resources.
• These power relationships structure the experiences of all families in different ways.
• Different family forms in society are interdependent.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diversity in Families, Ninth EditionMaxine Baca Zinn • D. Stanley Eitzen • Barbara Wells
Matrix of Domination
• All individuals and families exist in a “matrix of domination” (Collins 2000).
• These interconnections have several important implications.- People experience race, class and gender
differently depending on their location in these structures.
- These systems of inequality create an imbalance of power within families as well as between families.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diversity in Families, Ninth EditionMaxine Baca Zinn • D. Stanley Eitzen • Barbara Wells
Class
• Persons occupying the same relative economic rank form a social class. Occupation is the most frequently used indicator of class.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diversity in Families, Ninth EditionMaxine Baca Zinn • D. Stanley Eitzen • Barbara Wells
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diversity in Families, Ninth EditionMaxine Baca Zinn • D. Stanley Eitzen • Barbara Wells
Cultural Explanations of Class
• Each class has values, attitudes, and motives that are unique.
• Comparisons between the classes turn out to be deficit accounts of lower-status families.
• Cultural explanations obscure the social and material realities of class.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diversity in Families, Ninth EditionMaxine Baca Zinn • D. Stanley Eitzen • Barbara Wells
Structural Explanations of Class
• Examine the ways in which social class shapes the networks of relationships between families, individuals, and the institutions.
• Occupations are a key part of the class structure.
• Classes are power relationships, involving domination and subordination.
• There are 5 categories of families
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diversity in Families, Ninth EditionMaxine Baca Zinn • D. Stanley Eitzen • Barbara Wells
Classes of Families
• Families of Poverty – With the high rate of unemployment and limited social opportunities, poor families must do whatever it takes to survive.
• Blue-Collar Families – Largest single group of working families in the U.S.
• Middle-Class Families – Today, many families are sustained only by economic contribution of the wives.
• Professional Families – Typically merge spheres of work and family.
• Wealthy Families – Their network of influence in the global economy and their ability to generate additional resources is what distinguishes the elite from the rest of society.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diversity in Families, Ninth EditionMaxine Baca Zinn • D. Stanley Eitzen • Barbara Wells
Race
• Scientifically race does not exist.
• Race is only a social reality not a biological reality.
• Race in the social context exists as a category that serves as a basis for differential distribution of power, privilege, and prestige.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diversity in Families, Ninth EditionMaxine Baca Zinn • D. Stanley Eitzen • Barbara Wells
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diversity in Families, Ninth EditionMaxine Baca Zinn • D. Stanley Eitzen • Barbara Wells
Structural Inequalities and Racial-Ethnic Families
• Racial stratification produces different opportunity structures that shape families in a variety of ways.
• Racism results in limited economic resources and inferior living conditions for many racial-ethnic families.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diversity in Families, Ninth EditionMaxine Baca Zinn • D. Stanley Eitzen • Barbara Wells
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diversity in Families, Ninth EditionMaxine Baca Zinn • D. Stanley Eitzen • Barbara Wells
African American Families
• Social, demographic, and economic factors underlie the lower marriage rates and higher divorce rates of Blacks.
• Blacks are more likely than whites to reside in extended family households.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diversity in Families, Ninth EditionMaxine Baca Zinn • D. Stanley Eitzen • Barbara Wells
Figure 5.2U.S. Poverty Rates by Race and Ethnicity, 1960-2005
Source: DeNavas-Walt, Carmen, Bernadette D. Proctor, and Jessica C. Smith, U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports P60-235, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2007, U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, DC, 2008, pp. 44–48.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diversity in Families, Ninth EditionMaxine Baca Zinn • D. Stanley Eitzen • Barbara Wells
Latino Families
• Poverty rates for Hispanics have risen alarmingly in the past decade.
• Familism refers to an obligation and orientation to one's nuclear and extended families.
• People of color have acclimated to difficult circumstances by adapting their household structures.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diversity in Families, Ninth EditionMaxine Baca Zinn • D. Stanley Eitzen • Barbara Wells
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diversity in Families, Ninth EditionMaxine Baca Zinn • D. Stanley Eitzen • Barbara Wells
Gender
• Gender is the patterning of difference and domination through socially constructed distinctions between women and men. Gender, like race and class, is a basic organizing principle of society.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diversity in Families, Ninth EditionMaxine Baca Zinn • D. Stanley Eitzen • Barbara Wells
Two ways of Thinking About Gender
• 1.) Gender Roles Approach: - Men fill breadwinning roles outside the
family, while women fill the domestic roles inside the families.
- This perspective ignores what is most important about roles – that they are unequal in power, resources, and prestige.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diversity in Families, Ninth EditionMaxine Baca Zinn • D. Stanley Eitzen • Barbara Wells
Two ways of Thinking About Gender
• 2.) The Family as a Gendered Institution: - The gendered institution perspective
holds that gender is a factor in the assumptions, practices, and power dynamics of U.S. institutions.
- How women and men interact and what they do every day in families is essential in reproducing gender.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diversity in Families, Ninth EditionMaxine Baca Zinn • D. Stanley Eitzen • Barbara Wells
Patriarchy
• Patriarchy is a social organization where men dominate women.
• Patriarchy is interpersonal and structural; private and public.
• Private patriarchy refers to male domination over women in interpersonal relationships.
• Public patriarchy refers to men’s domination over women in the larger institutions of society.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diversity in Families, Ninth EditionMaxine Baca Zinn • D. Stanley Eitzen • Barbara Wells
Patriarchy
• The US can be defined as a capitalist patriarchy. Capitalism and patriarchy are closely related.
• Men and women do different work in the labor force and in the family and they have different resources.
• Structured gender inequality works with other inequalities such as race, class and sexuality.
• These inequalities also work together to produce differences among women and men.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diversity in Families, Ninth EditionMaxine Baca Zinn • D. Stanley Eitzen • Barbara Wells
Differences Among Groups
• Men are expected to act in a masculine fashion or they are sanctioned socially for “being gay”.
• Historic shifts in social forces continue to increase women’s labor force participation and change many gender norms.
• However, men in general, tend to gain power at the expense of women.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diversity in Families, Ninth EditionMaxine Baca Zinn • D. Stanley Eitzen • Barbara Wells
Domestic Life
• The domestic division of labor can limit women’s occupational activities.
• Women are often burdened with doing most of the household work which leaves little time or energy for the pursuit of a career.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diversity in Families, Ninth EditionMaxine Baca Zinn • D. Stanley Eitzen • Barbara Wells
Agency within Constraint
• Women may be subordinate in many ways, but they are not passive victims of patriarchy.
• Women’s resistance can take many forms from subtle to active and defiant.