DATA CONCERNING THE SUN

Characteristics Facts & figure

Shape Spherical

Size ( diameter ) 1.4 milion KM ( 109 x Earth’ s diameter )

Composition About 76% hydrogen, 22% helium, iron , nickel , silicon , and carbon make up the remaining 2% by mass.

Mass 1.989 x 10( 30) kg ( 330 000 x Earth’s mass )

Density 1.41 gcm (-3) ( compared with density of water )

Age About 4500 milion years

Distart from Earth 149 680 000 km

Gravitational force 28 x earth’s gravity

Surface temperature 6000 *C

Core temperature 1.5-2.0 milion *C

The Sun

The structure of the sun and

its phenomena

CORONA :•OUTERMOST LAYER OF THE SUN•SENDS OUT X-RAY ENERGY AND LITTLE LIGHT•CAN ONLY BE SEEN DURING SOLAR ECLIPSE•TEMPERATURE IS EXTREMELY HOT 2 MILLION *C•STRETCHES OUT MORE THAN 1 MILLION KILOMETERS INTO SPACE

Photosphere•Visible surfaca of the sun •Temperature = 6000 *C •Heat, light are fron this layer•Sometimes, large magnetic disturbances may break throungh the photosphere and causes sunspots

Core •Made of hydrogen gas which turns into helium gas to produce light and heat by nuclear reactions•Temperature = 15 million*C

Chromosphere •Appears pinkish and can be seen by naked eyes only during solar eclipse•Temperature = 10 000*C – 50000*C•Active with various phenomena due to the various magnetic field

Effect s of the sun’s phenomena on the Earth

Interference in communication system :Satellite, telefon , computerTelegraph, radio, television

Influenced the climate and Weather of the Earth - Particularly extreme droughte

Causes an aurora-Sky near the poles appears- co lour fu l at n ight

The sun’s phenomena Radiate x-rays, ultraviolet rays, charged electric particles in the outer space

Burn ing parti c les In the atmosphere can d is rupt rad io waves

Generation Of Energe By The Sun

The sun’s energy generated from deep within the core of the sun Temperature and pressure : extremely highNuclear fusion takes place

Hydrogen helium

huge amount or energy

The energe generated is brought to the sun’s surface By convection and radiation Released as light ang heat

Intra – re

d

radiation SUN

THE SUN’S ENERGY

-Dries clothes-Kill microorganisms-Provides warmth

Warms and lights up The Earth

Green plants – make food By photosynthesis

Controls the earth’s Climate ( e.G cloud,Sterm, wind, rain,

Droughts)

Animals ( herbivor )- Obtain the sun’s -Energy indirectly by

eating the plants

Human use the solarenerge to generate

elecricity

Galaksi

Galaxies• Galaxies are giant structures that contain

hundreds of billions of stars, Oh, by the way…There are billions of galaxies in the universe

• Galaxies contain single stars, double stars, star systems and lots of gas and dust between the stars.

• Astronomers classify most galaxies into three main categories: – spiral galaxies, – elliptical galaxies, – irregular galaxies

Spiral Galaxies• Spiral galaxies have arms that spiral

outward, like pinwheels

http://zoo1.galaxyzoo.org/images/tutorial/example_face_on_spiral.jpg

http://www.spacetoday.org/images/Hubble/HubbleBeauty/NGC1512BarredSpiralGalaxy.jpg

The Milky Way• Our solar system exists in the Milky Way

galaxy, and is about 25,000 light-years away from the center of the Milky Way

• Our solar system is about two-thirds of the way out on one of the spiral arms of the Milky Way

• We can’t see the center of the Milky Way due to the massive cloud of gas and dust between the sun and the center

The Milky Way

http://abyss.uoregon.edu/%7Ejs/images/milky_way_large.jpg

The Milky Way

http://www.crystalinks.com/galaxymilkyway.jpg

Elliptical Galaxies• Elliptical galaxies look like flattened

balls• Have little gas and dust between the

stars so new stars can not form– Ellliptical galaxies only contain old stars

http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpegMod/PIA08696_modest.jpg

Elliptical Galaxy

http://zuserver2.star.ucl.ac.uk/%7Eidh/apod/image/0406/m87_cfht.jpg

Irregular Galaxies

• Some galaxies don’t have a regular shape, they are called irregular galaxies

• The Large Magellanic Cloud is an irregular galaxy

http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/159426main_image_feature_666_ys_4.jpg

Irregular Galaxy

http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/StarChild/universe_level2/ngc6822.gif

Irregular Galaxy

http://www.astro.utu.fi/news/img/RGB_bird_idl600.jpeg

Bintang dan Buruj

STAR

Characteristics Is a self-luminous

body

Made up of dust

and gases

We can see the stars - They give out light

Other objects ( meteors, comets, etc.) and planets are

dark and small- Can only be seen when

sunlight falls on them

Appear very small in the sky - Due to their distance from Earth

Most star exist in

pairs

The sun

Except

Lone star

Star

Classification

•Very a lot because of their saizes•A big star has a low density

•The smallest star : neutron star - 10 km in size• The biggest star :supergiant > 300 x sun’s size

•Can be determined by •analyzing its light •using a spectroscope•Main composition : hydrogen•and helium•Other elements : iron and carbon

•Depends on its surface •Temperature, sizes and distance from the earth•Brightest star: Magnitude – 26.5 (the sun)•Dullest star: magnitude +26.0 •The bright star can be seen by the naked eye ( e.g. sirius, rigel)

Brightness

Chemical composition

Size

Density

Relative sizes of stars

NEUTRON STAR

WHITE DWARF

THE SUN GIANT STAR SUPERGIANT STAR

Biggest star

Smallest star

TEMPERATURE AND COLOUR

B L U E WHITISH BLUE WHITE Yellowish

white

yellow orange red

> 30 000 *C 15 000 *C 11 000 *C 6 000 *C

5 000 *C 4 000 *C

Example of stars

3 000 *C

Lota Orionis Rigel SIRIUS Capella

Sun Arcturus Antares

f

Very large star Red giant Red supergiant

SUPERNOVA

Black hole

Neutron

Nebula : clouds of

gasesor dust Medium sized

star Red giantPlanetary

nebula White dwarf

Enormous clouds

of dust and gas in nebula

collapse under the force of gravity

The material condensed

and compressed by

the gravitational

force its temperature

begins it rise at its centre

As the temperaturerises, nuclear

fusion occurs in the core heat and

light energy travels out from

the centre. It glows and turns

into a star

The destruction

or star begins

when it has used up its

core hydrogen

fuel

The core will shrink and

heat up whereas the outer layers will expands

and cool down

CONSTELLATION

DEFINITION

A group of stars thatForms a certain

Pattern in the sky

IMPORTANCE

-To guide a navigators,ravellers or to find direction or locaion

Examples :

Identify the

periodof time

or season of the year

Identify and Locate the

stars

NAMED AFTER

•Some are visible at all times .•Some are seen at different times of the year. -Depending on the Earth’s orbit

Individuals in Greek orRoman

mythologye.g.

Andromeda, Perseus

Animals e.g.swan, bullHoroscope

Twelve of the Constellation

Form the zodiac

Astronomers have

recognised 88 constellati on

Twelve of the constellation from the zodiac

Aquarius Libra

Aries Sagittarius

CANCER Virgo

Gemini

Scorpion

Capricorn PISCES

Taurus Leo

25,000 lightyears

1000,000 lightyears

The sun and otherStars forms a galaxy;

Milky way

SIDE VIEW

The Sun and its planets formthe Solar System

•The galaxy where our solar system is formed •Consists of about 10 billion stars •The nearest galaxy : The Magellan Cloud•The nearest galaxy : Proxima Centauri•It is a spiral galaxy

Milky way

TYPES OF

GALAXY

Irregular galaxy•Have not formed specific shape•Consists mainly of young stars•Example : Magellan Cloud

Elliptical galaxy- Flattened, ball shape - Consists mainly of old stars - cannot form new stars- Does not contain any more dusts and gas- Example Galaxy M87 in Virgo

IRREGULAR GALAXY

Elliptical galaxy

Spiral galaxyDisc-shape, have

spiral armsConsists of old

and young stars- Older stars :

centre-Younger stars : at

the edges-Examples : Milky way, Andromeda

SPIRAL GALAXY

Perbandingan Bintang berdasarkan suhu dan Saiz

Kelahiran Bintang

Kematian Bintang

Kematian Bintang

Bintang, Galaksi dan Alam Semesta

Test

Penutup

2. Tasbih Kifarah.

1. Baca Surah Al-`Ashr