BAB 2 Imagery

8/19/2019 BAB 2 Imagery

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TOPIC 2


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TYPES OF IMAGERY

2.1 Understand types of image

2.1.1 Interpret photography image (black andwhite )

2.1.2 Interpret satellite image (color image,infra-red image, thermal image)

2.1.3 Implement the techni!e of compositeimage

2.2 Understand the techni!es of "#$#" (%#"and %")

2.2.1 'al!ate the techni!e of "#$#"


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TYPES OF IMAGES

hotographic Image

*on hotographic image

%atellite Image "adar Image


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'lectromagnetic energy may bedetected either photographically orelectronically.

+he photographic process !seschemical reactions on the s!rface oflight-sensitie lm to detect and

record energy ariations. It is important to disting!ish between

the terms images and photographs inremote sensing


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#n image refers to any pictorialrepresentation, regardless of whatwaelengths or remote sensing deice

has been !sed to detect and record theelectromagnetic energy.

# photograph refers specically toimages that hae been detected as wellas recorded on photographic lm.


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hotos are normally recorded oer thewaelength range from .3 m to ./m - the isible and re0ected infrared.


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# photograph co!ld also berepresented and displayed in adigital format by s!bdiiding theimage into small e!al-sied andshaped areas, called pict!reelements or piels, and representing

the brightness of each area with an!meric al!e or digital n!mber.


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INFRARED

In 1/3 or 1/ the rst reliable black and white infraredlm was deeloped in 4ermany.

+he lm em!lsion was ad5!sted slightly from reg!lar lm tobe sensitie to waelengths of energy 5!st slightly longer

than red light and 5!st beyond the range of the h!man eye.

+he scientic comm!nity, howeer, has made contin!o!s!se of the lm technology.

6olor infrared lm is often called 7false-color7 lm. 8b5ectsthat are normally red appear green, green ob5ects (ecept

egetation) appear bl!e, and 7infrared7 ob5ects, whichnormally are not seen at all, appear red.

+he primary !se of color infrared photography isegetation st!dies.

+his is beca!se healthy green egetation is a ery strong

re0ector of infrared radiation and appears bright red oncolor infrared


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SATELLITE IMAGE


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COLOR INFRARED

Color infrared film is often called "false-color" film.

Objects that are normally red appear green, green objects (except

vegetation) appear blue, and "infrared" objects, hich normally are not seen

at all, appear red.

!he primary use of color infrared photography is vegetation studies.

!his is because healthy green vegetation is a very strong reflector of

infrared radiation and appears bright red on color infrared photographs.


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Thermal Image

+hermal infrared radiation refers to electromagnetic waes with a

waelength of between 3.9 and 2 micrometers.

:ost remote sensing applications make !se of the ; to 13micrometer range.

+he main di


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> +hermal infrared imaging systems are notorio!sly di@c!ltto calibrate.

> +he data collected has etensie processingre!irements. # 6 isnAt going to c!t it.

> +hermal images can be !ite di@c!lt to interpret whencompared with other types of imagery.

> +hermal imagery is *8+ geometrically correct.> +hermal images of water meas!re only the ery top layerof the water. +hey tell yo! nothing of the waterAs characteristicsbelow the top few micrometers.


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IMEJ FOTOGRAFI

:er!pakan bent!k penderiaan 5a!hlama

?otogra diambil dari belon, kapalterbang dan satelit

Ime5 mengg!nakan lem

Ime5 yang dihasilkan bergant!ngpada 5!mlah cahaya

engesanan 6!ma dilak!kan padacahaya nampak

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hot_air_balloon_in_flight_quebec_2005.jpeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hot_air_balloon_in_flight_quebec_2005.jpeg


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Calton_Hill_from_a_kite.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:San_Francisco_in_ruin_edit2.jpg


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Antara jenis foto

?otogra hitam p!tih (isible)

endedahan cahaya dilak!kan ke

atas lem panchromatic di manaem!lsi sensitif kepada spektr!mnampak

ada 5al!r (.3B!m-.C2!m)

Ime5 panchromatic akan memberikanime5 dalam bent!k tone kelab!


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?otogra Darna( Eisible)

endedahan cahaya tampak dilak!kan keatas lem warna :engand!ngi pelbagai lapisan em!lsion

di atas base

Fang mana setiap lapisan peka kepadaberlainan 5al!r pan5ang gelombangcahaya

:engand!ngi berlainan dye (bir!, hi5a!,

merah) Ime5 warna yang dihasilkan akanmenggambarkan keadaan warna sebenardan dikenali sebagai (tr!e colo!r)


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?oto ini boleh dig!nakan !nt!kpentaksiran ime5 tetapi terdapat

masalah seperti perbelan5aan tinggidan gangg!an atmosfera

en!ras k!ning(yellow lter) diletakkan

pada lapisan em!lsion !nt!k menahandrpd menerima spektr!m bir! !nt!kmenghilangkan kesan hase yangter5adi drpd proses serakan rayleigh


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Top: tree photographed in the near infrared

range. Bottom: same tree in the

visible part of the spectrum.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared


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Imej "#$an Fotografi$

Ime5 ini !nt!k spektr!m 5enisgelombang pan5ang sepertiinframerah termal dan radar

Ime5 ini berkembang l!as keranaketinggian pelantar bertambah makapenderiaan !nt!k cahaya nampak

s!kar kerana atmosfera tinggi 6ontoh ime5G "#$#"


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RADAR


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RADAR

#dalah alat peng!k!ran 5arak denganmeng!k!r masa deny!t dipancarkankepada ob5ek dan dibalikkan sem!la

ke antena


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RADAR (Radio Detection AndRanging)

"adar mer!pakan sistem pengesanob5ek yang mengesan gelombangelektromagnetik bagi menent!kan

5arak,altit!d,arah. +enaga gelombang mikro

dipancarkan daripada antena(transmitter) dalam bent!k shortb!rst ata! deny!t(p!lses) kpd ob5ek

Hem!dian dipant!lkan sem!la padapenderia


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:asa per5alanan gema(echo) di!k!rsecara elektronik dan dit!kar kpd nilai 5arak antara alat pemancar dan ob5ek

!mlah tenaga yang dipant!lkanbergant!ng kpd sai, kekasaran dankand!ngan serta sifat elektrik

#pabila tenaga diterima oleh penderia

ia dit!kar kpd isyarat elektronik $engan bant!an cathode ray t!be(6"+)

ia boleh dit!kar ke dlm btk ime5


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long-range radar antenna, #non as ALTAIR ,

used to detect and trac# space objects inconjunction ith $% testing at the

&onald &eagan !est 'ite on the ajalein atoll

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_%28electronics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-ballistic_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Test_Sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwajaleinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atollhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atollhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwajaleinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Test_Sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-ballistic_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_%28electronics%29


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erm!kaan yang bers!d!t tepatdengan pancaran akan memberikan

5!mlah tenaga pembalikan paling

tinggi dan pada ime5 tone akanmen5adi terang

:anakala perm!kaan yang condong

akan memberi ime5 sedikit gelapseperti bayang


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Imaging and Non-ImagingSystems

"adar systems may or may not beimaging systems. # well knowneample of a non-imaging system is

a doppler radar system. +hesesystems are !sed (for eample) tomeasure vehicle speeds by

meas!ring the fre!ency, or dopplershift between transmitted and ret!rnsignals.


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$eare speedsters *+pl oremin usop using the ne radar gun to

catch speeding vehicles during Ops 'i#ap / on the orth- 'outh0xpressay near the $angi toll pla1a %onday. 2ighay users ho ill be

enjoying free travel or getting discounts for the coming Chinese e ear

should ma#e sure that they do not lose them to speeding fines. !he radar

gun can detect speeding cars from as far as 3#m aay.


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Plan position indicators (44/) produce a type of image. !hese radars

use a circular display screen to indicate objects surrounding the rotating

antenna. !hey acommonly used for eather monitoring, air traffic

control and navigational systems. !he spatial resolution of the vie map

of the area under surveillance is too coarse to be used in remote

sensing applications.


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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Sonar_Principle_EN.svg


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Active and Passive Imaging Systems


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Imaging radar systems can be actie orpassie.

#ctie radar systems transmit short b!rsts

or Ap!lsesA of electromagnetic energy in thedirection of interest and record the originand strength of the backscatter receiedfrom ob5ects within the systemAs eld of

iew. assie radar systems sense low leel

microwae radiation gien o< by all ob5ectsin the nat!ral enironment.


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&adar imaging systems such as 0&' (0uropean

&emote 'ensing 'atellite), 50&' (5apan 0arth&esources 'atellite), and RADARSAT- are active

systems. !hey both transmit and receive energy.

%icroave scanning radiometers only receive

microave energy.


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8ne adantage of actie radar sensingsystems is that, since they proidetheir own so!rce of energy, they can

collect data at any time of the day ornight.

assie sensors - optical, thermal, and

microwae - rely on receiing thenat!rally emitted or the s!nAs re0ectedenergy from the 'arthAs s!rface.


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%iri&'iri imej ra(ar

Ime5 radar menyer!pai gambarfototetapi tdk sama ter!tama dlm herotangeometri

=erotan sisi (lateral) dlm ime5 radarbergant!ng kpd ob5ek yang bersifattinggi

Ime5 radar yang diambil dari kapal!dara dan yang diambil dari kapalangkasa memp!nyai ciri yang berbea


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%iri #tama imej ra(ar

engesanan selari dalam sat!garisan (scan lines) dan bers!d!ttepat dgn arah penerbangan

+on terang dan gelapmenggambarkan tindakbls denganperm!kaan b!mi ata! 5!mlh tenaga

yang dibalikkan


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'rotan geometri iait! an5akan sat!dimensi kesan imbasan sisi (lateralscanning akan kelihatan 5elas bagi

perm!kaan ime5 5asad timb!l Hesan ini bergant!ng kepada s!d!t

pandang dan s!d!t t!nd!k serta

5arak lateral 'rotan men5adi lbh besar bagi ime5

yang lbh 5a!h dari arah penerbangan


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Hesan yang timb!l seperti terlal!baringan (layoer), bayang(shadow).


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Bandname

Frequencyrange

Wavelengthrange

otes


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=? 3J3 := 1J1 m coastal radar systems, oer-the-horion radar (8+=) radarsK Ahigh fre!encyA

L 3 := 1 mN AA for Apreio!sA, applied retrospectiely to early radar systems

E=? 3J33 := ./JB m Eery long range, gro!nd penetratingK Aery high fre!encyA

U=? 3J1 := .3J1 m Eery long range (e.g. ballistic missile early warning), gro!nd penetrating, foliagepenetratingK A!ltra high fre!encyA

& 1J2 4= 19J3 cm &ong range air tra@c control and s!reillanceK A&A for AlongA

% 2J 4= C.9J19 cm +erminal air tra@c control, long-range weather, marine radarK A%A for AshortA

6 J; 4= 3.C9JC.9 cm %atellite transpondersK a compromise (hence A6A) between O and % bandsKweather

O ;J12 4= 2.9J3.C9 cm :issile g!idance, , weather, medi!m-resol!tion mapping and gro!nds!reillanceK in the U%# the narrow range 1.929 4= P29 := is !sed forairport radar. *amed O band beca!se the fre!ency was a secret d!ring DD2.

H ! 12J1; 4= 1.BCJ2.9 cm high-resol!tion

H 1;J2 4= 1.11J1.BC cm from 4erman kurz , meaning AshortAK limited !se d!e to absorption by waterapo!r, so H

! and H

a were !sed instead for s!reillance. H-band is !sed for

detecting clo!ds by meteorologists, and by police for detecting speedingmotorists. H-band radar g!ns operate at 2.19 P .1 4=.

H a

2J 4= .C9J1.11 cm mapping, short range, airport s!reillanceK fre!ency 5!st aboe H band (henceAaA) hoto radar, !sed to trigger cameras which take pict!res of license plates ofcars r!nning red lights, operates at 3.3 P .1 4=.

mm J3 4= C.9 mm J 1 mm millimetre band, s!bdiided as below. +he fre!ency ranges depend on

waeg!ide sie. :!ltiple letters are assigned to these bands by di


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S)ntheti' A*ert#re RADAR+SAR,


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'& image of 6eath 7alley

colored using polarimetry


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Penderiaan Infra Merah Thermal

enderiaan haba dinamakanthermography iait! peng!k!ran danmerekod haba ob5ek dib!mi

arak gelombang antara 3.-9. !m dan;.-1.!m.

enderiaan dib!at dari bahan yang pekakpd per!bahan s!h! raksa (merc!ry)

Honsep deria sama dengan penderiaanbkn fotogra


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PENDERIAAN LAMPAU UNGU(ULTRA-UNGU) :er!pakan penderiaan gelombang pendek

(.1m-.m) enderiaan gelombang ini s!kar dilaksanakan

kerana kesan atmosfera yg tinggi

Dala!bagaimanap!n ime5 boleh dihasilkanmengg!nakan alat kamera yg memp!nyaikanta dan penapis khas

Ime5 yg dihasilkan men5adi tone gelap !tkob5ek p!tih spt sal5i dan ob5ek gelap akan 5d

tone terang enderiaan ini ses!ai !nt!k ker5a

pengawasan pencemaran seperti t!mpahanminyak.

BAB 2 Imagery

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