BAB 18 - Financial Statement Analysis
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Transcript of BAB 18 - Financial Statement Analysis
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Financial Statement
Analysis
Chapter 18
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The Annual Report
Usually Contains ...
financial statements.
notes to the financial statements.
a summary of accounting methods used.management discussion and analysis of the
financial statements.
an auditors report.comparative financial data for 5 to 10
years.
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Objective 1
Perform a Horizontal Analysis
of Financial Statements.
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Horizontal Analysis
Increase/(Decrease)
2005 2004 Amount PercentSales $41,500 $37,850 $3,650 9.6%
Expenses 40,000 36,900 3,100 8.4%
Net income 1,500 950 550 57.9%
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2005 2004 Difference
Sales $41,500 $37,850 $3,650
$3,650 $37,850 = .0964, or 9.6%
Horizontal Analysis
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Trend Percentages...
are computed by selecting a base year
whose amounts are set equal to 100%.
The amounts of each following year areexpressed as a percentage of the base
amount.
Trend % = Any year $ Base year $
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Year 2005 2004 2003
Revenues $27,611 $24,215 $21,718
Cost of sales 15,318 14,709 13,049
Gross profit $12,293 $ 9,506 $ 8,669
2003 is the base year.
What are the trend percentages?
Trend Percentages
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Year 2005 2004 2003
Revenues 127% 111% 100%
Cost of sales 117% 113% 100%
Gross profit 142% 110% 100%
Trend Percentages
These percentages were calculated bydividing each item by the base year.
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Vertical Analysis...
compares each item in a financial
statement to a base number set to 100%.
Every item on the financial statement isthen reported as a percentage of that base.
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Vertical Analysis
2005 %
Revenues $38,303 100.0
Cost of sales 19,688 51.4Gross profit $18,615 48.6
Total operating expenses 13,209 34.5
Operating income $ 5,406 14.1
Other income 2,187 5.7Income before taxes $ 7,593 19.8
Income taxes 2,827 7.4
Net income $ 4,766 12.4
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Vertical Analysis
Assets 2005 %
Current assets:
Cash $ 1,816 4.7Receivables net 10,438 26.9
Inventories 6,151 15.9
Prepaid expenses 3,526 9.1
Total current assets $21,931 56.6Plant and equipment, net 6,847 17.7
Other assets 9,997 25.7
Total assets $38,775 100.0
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Objective 3
Understand Benchmarking
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Common-size Statements
On the income statement, each item isexpressed as a percentage of net sales.
On the balance sheet, the common size isthe total on each side of the accountingequation.
Common-size statements are used to
compare one company to other companies,and to the industry average.
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Benchmarking
43.0%
38.2%
8.0%
10.8%
51.4%
28.8%
7.4%
12.4%
Percent of Net Sales
MCILucent Technologies
Cost of goods sold Operating expensesIncome tax Net income
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Objective 4
Using Ratios
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Ratio Classification
1 Measuring ability to pay current liabilities
2 Measuring ability to sell inventory and
collect receivables3 Measuring ability to pay short-term and
long-term debt
4 Measuring profitability5 Analyzing stock as an investment
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Palisades Furniture Example
Net sales (Year 2005) $858,000
Cost of goods sold 513,000
Gross profit $345,000Total operating expenses 244,000
Operating income $101,000
Interest revenue 4,000
Interest expense (24,000)Income before taxes $ 81,000
Income taxes 33,000
Net income $ 48,000
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Palisades Furniture Example
Assets 20x5 20x4
Current assets:
Cash $ 29,000 $ 32,000Receivables net 114,000 85,000
Inventories 113,000 111,000
Prepaid expenses 6,000 8,000
Total current assets $262,000 $236,000Long-term investments 18,000 9,000
Plant and equipment, net 507,000 399,000
Total assets $787,000 $644,000
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Palisades Furniture Example
Liabilities 20x5 20x4
Current liabilities:
Notes payable $ 42,000 $ 27,000Accounts payable 73,000 68,000
Accrued liabilities 27,000 31,000
Total current liabilities $142,000 $126,000
Long-term debt 289,000 198,000
Total liabilities $431,000 $324,000
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Stockholders Equity 20x5 20x4
Common stock, no par $186,000 $186,000
Retained earnings 170,000 134,000Total stockholders equity $356,000 $320,000
Total liabilities and
stockholders equity $787,000 $644,000
Palisades Furniture Example
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Current ratio =
Total current assets Total current liabilities
The current ratio measures
the companys ability to pay
current liabilities with current assets.
Measuring Ability to
Pay Current Liabilities
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Measuring Ability to
Pay Current Liabilities
Palisades current ratio:
20x4: $236,000 $126,000 = 1.87
20x5: $262,000 $142,000 = 1.85 The industry average is 1.50.
The current ratio decreased slightly
during 20x5.
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Acid-test ratio =
(Cash + Short-term investments+ Net current receivables)
Total current liabilities
Measuring Ability to
Pay Current Liabilities
The acid-test ratio shows the companys
ability to pay all current liabilities
if they come due immediately.
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Measuring Ability to
Pay Current Liabilities
Palisades acid-test ratio:
20x4: ($32,000 + $85,000) $126,000 =
.93 20x5: ($29,000 + $114,000) $142,000 =
1.01
The industry average is .40. The companys acid-test ratio improved
considerably during 20x5.
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Inventory turnover = Cost of goods sold
Average inventory
Inventory turnover is a measure
of the number of times the average
level of inventory is sold during a year.
Measuring Ability to
Sell Inventory
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Measuring Ability to
Sell Inventory
Palisades inventory turnover:
20x5: $513,000 $112,000 = 4.58
The industry average is 3.4. A high number indicates an ability to
quickly sell inventory.
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Accounts receivable turnover =
Net credit sales Average accounts receivable
Accounts receivable turnover measures a companys
ability to collect cash from credit customers.
Measuring Ability to
Collect Receivables
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Measuring Ability to
Collect Receivables
Palisades accounts receivable turnover:
20x5: $858,000 $99,500 = 8.62 times
The industry average is 51 times. Palisades receivable turnover is much
lower than the industry average.
The company is a home-town store thatsells to local people who tend to pay theirbills over a lengthy period of time.
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One days sales = Net sales 365 days
Days sales in Accounts Receivable =
Average net Accounts Receivable One days sales
Measuring Ability to
Collect Receivables
Days sales in receivable ratio measures how
many days sales remain in Accounts Receivable.
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Measuring Ability to
Collect Receivables
Palisades days sales in Accounts
Receivable for 20x5:
One days sales: $858,000 365 = $2,351
Days sales in Accounts Receivable:
$99,500 $2,351 = 42 days The industry average is 7 days.
i Abili
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Total liabilities Total assets
Measuring Ability to
Pay Debt
The debt ratio indicates the proportion
of assets financed with debt.
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Measuring Ability to
Pay Debt
Palisades debt ratio:
20x4: $324,000 $644,000 = 0.50
20x5: $431,000 $787,000 = 0.55 The industry average is 0.64.
Palisades Furniture expanded operations
during 20x5 by financing throughborrowing.
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Times-interest-earned
= Income from operations Interest expense
Measuring Ability to
Pay Debt
Times-interest-earned ratio
measures the number of times
operating income can cover interest expense.
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Measuring Ability to
Pay Debt
Palisades times-interest-earned ratio:
20x4: $ 57,000 $14,000 = 4.07
20x5: $101,000 $24,000 = 4.21 The industry average is 2.80.
The companys times-interest-earned ratio
increased in 20x5. This is a favorable sign.
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Rate of return on net sales =
Net income Net sales
Measuring Profitability
Rate of return on net sales shows the percentage
of each sales dollar earned as net income.
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Measuring Profitability
Palisades rate of return on sales:
20x4: $26,000 $803,000 = 0.032
20x5: $48,000 $858,000 = 0.056 The industry average is 0.008.
The increase is significant in itself and also
because it is much better than the industryaverage.
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Rate of return on total assets = (Net income
+ interest expense) Average total assets
Measuring Profitability
Rate of return on total assets measures
how profitably a company uses its assets.
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Measuring Profitability
Palisades rate of return on total assets
for 20x5:
($48,000 + $24,000) $715,500 = 0.101 The industry average is 0.078.
How does Palisades compare to the
industry? Very favorably.
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Rate of return on common stockholders equity
= (Net incomepreferred dividends) Average common stockholders equity
Measuring Profitability
Common equity includes additional
paid-in capital on common
stock and retained earnings.
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Measuring Profitability
Palisades rate of return on common
stockholders equity for 20x5:
($48,000$0) $338,000 = 0.142 The industry average is 0.121.
Why is this ratio larger than the return on
total assets (.101)? Because Palisades uses leverage.
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Measuring Profitability
Earnings per share of common stock
= (Net incomePreferred dividends) Number of shares of common stock outstanding
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Measuring Profitability
Palisades earnings per share:
20x4: ($26,000$0) 10,000 = $2.60
20x5: ($48,000$0) 10,000 = $4.80 This large increase in EPS is considered
very unusual.
A l i St k
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Analyzing Stock as an
Investment
Price/earning ratio is the ratio of market
price per share to earnings per share.
20x4: $35 $2.60 = 13.5 20x5: $60 $4.80 = 12.5
Given Palisades Furnitures 20x5 P/E ratio
of 12.5, we would say that the companysstock is selling at 12.5 times earnings.
A l i St k
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Dividend per share of common
(or preferred) stock Market price per shareof common (or preferred) stock
Analyzing Stock as an
Investment
Dividend yield shows the percentage
of a stocks market value returned as
dividends to stockholders each period.
A l i St k
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Analyzing Stock as an
Investment
Dividend yield on Palisades common stock:
20x4: $1.00 $35.00 = .029 (2.9%)
20x5: $1.20 $60.00 = .020 (2%) An investor who buys Palisades Furniture common
stock for $60 can expect to receive 2% of the
investment annually in the form of cash dividends.
A l i St k
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Analyzing Stock as an
Investment
Book value per share of common stock
= (Total stockholders equity Preferred equity) Number of shares of common stock outstanding
A l i St k
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Analyzing Stock as an
Investment
Book value per share of Palisades
common stock:
20x4: ($320,000$0) 10,000 = $32.00 20x5: ($356,000$0) 10,000 = $35.60
Book value bears no relationship to market
value.
Li it ti f Fi i l
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Limitations of Financial
Analysis
Business decisions are made in a world of
uncertainty.
No single ratio or one-year figure shouldbe relied upon to provide an assessment of
a companys performance.
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Objective 5
Other Evaluation Tools
Economic Val e Added
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Economic Value Added
(EVA)
Economic value added (EVA) combines
accounting income and corporate finance
to measure whether the companys
operations have increased stockholder
wealth.
EVA = Net income + Interest expense
Capital charge
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End of Chapter 18