ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 11. Designing with Expansion Joints

Designing with Expansion Joints - 1

ASME B31.3 Process Piping

Charles Becht IV, PhD, PE Don Frikken, PE

Instructors

Designing with Expansion Joints - 2

1. Establish applicable system standard(s)2. Establish design conditions3. Make overall piping material decisions

Pressure ClassReliabilityMaterials of construction

4. Fine tune piping material decisionsMaterialsDetermine wall thicknessesValves

5. Establish preliminary piping system layout & supportconfiguration

6. Perform flexibility analysis7. Finalize layout and bill of materials8. Fabricate and install9. Examine and test

Piping Development Process

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 11. Designing with Expansion Joints

Designing with Expansion Joints - 3

11. Designing with Expansion JointsTypes of Expansion JointsPressure ThrustInstallation of Expansion JointsMetal Bellows Expansion Joints

(Hanjo) (General Rubber) (Hyspan)

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The Material in This Section is Addressed by B31.3 in:

Chapter II - DesignAppendix X - Metallic Bellows Expansion

Joints

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 11. Designing with Expansion Joints

Rubber Bellows Designing with Expansion Joints - 5

Types of Expansion Joints

Ball Slip

Metal Bellows

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Pressure Thrust

Expansion Joint Manufacturer’s Association (EJMA)

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 11. Designing with Expansion Joints

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Pressure Thrust

(EJMA)

Which types of expansion joints have this problem?

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Pressure ThrustFor a bellows type expansion joint, the pressure thrust force is the effective thrust area recommended by the manufacturer times the pressure. In the absence of this information:

F = P * π * dp2

4Where

F = pressure thrust forceP = pressure dp = mean diameter of bellows

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 11. Designing with Expansion Joints

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Pressure Thrust

PAn PAn

Net force on nozzle = PAnNet force on vessel = 0

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Pressure Thrust

dp PAnPAn

Net force on nozzle = F-PAnNet force on vessel = FNet force on anchor = F

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 11. Designing with Expansion Joints

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Rigid Support

Pressure Thrust WorkshopWhat is the apparent change in the weight of a vessel caused by increasing the pressure by 100 psi (700 kPa)?

See the supplement, page 52.

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Installation of Expansion Joints

Anchors must be designed for full pressure thrust based on maximum operating pressure.

(EJMA)

Weigh Cell (typ)

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 11. Designing with Expansion Joints

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Bellows Movement

Axial (EJMA) Rotation (EJMA)

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Bellows Movement

Lateral (EJMA)Inefficient for bellows

Efficient use of bellows for Lateral movement (EJMA)

Bellows are not intended totake torsional displacement.

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 11. Designing with Expansion Joints

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Universal Expansion Joint

Piping Technology & Products(PTP) (PTP)

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Universal Expansion Joint

In-plane application(EJMA)

3-dimensional application(EJMA)

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 11. Designing with Expansion Joints

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Hinged Expansion Joint

(EJMA) (Adsco) (Hae Jo Industrial)

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Hinged Expansion Joint

(EJMA)

(EJMA)

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 11. Designing with Expansion Joints

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Gimbal Expansion Joint

(EJMA) (Adsco) (Hae Jo Industrial)

(EJMA) Designing with Expansion Joints - 20

Gimbal Expansion Joint

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 11. Designing with Expansion Joints

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Pressure Balanced Expansion Joint

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Pressure Balanced Expansion Joint

(EJMA) (Hae Jo Industrial)

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 11. Designing with Expansion Joints

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Pressure Balanced Expansion Joint

(EJMA)

(EJMA)

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Bellows Expansion Joint Types

YesSmallYesPressure Balanced

YesGimbal

YesHinged

YesYesUniversal

(tied)

YesYesSmallYesSingle

PressureThrustRotationLateralAxialTypeType

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 11. Designing with Expansion Joints

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Metal Bellows Expansion JointsBellows ShapesFailure Modes

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Bellows Shapes (EJMA)

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 11. Designing with Expansion Joints

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Bellows Shapes (EJMA)

Unreinforced UToroidal

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Metal Bellows Failure ModesIn-plane squirmColumn squirmFatigue(Design Factor = 2.6 on cycles)

Creep-fatigueBurst, collapse, overstretching(Design Factor = 3.0 on burst)

Corrosion

In-planesquirm

Columnsquirm

Reinforced U

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course 11. Designing with Expansion Joints

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Flixborough Disaster

1974 cyclohexane vapor cloudexplosion (UK)Killed 28, injured 89, damaged 1821homesCaused by plant personnel’s failure torecognize expansion joint pressurethrust problem

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Metal Bellows Fatigue

10000

100000

1000000

100 1000 10000 100000 1000000

Tota

l Stre

ss R

ange

EJMAUnreinforcedEJMAReinforcedB31.3UnreinforcedB31.3Reinforced

Number of Cycles