B1.Nano Technology

8/14/2019 B1.Nano Technology

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Abstract

Technology can be defined as the means whereby a society produces the various 'goods'

it uses. Most of us have some familiarity with micro-technology and its breathtaking changes in

our world. Nano-technology in comparison promises a truly awesome next step for mankind.

This paper attempts to convey some idea of what this new technology might mean. Nano-

technology proposes an engineering based upon molecular machinery capable of self-

replication and controlled by either molecular or electronic information systems. In other

words, a technology of minute, invisible machines programmable by humans and capable of

independant action and reproduction. No one seemed prepared to accept the unbelievable

meteoric storm of the computer-age, but accordingly nano-technology promises to truly come

like "a thief in the night"!

The essence of nanotechnology is the ability to work at the atomic, molecular and

macromolecular levels in order to create materials, devices and systems with fundamentally

new properties and functions. Building blocks are atoms and molecules, or their assemblies

such as nanoparticles, nanolayers, nanowires and nanotubes.

This paper presents several aspects of nanotechnology including its vision, research anddevelopment strategy using several recent scientific discoveries and results from industry.





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Introduction

Nanotechnology is often called the science of the small. It is concerned with

manipulating particles at the atomic level, usually in order to form new compounds or make

changes to existing substances. Nanotechnology is being applied to problems in electronics,

biology, genetics and a wide range of business applications. Matter is composed of small atoms

that are closely bound together, making up the molecular structure, which in turn, determines

the density of the concerned material. Since different factors such as molecular surface tension,

density, malleability, ductility, etc. come into play. Nanosystems are the systems, which are

design on the scale of one-billionth of a meter. The factors mentioned above effect the

nanosystems and so they are to be design in a cost effective manner to overwrite the conditions

mentioned above and helps to create machines that would be capable of withstanding the odds

of environment. The technology that effectively carries out the jobs, which are mentioned

above, is called Nanotechnology.

Nanotechnology works at the molecular level to create structures, machines and

formations that can have helpful functions. Machines that are made using nanotechnology are

mostly modeled after those in nature and can possibly be used for storage or do mechanistic

works.





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· And eventually, be ubiquitous. Just as today's computers are showing up in more and

more products, nano-computers and nano-defined materials will be able to improve just

about any object we use, including our own bodies.

3. Utilities of Nanotechnology

3.1 Nano-Machines:

Nanomechanisms do have obvious similarities to conventional mechanisms. Unlike

software, they will be made of parts having size, shape, mass, strength, stiffness, and so forth.

They will often include gears, bearings, shafts, casings, motors, and other familiar sorts of

devices designed in accord with familiar principles of mechanical engineering. In most

respects, nano-mechanical parts will resemble conventional parts, but made with far, far fewer

atoms. Some of the interesting properties of Nano-Machines are as given –

1. In their shapes and functions, nanomechanisms will be much like ordinary machines.

But in their discreteness of structure and associated perfection-to say nothing of their

speed, accuracy, and replication ability.

2. And yet their similarity to software and digital mechanisms will be profound. As

software consists of discrete patterns of bits, so nanomechanisms will consist of discrete

patterns of atoms.

3. Atoms, like bits, need not be made; they are both flawless and available without need

for manufacture. The parts of nanomechanisms will not form a continuum of shapes,

built by inaccurate analog processes; they will instead be chosen from a discrete set of

atom-patterns, and (like bit patterns) these patterns will be either entirely correct or

clearly wrong.





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This illustration shows a structure resembling a Stewart platform that results from a

long sequence of designs and redesigns aimed at specifying the atomic structure of a molecular-

scale fine-motion controller. Its core consists of a shaft linking two hexagonal endplates,

sandwiching a stack of eight rings. In a complete system, each ring would be rotated by a lever,

which is driven by a cam mechanism. Each ring supports a strut linked to a central platform

(here shown raised, displaced, and twisted). Rotating a ring moves a strut; moving a strut

moves the platform; positioning all eight rings (over-) determines a platform position in x, y, z,

roll, pitch, and yaw. (If the struts were rigid, six would do the job; here, two struts have been

added to increase stiffness and decrease elegance.) The chief design problem is to enable an

adequate range of motion without mechanical interference or unacceptable bond strains, and

within the size constraints set by available modeling tools and patience. The illustrated

structure can execute precise motions over several atomic diameters with associated 90-degree

rotations, and contains fewer than 3,000 atoms.

3.2 Nanotechnology Tool -

1. Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) -

The STM is a device that can position a tip to atomic precision near a surface and can

move it around. The scanning tunneling microscope is conceptually quite simple. It uses a

sharp, electrically conductive needle to scan a surface. The position of the tip of the needle is

controlled to within 0.1 angstrom (less than the radius of a hydrogen atom) using a voltage-

controlled piezoelectric drive. When the tip is within a few angstroms of the surface and a

small voltage is applied to the needle, a tunneling current flows from the tip to the surface. This

tunneling current is then detected and amplified, and can be used to map the shape of the

surface, much as a blind man's stick can reveal the shape of an object.

2. Recent Developments in Nanotechnology using STM –

a. In the new work, the surface is atomically smooth graphite with a drop of dimethyl-

phthalate (a liquid) on its surface. (The type of organic liquid does not seem critical; many

other compounds have been used.) The needle is electrochemically-etched tungsten, and is





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immersed in the liquid. Not only can the graphite surface be imaged in the normal way, but also

a voltage pulse applied to the needle (3.7 volts for 100 nanoseconds) can 'pin' one of the

organic molecules to the surface, where it can be viewed in the normal fashion. A second

voltage pulse applied at the same location can remove the pinned molecule (though it often

randomly pins other molecules in an as-yet uncontrollable way). In some cases, the voltage

pulse will remove only part of the pinned molecule, leaving behind a molecularly altered

fragment.

b. The larger implication of this work, however, is that it may put us on the threshold of

controlled molecular manipulation. The great virtue of this technique is that we need not

imagine it at all-it is real and is being pursued in Bell Laboratory and at IBM Almaden.

4. A role for Engineering:

Physical, chemical, biological, materials and engineering sciences have arrived to

nanoscale about the same time. Engineering plays an important role because when we refer to

nanotechnology we speak about ‘systems’ at nanoscale, where the treatment of simultaneous

phenomena in multibody assemblies would require integration of disciplinary methods of

investigation and an engineering system approach. The manipulation of a large system of molecules is equally challenging to a thermodynamics engineer researcher as it is to a single-

electron physics researcher. They need to work together. Engineering needs to redefine its

domain of relevance to effectively take this role in conjunction with other disciplines. Several

reasons for an increased role of engineering are:

· Nanotechnology deals with systems at nanoscale, which are hierarchically integrated in

architectures at larger scales.

· Multiple phenomena act simultaneous. Nanotechnology requires the integration of the

methods of investigation from various disciplines in order to understand macroscopic

phenomena, define transport coefficients, optimize processes and design products.





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· Nanotechnology implies the ability to manipulate the matter under control at the

nanoscale and integrate manufacturing along scales. Main challenges are creation of

tailored structures at the nanoscale, and combination of the bottom-up and top-down

approaches to generate nanostructured devices and systems.

· Development of tools and processes to measure, calibrate and manufacture.

The engineering community needs to redefine the role of engineering from analysis,

design and manufacturing mainly at the macro- and micro- scales towards the ‘nanoscale

engineering’; improve education and training of engineers to better understand phenomena and

processes from the atomic, molecular and macromolecular levels; and address problem-driven

and interdisciplinary nanotechnology R&D where engineering plays an important role.

5. Coherence with other science and Engineering mega trends

Six increasingly interconnected mega trends in science and engineering are perceived as

dominating the scene for the next decades:

· Information and computing

·

Nanoscale science and engineering

· Biology and bio-environmental approaches

· Medical sciences and eventually enhancing human physical capabilities

· Cognitive sciences concerned with exploring and enhancing intellectual abilities

· Collective behavior and system approach to study nature, technology and society.





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6. Applications:

Nanotechnology should let us make almost every manufactured product faster, lighter,

stronger, smarter, safer and cleaner. We can already see many of the possibilities as these few

examples illustrate. New products that solve new problems in new ways are more difficult to

foresee, yet their impact is likely to be even greater.

6.1. Improved transportation

· Today, most airplanes are made from metal despite the fact that diamond has a strength-

to-weight ratio over 50 times that of aerospace aluminum. Diamond is expensive, we

can't make it in the shapes we want, and it shatters. Nanotechnology will let us

inexpensively make shatterproof diamond (with a structure that might resemblediamond fibers) in exactly the shapes we want. This would let us make a Boeing 747

whose unloaded weight was 50 times lighter but just as strong.

· Today, travel in space is very expensive and reserved for an elite few. Nanotechnology

will dramatically reduce the costs and increase the capabilities of space ships and space

flight. The strength-to-weight ratio and the cost of components are absolutely critical to

the performance and economy of space ships: with nanotechnology, both of these

parameters will be improved. Beyond inexpensively providing remarkably light andstrong materials for space ships, nanotechnology will also provide extremely powerful

computers with which to guide both those ships and a wide range of other activities in

space.

6.2. Atom computers

· Today, computer chips are made using lithography - literally, "stone writing." If the

computer hardware revolution is to continue at its current pace, in a decade or so we'll

have to move beyond lithography to some new post lithographic manufacturing

technology. Ultimately, each logic element will be made from just a few atoms.

· Designs for computer gates with less than 1,000 atoms have already been proposed-but

each atom in such a small device has to be in exactly the right place. To economically





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build and interconnect trillions upon trillions of such small and precise devices in a

complex three-dimensional pattern we'll need a manufacturing technology well beyond

today's lithography: we'll need nanotechnology.

· With it, we should be able to build mass storage devices that can store more than a

hundred billion bytes in a volume the size of a sugar cube; RAM that can store a mere

billion bytes in such a volume; and massively parallel computers of the same size that

can deliver a billion instructions per second.

6.3. Military applications

· Today, "smart" weapons are fairly big -we have the "smart bomb" but not the "smart

bullet." In the future, even weapons as small as a single bullet could pack more

computer power than the largest supercomputer in existence today, allowing them to

perform real time image analysis of their surroundings and communicate with weapons

tracking systems to acquire and navigate to targets with greater precision and control.

· We'll also be able to build weapons both inexpensively and much more rapidly, at the

same time taking full advantage of the remarkable materials properties of diamond.

Rapid and inexpensive manufacture of great quantities of stronger more precise

weapons guided by massively increased computational power will alter the way we

fight wars. Changes of this magnitude could destabilize existing power structures in

unpredictable ways. Military applications of nanotechnology raise a number of concerns

that prudence suggests we begin to investigate before, rather than after, we develop this

new technology.

6.4. Solar energy

Nanotechnology will cut costs both of the solar cells and the equipment needed to

deploy them, making solar power economical. In this application we need not make new or

technically superior solar cells: making inexpensively what we already know how to make

expensively would move solar power into the mainstream.





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6.5. Medical uses

It is not modern medicine that does the healing, but the cells themselves: we are but

onlookers. If we had surgical tools that were molecular both in their size and precision, we

could develop a medical technology that for the first time would let us directly heal the injuries

at the molecular and cellular level that are the root causes of disease and ill health. With the

precision of drugs combined with the intelligent guidance of the surgeon's scalpel, we can

expect a quantum leap in our medical capabilities.

6.6. Use of Natural Resources

Rather than clear-cutting forests to make paper, we'd have assemblers synthesizing

paper. Rather than using oil for energy, we'd have molecule-sized solar cells mixed into road

pavement. With such solar nanocells, a sunny patch of pavement a few hundred square miles

could generate enough energy for the entire United States.

Famine would be obliterated, as food could be synthesized easily and cheaply with a

microwave-sized nanobox that pulls the raw materials (mostly carbon) from the air or the soil.

And by using nanobots as cleaning machines that break down pollutants, we would be able to

counteract the damage we've done to the earth since the industrial revolution.

7. Current and future challenges with Nanotechnology:

The current challenges for the micro-optical device analysis tool market primarily

involve moving towards integration of existing physics with optical frequency simulation

technology. i.e. Optical simulation technology based on one or more of the following

modeling techniques; ray tracing, geometric reflective and diffractive optics. The future

challenge will be to extend the optical simulation capability to quantum optics where the

wave/particle duality of photons is incorporated into the simulation.

Several of these optical simulation technologies exist today as well established stand

alone tools, and some include optical-thermal-structural effects, that allow engineers to

understand energy absorption/dispersion effects from relatively high intensity light sources at





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the macroscopic scale, such as automotive headlamps and display projectors. These tools

allow engineers to address the need for more energy efficient light sources and optical systems.

· Energy efficiency results in significant device / system performance gains.

·

Most obviously…brighter lights!· Reduced failure rate from thermal fatigue.

· Improved battery life on portable units.

· Compliance with general environment energy conservation concerns.





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Conclusion:

The work in nanotechnology is being carried out not just on the materials of the future,

but also the tools that will allow us to use these ingredients to create products. Theoretical work

in the construction of nano-computers is progressing as well. Taking all of this into account, it

is clear that the technology is feasible.

Nanotechnology is expected to have a profound impact on our economy and society in

the 21st century, from the development of better, faster, stronger, smaller, and cheaper systems.

Nanotechnology provides a far more powerful capability. Powerful not only in computers,

defense, environment and medicine, but also in a higher standard of living for everyone on the

planet.

Nanotechnology- the science is good, the engineering is feasible, the paths of approach

are many, the consequences are revolutionary-times-revolutionary, and the schedule is: in our

lifetimes. Nanotechnology could bring us utopia, a veritable Garden of Eden. It must not be

ignored, dismissed, or abandoned because of the downsides. Everything has disadvantages, but

usually, as with nanotechnology, the good outweighs the bad. Nanotechnology is relatively new

field of research and most of the developments in this are being worked upon in laboratories.

As Nanotechnology involves manufacturing at molecular level, it was considered as a field too

ambitious to be taken up. We must all strive for the health and progress of nanotechnology, it

could be the saviour of us all.





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References:

1. NSTC, "National Nanotechnology Initiative: The Initiative and Its Implementation

Plan", Washington, D.C., July 2000.

2. Thomas Lawrence McKendree, "Implications of molecular nanotechnology technical

performance parameters on previously defined space system architectures."

3. M.C. Roco, R.S. Williams: Sociteal implication of Nano science & Nanotechnology.

4. www.nano.gov

5. www.imm.org

6. www.google.com

7. www.altavista.com



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