Nano Technology & Nano Materials
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Transcript of Nano Technology & Nano Materials
Ray Fernando PhDRay Fernando, PhD22 June 2009
California Polytechnic State UniversityPolymers and Coatings Program
Department of Chemistry and BiochemistrySan Luis Obispo, CAp ,
www.polymerscoatings.calpoly.edu
Nanotechnology Overview
Nanomaterials Properties
Potential Benefits
Commercial ApplicationsCommercial Applications
ChallengesChallenges
Nanotechnology is the understanding and Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications…. ……………encompassing nano-scale science,
i i d t h l t h l engineering and technology; nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring, modeling, and manipulating matter at this length scalemanipulating matter at this length scale.
(www.nano.gov)
U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI)Initial phase funded by Federal Government in late 1990’sFormal NNI proposal on March 11, 1999Funded in 2001 with a$489 millionFunded in 2001 with a$489 million“…….a ‘new industrial revolution’ powered by systematic control of matter at the nanoscale….”yNNI is largest nanotechnology investor
over last 7 years ($7 billion)l d d $Now NNI involves 26 independent agencies $1.5
billion (2008)
“Top ten advances in materials Science”, J. Wood, Materials Today, 1(12), 40
Global InitiativesOver 65 countries have national research focus projects Over 65 countries have national research focus projects on nanotechnology2007 global nanotechnology related R&D budget was g gy gin excess of $12 billionIndustry investment surpassed governments’ in recent yearsyears.
“Top ten advances in materials Science”, J. Wood, Materials Today, 1(12), 40
http://www.nano.gov/html/facts/The_scale_of_things.html
C-C bond – 1.5 angstromsg
C-H bond – 1.1 angstroms
Ethanol: CH3-CH2OH
10-4 10-2 100 102 104 106 108 1010
Nanometer
Size and refractive index of particles are important
Nanoparticles are smaller than the wavelength of visible light; reduces chance of light scattering
Polymer latex particle size 50 - 500 nmPolymer latex particle size 50 - 500 nm
Hidi d TiO ti l 200 250Hiding grade TiO2 particle size
200 - 250 nm
Polyurethane Dispersion particle size
50 - 100 nm
Polymer molecular size in solution
2 - 100 nm
A = 4Πr2A = 4Πr2
Volume = 4/3*π*r3 Surface area = 4*π*r2
1 gram of TiO2 Volume = 0.25 cm3
P ti l P ti l S f S fParticle diameter
(nm)
Particles per gram
Surface area per
gram (m2)
Surface Area /
Volume
200 6 x 1013 7.5 1.8 x 1012
20 6 1016 75 1 8 101620 6 x 1016 75 1.8 x 1016
2 6 x 1019 750 1.8 x 1020
Bulk properties are not scalable to nanoscale
A particle of 10nm diameterA particle of 10nm diameter has 20% surface atomsA particle of 2nm diameter hasA particle of 2nm diameter has 80% surface atomsA ti l f 1 di t hA particle of 1nm diameter has 100% surface atoms
Single wall Carbon nanotube
A capped single-wall carbon nanotube with a slight bend. http://www.thomas-swan.co.uk/pages/nano_images.html
Particle Diameter ( ) 300 250 200 150 100 50(nm) 300 250 200 150 100 50
Interfacial Volume Fraction
0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.10 0.22Volume Fraction
10 nm Interfacial Layer
Dispersed particle volume fraction is 0.3 in all cases
Extensive interfacial area103 to 104 m2/ml
Large number density of particles106 to 108 particles/μm3
Low percollation threshold~0.1 – 2 volume%
Sh d b lShort distance between particles~0.1 – 2 volume%
B lk t i l ti t l blBulk material properties not scalable
Optical clarity
P l l l t i t f S f t t t t / i i t fPolymer molecules at interface Surfactants at water/air interface
“Thermo-mechanical properties of LLDPE/SiO2 nanocomposites”, E. K t d M Ni iki P l 47 1267 2006 T Kontou and M. Niaounsikis, Polymer, 47, 1267, 2006 - Tg increases of 25 to 30oC observed with up to 10% nano silica
“Glass-Transition Temperature Behavior of Alumina/PMMA Glass Transition Temperature Behavior of Alumina/PMMA Nanocomposites”, B. J. Ash, R. W. Siegel, and L. S. Schadler, J. Polym. Sci.: Part B: Polym. Phys., 42, 4371, 2004. – Nano alumina / PMMA composites. 25oC drop in Tg with less / p p gthan 1% 38nm and 0.5% 17 nm. Up to 10% further addition did not lead to additional Tg reductions
“Glass Transition of the Polymer Microphase”, Bares, J., Macromolecules, 8, 244, 1975 - Tg of finely dispersed phases (~12 nm) was 20oC lower than the analogous bulk phase; proposed the first equation (modified Fox-Flory) relating the proposed the first equation (modified Fox Flory) relating the Tg to the enhanced surface to volume ratio
“Nanofiller effect on the glass transition of a polyurethane”, J. G.-I. Rodriguez et al J Thermal Anal Calorimetry 87(1) 45 2007Rodriguez, et al., J. Thermal Anal. Calorimetry, 87(1), 45, 2007 -DSC study on polyester PU with “nano” silica. Silica particle sizes are 175, 395, 730 nm, and levels are up to 10 wt.%; PU Tg (-10oC) did not change with the nanoparticles; g ( ) g p
“Dynamic and viscoelastic behavior of natural yrubber/layered silicate nanocompositesobtained by melt blending”, Ramorino, et al., Polym Eng Sci 2007Polym. Eng. Sci., 2007“Natural rubber nanocomposite reinforced with nano silica”, Chen, et al., Polym. Eng. Sci., with nano silica , Chen, et al., Polym. Eng. Sci., 2008“Sol-gel process of alkyltriethoxysilane in latex for alkylated silica formation in natural rubber”, Siramanont, et al., Polym. Eng. Sci., 20092009
Dispersion of layered inorganics in polymerIn-situ generation of nano-phasesIncorporation of nano-particles
Nylon/Clay Nylon/Clay Nanocomposites (Toyota/Ube, 1980’ )1980’s)
70% higher tensile modulus125% higher flexural modulusH t di t ti Heat distortion temperature increased from 65 oC t 152 oC
Epoxy / Layered Silicate (Vaia –to 152 oC Materials Today, 2004)
X-ray diffraction pattern
Dispersed Intercalated ExfoliatedDispersed Intercalated Exfoliated
•Pinnavaia, T.J., and Beall and G.W. (Ed.), “Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites”, Wiley (2000)•Gao F Materials Today November 2004•Gao F., Materials Today, November 2004•Vaia, R.A. and Wagner, H.D., Materials Today, November 2004
BarrierGas Water etcGas, Water, etc.
Anti-CorrosionFire RetardancyFire RetardancyMechanical Properties
MicrocompositeAspect Ratio
25:1
NanocompositeNanocompositeAspect Ratio
250:1
Nano-Clay SuppliersElementisNanocorNanocorSouthern ClayOthers
P d M fProduct ManufacturersInmat, Inc.
2001 Wilson double core tennis ballsRecent efforts on PET, PP film barrier coatings
Others
TEOS Hydrolysis/condensation
SolSol--Gel Hybrid NanoGel Hybrid Nano--Composite Composite CoatingsCoatings
Si
OCH3
TEOS Cyclo-aliphatic Epoxy
CoatingsCoatings
OCH2CH2CHCH2H3COOCH3 O
OC2H5 H2O
TEOS Cyclo-aliphatic Epoxy
+ +Si
2 5
OC2H5C2H5OOC2H5
O
CO
H2C
O
GPTMOS
OC2H5
Inorganic / Organic Nanocompositeg g p
Aluminum OxideAntimony Tin OxideBarium Sulfate
Copper OxideIndium Tin OxideIron OxideBarium Sulfate
Bismuth OxideBoehmiteCalcium Cabonate
Iron OxideNano-ClaysPOSSSilicon DioxideCalcium Cabonate
Carbon NanotubesCerium Oxide
Silicon DioxideTitanium DioxideZinc Oxide
Cobalt Aluminate ...……
Anti-microbialAntistatic
Optical PropertiesPhotocatalysis
Gas/Stain BarrierCorrosionFire Retardant
PhotocatalysisSurface Energy
ModificationUV StabilityFire Retardant
IR-AbsorptionMagnetic
UV StabilityX-Ray Shield………..
Mechanical
100
80
90
ntio
n (2
0o )
60
70
Glo
ss R
ete
Alumina C
Alumina D
40
50
0 0 5 1 1 5 2 2 5 3 3 5
%G
Silica A
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Nanoparticle Content (Wt.%)
Transformation of a Simple Plastic into a Superhydrophobic SurfaceErbil, Demirel, Avci, and Mert, Science, Vol 299, Issue 5611, 1377-1380 , 28 February 2
Figure 1. (A) The profile of a water drop on a smooth i-PP surface that has a t t l f 104° 2° Th i PP fil d b lti t 200°Ccontact angle of 104° ± 2°. The i-PP film was prepared by melting at 200°C
between two glass slides and crystallizing at 100°C. (B) The profile of a water drop on a superhydrophobic i-PP coating on a glass slide that has a contact angle of 160°. The i-PP was dissolved in a 60% p-xylene/40% MEK mixture by volume at an initial concentration of 20 mg/ml at 100°C. The solvent mixture was evaporated at 70°C in a vacuum oven The morphology of the i-PP coatingwas evaporated at 70 C in a vacuum oven. The morphology of the i-PP coating is shown in Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. SEM picture of an i-PP coating obtained using the nonsolvent MEK as described in Fig. 1B
θ
θ - Contact Angle
Zero Contact Angle
Spontaneous WettingSpontaneous Wetting& Spreading
Rainwater cleans lotus leaves because of their bumpy surface.
Abramzon, et al., Chemistry & Life (1982)y ( )Barthlott et al., Annals of Botany (1997)
Nano-Structuring Methods
Nun, Oles, & Schleich, Macromol. Symp., 187, 677-682 (2002)
“Nanostructured superhydrophobic surfaces”, H. M. Shang, Y. Wang, K. Takahashi, G. Z. Cao, D. Li, and Y. N. Xia, J. Mater. Sci., 40, 3587, 2005
1.0 Wt. % Alumina D ~25nm Avg. particle size, 10 micron scan area
0.67 Wt. % Alumina C ~25 nm Avg. particle size, 10 micron scan area
Self-cleaning surfacegAntibacterial Activity
Super hydrophilicityAnti-fogging activityAnti fogging activity
1.2
IRVisible RegionUV0 8
1
ce
0.6
0.8
Ref
lect
anc
Rutile
Anatase0.2
0.4
R
0360 400 440 480 520 560 600 640 680 720
W l th ( )Wavelength (nm)
TiO2 + UV light ⎯→ e- + hole+
e- + hole+ ⎯→ TiO2 + heat
hole+ + OH- ⎯→ OH•
2
e- + O2 ⎯→ O2-
O2- + OH• + (-CH2-) ⎯→ intermediates•
•
•
O2- + OH• + intermediates ⎯→ CO2 + H2O•
UV light + O + (-CH -) → intermediatesUV light + O2 + (-CH2-) ⎯→ intermediatesUV light + intermediates ⎯→ CO2 + H2O
Self-Cleaning Surfaces
Chalking: loose pigment particles form on the surface from the erosion of the binder as a result of photodegradation
Type I Type II Type III Type IV
erosion of the binder as a result of photodegradation.
Anatase Rutile Rutile Rutile
Product Name TiO min %
LW 94
R-900 92
R-900, R-90180
R-960 80TiO2 min.%
Chalking Surface treatment
94free none
92medium resistant Al2O3
80medium resistant SiO2 +Al2O3
80medium resistant SiO2 +Al2O3Surface treatment none Al2O3 SiO2 +Al2O3 SiO2 +Al2O3
Complete encapsulation to protect TiO2 from UV free radical reaction
www.nanotechproject.orgwww.nanotechproject.orgwww.nanoshop.com
Umicore – transparent Cerium Oxide and Zinc Oxide in Waterborne and solvent-based PU coatings for wood.
Nanovations - Lignol® Wood Coating with nanoscale UV absorber; Nano-Silver, antimicrobial and energy saving façade paint from Bioni Paints
“Bioni Paints are the only chemical free coatings in the world that can preventBioni Paints are the only chemical free coatings in the world that can prevent the growth of moss, algae and mildew permanently”
Teak Guard® Marine with Nanotechnology UV protection
Nanotec Ultra® Coating UV protection
Nanolinx™ “First wood floors finishing system to use a network of crosslinked g ynanoparticles”
Nanoseal® Wood by Nanotec “…is not a sealer; nano particles adhere directly to substrate molecules hydrophobic surface”; Nanoprotect® AntiG is ato substrate molecules……hydrophobic surface ; Nanoprotect® AntiG is a water based nanotechnology treatment that provides a layer against Graffiti on concrete and natural stone surfaces
•Nichiha Fiber Cement “Nichiha uses Nanotechnology to create self•Nichiha Fiber Cement - Nichiha uses Nanotechnology to create self-cleaning fiber cement panels”
•Markilux – Awning fabric SNC (Swela Nano Clean); dirt and water repellant•STO Lotusan® Self Cleaning Paint – water repellant surface
•AVM Industries – E-85 Nano 2000™ Self cleaning and deodorizing Titanium Dioxide coatings – water basedTitanium Dioxide coatings – water based.
•Akzo Nobel – Herbol® brand for professional architectural paints and coatings has introduced Symbiotec based on BASF’s COL.9 technology for façade coatings. Water based, water-thinnable, easy to handle, less thermoplastic, low dirt pick-up
•Behr – NanoguardBehr Nanoguard
•Nanoclean - supplier of ultrathin glass treatments
•NanoSafeguard - supplies photocatalytic self-cleaning hydrophilicNanoSafeguard supplies photocatalytic self cleaning hydrophilic coatings for outdoor.
•Saint-Gobain Glass supplies BIOCLEAN for window glasses (UV ti t d)activated)
•Pilkington Activ™ Self Cleaning glass – nano thin layer
•Nanoprotect® Glass Coating by Nanotec – easy to clean; self-cleaning; hydrophobic
•nanoCotz™ Eco Refresh and nanoCotz™•nanoCotz™ Eco-Refresh, and nanoCotz™
•Eco-Clean by Inspiraz, “The best self-cleaning clay roof in the world” by Erlus, Germany
•n-tec, Germany – Photocatalytic Self-Cleaning Coatings – titania
•Centrosolar supplies glasses with or without nano-coated anti-reflective properties
•Bioni Roof by Bioni – Heat reflecting roof coating with unique nano effects•Bioni Roof by Bioni,– Heat reflecting roof coating with unique nano effects
•Delphi Labs– “Asgard™ is comprised of a strong, ultra-thin, transparent silica binder that holds tin-oxide and other functional ingredients in place
•NaturalNano – supply cell phone blocking paint based on nanotechnology
•Halloysite nanotubes 100nm X 500nm; claim that the tubes are insertedHalloysite nanotubes 100nm X 500nm; claim that the tubes are inserted with copper particles to reflect radio signel; other applications claimed as well.
Nanoparticle SuppliersAltair NanoBYK-ChemieClariantDegussagFuso Chemical Co.Hybrid PlasticsIshiharaNanophaseNanoscale Corp.Sachtleben ChemieSachtleben ChemieSolveySukgyung A.-T.Sumitomo Osaka Cement CoSumitomo Osaka Cement Co.…..& many more
Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)Multiwalled
Sumio Iigima Nature 354 56 1991Sumio Iigima, Nature 354, 56, 1991Radushkevich and Lukyanovich, Zurn. Fisic. Chim., 26, 88, 1952
First direct observation reportedpOberlin et al.. J. Cryst. Growth, 32, 335, 1976
First image publishedSingle-walled
Ii i d I hih hi N t 363 603 1993Iigima and Ichihashi, Nature 363, 603, 1993Bethune et al., Nature 363, 605, 1993
Nano-buds; Bucky-ballGraphene
Calling all Chemists, Nanure Nanotechnology, 3, 10 January 2008 by Rod Ruoff UTexasR t t b P d’h F ti li d G h NRecent report by Prud’homme – Functionalized Graphene Nano-Sheets. Tg of PMMA increased to 118C from 95C at 0.25 wt.% level
Mechanical PropertiesLight WeightLight WeightConductivity
Metallic to Semiconductor
More than 50 companies worldwidepAerospace Corp.Applied Carbon NanotechnologiesArkemaBayer MaterialsNanoledgeCanatuN lNanocylZYVEX Performance MaterialsHyperionIlgin NanotechIlgin NanotechShenzhen NanotechMitsui-Hodogaya
Dispersion and Dispersant DemandSurface Functionalization• Application Specific
RheologyAggregation & Flocculation
CharacterizationCost/Performance BalanceHealth-Safety ConcernsHealth Safety Concerns
BASF COL.9 Nano-binder (Example)BASF COL.9 Nano binder (Example)Herbol (Germany) Façade coatingMajor US Paint ManufacturerjLow dirt pick-up and better durability claimedComposition: Nano-silica embedded in polymer l i l d i h ilatex particle during synthesis
Avoids dispersion by formulatorMinimum interference with polymer particle Minimum interference with polymer particle coalescence
Characterization TechniquesCharacterization Techniques
Nano- Micro- Macro-(Meso-)For Bulk/Surface Morphology, Microstructure and Dispersion
mmμmnm
Nano
AFMAFMOptical MicroscopyTEM - SEM
Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy
Light Scattering
SANSNeutron Scattering
USANS Scatteringmetrology
SAXS/WAXS USAXSX-ray Scattering
metrology
Courtesy of LiPiin Sung - NIS
•Nanoscale Materials Stewardship Program – launched by EPA January 28, 2008. TSCA Inventory Status of Nanoscale Substances Jeneral Approach 2008 pdf available at websiteSubstances – Jeneral Approach 2008 pdf available at website,•Epa.gov/oppt/nano/stewardship.stm
•“The potential risks of nanomaterials: a review carried out for pECETOC”, P. J. A. Borm and 10 other authors, Particle and Fibre Toxicology, 3(11), 2006. Open Access at Journal website.ECETOC – European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals 35 page review with 172 referencesChemicals - 35 page review with 172 references
•Nanosafe2.org
Volume / Mass:Gravity Vol me d3y
Surface:F i ti
Volume d3
FrictionSurface EnergyVan der Waals S f d2Van der WaalsCharge capacity
Surface d2
10-9 10-8 10-510-610-7 10-4 10-110-210-3 101100
meters
d dDispersion and Dispersant DemandRheologyCharacterizationMaterial Safety/Health EffectsCost/Performance Balance
*FSCT Virtual Learning Conference -- 2004
DLVO ThDLVO Theory(Two Particles)
S
Inter-Particle Forcesa - Van der Waals, Long-range (Attractive)b - Electrostatic, Long-range (Attractive orR l i )
Inter Particle Forces
Repulsive)c - Steric, Short-range (Repulsive)d - Solvation, Short-range (Attractive or
64
g (Repulsive)e - Born, Atomic-range (Repulsive)
Repulsiveal
Ene
rgy
S
Repulsive
bc
Pot
entia S
Att ti
ade
Attractive
ergy
Repulsive
oten
tial E
ne
SFlocculation/
65
Po
AttractiveAggregation Agglomeration