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n How is health psychology a union betweenmedicine and psychology?

n

What is stress, how does it affect us, and howcan we best cope with it?

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: Stress and Coping

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investigates the psychological factors related to

wellness and illness, including the prevention,diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems.

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Health Psychology

n

The study of the relationship amongpsychological factors, the immune system, andthe brain

Health psychologists are among the primaryinvestigators in this growing field

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n

The response to events that threatenor challenge a person

n

Medical problems that are influencedby an interaction of psychological,emotional, and physical difficulties

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Categorizing Stressors

Strong stressors

That occur suddenlyand

typically affectmany

people simultaneously

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Categorizing Stressors

)Phenomena where

victims of majorcatastrophes re-experiencethe original event and theassociated feelings in vividflashbacks or dreams

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Categorizing Stressors

n

Major life events that produce an immediate majorreactions that soon tapers off

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Categorizing Stressors

n

)Minor irritations of

life that we all face timeand time again

n

Minor positive eventsthat make one feel good

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How Stressful Is your Life?

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The General Adaptation Syndrome

a theory thatsuggests that a persons response to a stressor consists ofthe following three stages

n

Become aware of the presence of a stressor

n

Preparation to fight the stressor

n

Negative consequences of the stress appear1010

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Psychoneuroimmunology and Stress

n Psychoneuroimmunologist focus on the outcome ofstress

n

They have identified three main consequences: Stress has physiological results including:

1. An increases in blood pressure

2. An increase in hormonal activity3. And an overall decline in the functioning of the

immune systemhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4g25d7_Afmc

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1111

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Consequences of Stress

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Coping with Stress

The efforts to control, reduce, orlearn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress

n

Unconscious strategies that maintain a personssense of control and self-worth by distorting or denyingthe actual nature of the situation

Another Defense mechanism

n is the cessation of emotionalexperience

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Coping with Stress

n

Method of managing emotion in the face of stress byseeking to change the way they feel or perceive a problem

n

Attempts to modify the stressful problem or source ofthe stress

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Learned Helplessness

n A state when peopleconclude that unpleasantor aversive stimuli

cannot be controlled

n A view of the world that

becomes so ingrainedthat they cease trying toremedy the aversivecircumstances

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Coping with Stress

n

HardinessPersonality characteristic associated with a lower rateof stress-related illness consisting of three components.

Commitment

Challenge Control

n Social supportA mutual network of caring, interested

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Effective Coping Strategies

n Turn threat into challenge

n Change your goals

n Make a threatening situation less threatening.

n Take physical action

n Prepare for stress before it happens

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n How do psychological factors affect health-related problems such as coronary heart disease,

cancer, and smoking?

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:Psychological Aspects of Illness and Well-Being

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The As and Bs and Ds ofCoronary Heart Disease

n

Competitive

Show urgency about time

AggressiveDriven quality at work

Hostile, verbally and nonverballyn

CooperativeLess competitive

Not especially time oriented

Not usually aggressive, driven, or hostile

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Type D Distressed (Denollet)

n Linked to coronary heart disease

n Insecurity

n Anxiety

n Negative outlook

n At risk for repeated heart attacks

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Broken Heart Syndrome

2121

More common in womenNot a heart attackHistory of a recent severeemotional or physical stressWill get better with time

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Type Yourself!!!

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Psychological Aspects of Cancer

n A Cancer diagnosis brings to mind fear,lingering pain and diagnosis of a deathsentence.

n Some have a very good cure rate ifdiagnosed early.

n Cancer is second to heart disease formajor causes of death in Canada

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Cancer Survival Rates

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Smoking

n

n

n

n

Replacement therapies Psychotherapy Societal views

Do commercials work? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ssD6lpTDydk&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JndtG8Y7yfw

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Smoking

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n

How do our interactions with physicians affectour health and compliance with medicaltreatment?

n What leads to a sense of well-being?

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:Promoting Health and Wellness

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Following Medical Advice

A negative emotional andcognitive reaction that

result from the restrictionof ones freedom andthat can be associatedwith medical regimens.

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How Well Do CanadiansFollow Medical Advice?

n 85 % of patients do not fully comply with a physicianrecommendations

n Between 14% and 24 % of patients dont fill their drugprescriptions

n 10% of adolescents pregnancies result from noncompliancewith birth control medication

n 60% of all patients cannot identify their own medicines

n 30-50% of all patients ignore instruction or make errors intaking medications

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FAILURE TO COMUNICATE

n Patients assume physicians are all-knowing

n Physicians make assumptions about patients

n Patients may be intimidated and not give all the

informationn Patients dont understand (terminology/language)

n Gender differences (women physicians

communicate more)n http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K5d_iPaUrWw

n http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JlXd2ictsmY

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Increasing Compliance

n suggest that a

change in behaviour will lead to a gain.

n highlight whatyou can lose by not performing a behaviour.

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Well-Being and Happiness

n

Persons evaluations of their life, in

terms of both their thoughts andemotions

Stable people have a set point forhappiness that is relatively high andremains stable.

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Well-Being and Happiness

High self-esteem Sense of control

Optimism

Sociable

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Scales of Happiness

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zu58VEvQ0fg

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zu58VEvQ0fghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zu58VEvQ0fg