Chp 9 learning Reg. Psych
Transcript of Chp 9 learning Reg. Psych
LEARNING: Principles
& Applications
Classical ConditioningOperant Conditioning
Social Learning
LEARNING
A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience
CHARACTERISTICS OF LEARNING
Learning… is a change in mental
state. cannot be seen directly involves a change in
behavior results from experience
CHARACTERISTICS OF LEARNING Cont.
is relatively permanent can be applied from one
situation to another (transfer)
need not involve direct experience
Learning: Principles and Applications
Classical Conditioning **
Operant Conditioning
Social Learning
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Ivan Pavlov Russian
biologist/physiologist Nobel Prize Serendipity
Pavlov: Experiment
UCS (meat)===> UCR (salivation) NS (tone) ===> No response****************************UCS (meat) + CS (tone) ===>
UCR ****************************CS ===> CR
1.) Time - Simultaneous Conditioning
A.Simultaneous conditioning B.Interstimulus interval
1. Contiguitya)Simultaneous b)Forward c)Trace d)Backwarde)Temporal
2) GeneralizationOccurs when a subject responds to a second stimulus similar to the CS, without being trained with the second CS
3) Discrimination
Occurs when a subject is taught to tell the difference between 2 stimuli.
*Opposite of generalization**Has great value because…???
4) Extinction
Occurs over time when the experimenter stops pairing a CS together with a UCS. the response gradually fades
away, although not entirely forgotten or unlearned
used as a measurement… resistance to extinction
* Partial reinforcement effect
5) Spontaneous Recovery
Occurs when , after extinction, a CS is once again presented with a USC, the CR appears again.
*Not as strong *Harmful experiences/
example
How the Body Remembers…
When the Mind Forgets…
Dog Chase example
Schizokinesis Schizo means divided/split Kinesis means action
WWII Vets example
6) Spatial Learning
Occurs in much the same way classical conditioning does, but involves the learning the location of objects in the subject’s environment.
*Cognitive Mapping
The Case of Little Albert - Watson (1920_
Subject - 9 month old Albert Desired Response - Fear USC = loud noise UCR = fear Criticism Ethics / Deconditioning
Watson’s Higher Order Conditioning
Using a previously established CS-CR relationship to create a new CS-CR relationship.
Taking Albert’s fear of rats and conditioning a new fear of dogs
Dog (NS) No response
White Rat (CS) Fear (CR)
Dog + White Rat Fear
Dog Fear
Other Classical Conditioning Paradigms Jones (1924)
Counter conditioning Used ice cream
Mower (1938) Used applied science Bed wetting Bell and pad conditioning apparatus
Garcia & Koelling(1966) Taste aversion Electric shock
Gustavson (1974) Taste aversion Coyotes/sheep CTA (conditioning taste aversion)
Learning: Principles and
Applications Classical
Conditioning Operant
Conditioning ** Social Learning
II. Operant Conditioning LEARNING FROM THE
CONSEQUENCES OF BEHAVIOR OF OTHERS
Differences Between Classical and Operant Conditioning
Way psychologists view learners
Concept of reinforcement
Three Laws of Conditioning
1. The law of association
2. Repetition is a part of conditioning
3. The law of effect
A. Reinforcement1) B.F. Skinner2) S-R psychology3) Positive reinforces
a) Approvalb) Moneyc) Privileges
Schedules of ReinforcementDictate the frequency with which the behavior
is rewarded1. Continuous schedule of reinforcement2. Partial schedule of reinforcement3. Ratio schedules
Fixed ratio schedules Variable ratio schedules
4. Interval schedules Fixed interval schedules Variable interval schedules
B. Stimulus Control
Signals are stimuli that are associated with reward or punishment Skinner & the Pigeons Response(the pecking) -----
> reinforcement (food)
Stimulus Control cont.
1. Secondary reinforcers (conditioned reinforcers)
Wolfe (1936) chimp study
2. Primary reinforcers Satisfy a basic need (hunger…) Examples: food, sex, avoidance of
pain, feeling of belonging… Jeans example
C. Aversive Control
1. Negative reinforcement - painful or unpleasant stimulus is either removed as a result of appropriate behavior or not applied at all
Escape conditioning (ex. Electric shock to Skinner rat)
Avoidance conditioning (ex. Flashing lights & electric shock, lever)
C. Aversive Control
2. Punishment - unpleasant stimulus applied as a result of undesirable behavior (after the fact)
Often effective for stopping a specific behavior
Less effective for stopping a general behavior
Negative Reinforcement vs Punishment
Negative reinforcement is opposite of punishment
Negative reinforcement increases a behavior
Punishment decreases a behavior
6 effects of punishment:
1. May slow down learning instead of speeding it up
2. May suppress good behavior as well as bad
3. Behavior may resurface when punisher is not around
4. May create an expectation of failure; punishment becomes self-defeating
5. May be negatively associated with power
6. May have negative effects on the punisher
Summary of Aversion Control
If punishment is used, it should be clear that certain behavior will be rewarded
Punishment really suppresses, rather than eliminates undesirable behavior
Example that fits all 3 categories (Running)
Learning: Principles and Applications
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Social Learning **
3 Factors That Affect Learning
1. Feedback2. Transfer3. Practice
1. Feedback
Finding out the results of an action or performance
Increases the speed of learning
2. Transfer
Using a skill that you have already learned to help you learn another skilla. Positive Transferb. Negative Transfer
a. Positive Transfer
A previously learned response helps in learning a new response
Ex. Moving from tricycle to bicycle
b. Negative Transfer
A previously learned response hinders in learning a new response
Ex. Moving from 4 wheel Skating to inline skating
3. Practice
The repetition of a task How & when you practice is
most important Psychologists have found
that practice is most effective if it takes place regularly over time, rather than all at once
Ex. Mental Practice
Learning Strategies
1. Learning to learn
2. Learned helplessness
3. Learned laziness
1. Learning To Learn
Harry Harlow monkey study (1949) Find the raisin
Started with only under one color/ locations changed
Harry Harlow monkey study Phase Two
Shapes changed, as did location
Monkeys finally learned that location did not matter, only the difference between the 2 lids
HOW CAN YOU APPLY THIS TO YOUR OWN LEARNING?
2. Learned Helplessness
A general learning strategy in which subjects believe that they are powerless to affect the outcome of a situation, so it is useless to try to change it
Learned Helplessness cont. Hiroto (1974)
2 groups of college students / loud noises
Illustrates concept of learned helplessness
Seligman (1982) Proposed that learned helplessness
is one of the major causes of depression
Initial study with dogs/applied to humans
Learned Helplessness and Depression
less motivation poor self-concept may cause depression
Learned Helplessness & Depression cont. Stability (temporary vs stable)
Globality (specific vs global)
Internality (internal vs external cause)
3. Learned Laziness
Failure to overcome a problem because the subject knows that he won’t be punished as a result, or because he knows that someone will do it for him
…Learning Complicated Skills
Shaping Chaining
1. Shaping
Sculpting new responses out of old ones
Rats raising a flag Skinner’s bowling
pigeons Lovaas (1967)
2. Combining Responses: Chaining
a. Response chains
b. Response patterns
a. Response Chains
A group of responses that follow each other in a sequenceEx. Babies drinking bottles…
b. Response Patterns A cluster of chained responses
that operate together to produce a complex behavior
Ex. Swimming (arm stroke chain, breathing chain, and leg kicking chain… all performed @ the same time)
Modeling
a. Cuingb. Observational
Learningc. Social Learning Theory
a. Cuing
The behavior of others acts as a cue for the appropriate way to behave
b. Observational Learning
Coined by Albert Bandura Imitation The ability to reproduce a
behavior that you have watched someone else perform
4 Processes of Observational Learning
1. Attention 2. Retention3. Reproduction of Action4. Motivation
C. Social Learning Theory
Learning of social skills is done by observational learning
Albert Bandura
Bandura: The Bobo Doll Experiment
Bobo doll video Frustrating experience Playing experience Variations…
The Bobo Doll Experiment - Conclusion
BOTH classical and operant conditioning can take place through observational learning by observing another’s conditioning
Behavior Modification
Applying principles of learning to change people’s actions and feelings
Computer assisted Instruction (CAI)
Concept invented by SL Presser Teaching machine invented by
BF Skinner (my boyfriend)
Token Economies
Systematically paying people to behave appropriately
Cohen and Filipczak - National training School experiment
Miller and Schneider preschool experiment
Head Start