B-7a Occupational Health and Safety in Aviation SR

7/25/2019 B-7a Occupational Health and Safety in Aviation SR

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StudentResource

SubjectB-7a:

OccupationalHealthAndSafetyInAviation

Copyright 2008 Aviation Australia

Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisdocumentmaybereproduced,transferred,sold,orotherwisedisposedof,withoutthewrittenpermissionofAviationAustralia.


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Part 66 Subject

B-7a Occupational Health and Safety in Aviation

IssueB:January2008 Revision1 Page1

CONTENTS

Definitions 3

Study Resources 4

Introduction 5

OH&SResponsibilities 7.1.1-1

IdentificationandReportingofWorkPlaceHazards 7.1.2-1

SafetyPrecautionsAssociatedwithAircraftMaintenanceOperations 7.1.3-1

PersonalProtectiveEquipment(PPE) 7.1.4-1

EmergencyEquipment 7.1.5-1


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DEFINITIONS

Define

Todescribethenatureorbasicqualitiesof.

Tostatetheprecisemeaningof(awordorsenseofaword).

State

Specifyinwordsorwriting.

Tosetforthinwords;declare.

Identify

Toestablishtheidentityof.

List

Itemise.

Describe

Representinwordsenablinghearerorreadertoformanideaofanobjectorprocess.

Totellthefacts,details,orparticularsofsomethingverballyorinwriting.

Explain

Makeknownindetail.

Offerreasonforcauseandeffect.


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STUDYRESOURCES

B-7aStudentResource

AviationAustraliaLearningGuideQueenslandGovernmentDepartmentofIndustrialRelationsWebSitedetir.qld.gov.au

QueenslandGovernmentOHSWebsite


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INTRODUCTION

ThepurposeofthissubjectistogiveyouanindepthknowledgeofOccupationalHealthandSafety(OH&S)issuesrelatingtothemaintenanceenvironmentintheaviationindustry.

Oncompletionofthefollowingtopicsyouwillbeableto:

Topic 7.1.1 OH S Responsibilities

Explaintheprocedureswhenmanuallyhandlingequipmentandmaterials.

Explaintheemployerandemployeeresponsibilities,rightsandobligationswithrespecttoOH&S.

Explainthesafetyprecautionsandprocedurestobeobservedintheworkplaceenvironment.

Explainthepotentialhazardsinrelationtoimproperworkplacehousekeepingpractices.

Explainthehazardsandsafetyprecautionsassociatedwithadvancedcompositematerial.

Explaintheprocedureforwastedisposalofthevarioussubstancesencounteredintheworkplace

Topic 7.1.2 Identification and Reporting of Work Place Hazards

Explainthecausesandeffectsofaccidents.

Explainpersonalandinstitutionalresponsibilitieswithregardtobehaviour,

practicesandhygieneintheworkplaceenvironment.

Explainthemajorfunctionsofsafetycommitteesandrepresentatives.

Explainthemajordangerareasapplicabletotheworkplaceenvironment.

Illustrateconditionsthatconstituteafirehazardintheworkplaceenvironment.

Explainmaterialsafetydatasheets.

Completeaworkplacehazard/accidentreport.

Topic 7.1.3 Safety Precautions Associated with Aircraft Maintenance Operations

Explainstandardsymbolsfordangeroussituationsandsubstancesinthe

workplace.

Explainstandardsymbolsandcolourmarkingsonemergencycontrolsandotheraircraftmarkings.

Appraisethehazardsandsafetyprecautionsassociatedwithelectricity,gases,oxygen,oils,chemicals,fuelandFuelTankSafetyintheaviationmaintenanceenvironment.

Topic 7.1.4 Personal Protective Equipment

Illustratethemethodsofentryofpoisonoussubstancesintothebody.

Explainwhyjewellery,watches,metalrimmedglassesmustberemoved

beforeworkingonmechanicalandelectricalequipment.

Illustratevariouspersonalprotectiveequipmentandapplicationsasusedintheworkplace.


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B:January2008 Revisi 1 Page

Issue on 6

Topic 7.1.5 Emergency Equipment

Explainthevarioustypesoffireextinguishersandtheirrelationshiptothedifferentclassesoffire.

Appraiseemergencyequipmentintheworkingenvironment.

Explaintheuseofemergencyequipment.


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Topic7.1.1:OH&SResponsibilitiesIssueB:January2008 Revision1 1of30

TOPIC7.1.1OH&SRESPONSIBILITIES

Introduction

Mostworkplaceaccidentsareavoidable.Ifpeopletooktimetoidentifyhazardsthatexistthereanddealwiththem,workerswouldenjoyahappierandsaferworkplace.

Thecostofworkplaceaccidentsishigh.Foreverydollarpaidoutinworkerscompensation,theemployercanpayoutmanytimesthatamountinhiddenorindirectcosts.

Thevictimsofaccidentscansuffer:

death,

disability,

pain,

lossofearnings,and

reductionofself-esteem.

Theirfamiliesoftensufferaswell.

Theworkplacemay:

loseatrainedworkerandoutput,

sufferdamagetoplantandmachinery,

incurfinesandprosecutions,and

besuedbyworkersortheirfamilies.

Resultantlossofreputationcanruinabusiness.

Thesupervisororotherworkersmay:

losevaluableproduction,

havetodoextrawork,

losetimedoingreports,and

feelresponsible.

N.P.AccidentscanalsoaffecttheStatesworkforce,andevenupsetthebalanceoftradeifexportedgoodscantbeproduced.Thecommunitypaysdearlyforworkplaceaccidents!Enforcingandobeyingthelawhelpstoreducethesecosts.


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Oncompletionofthistopic,youwillbeableto:


Explaintheprocedureswhenmanuallyhandlingequipmentandmaterials.

Explaintheemployerandemployeeresponsibilities,rightsandobligationswith

respecttoOH&S. Explainthesafetyprecautionsandprocedurestobeobservedintheworkplace

environment.

Explainthepotentialhazardsinrelationtoimproperhousekeepingpractices.

Explainthehazardsandsafetyprecautionsassociatedwithadvancedcompositematerials.

Explaintheprocedureforwastedisposalofthevarioussubstancesencounteredintheworkplace.


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Manual handling


Australiahasupto100000casesofoccupationalbackinjuriesayear.Forty-fivepercentoftheseinvolvefiveormoredaysoffworkandalmost10percentresultinperiodsofuptosixmonthslostfromwork.

Everyyear,over13000claimsarelodgedwithWorkCover.Compensationcostsaloneare$22million,andtotalcoststoindustryandthecommunityareseveraltimesgreater.

Poorworkplacedesign,poorworkpracticesandinadequatetrainingcausemostbackinjuries.Sincethesecausescanbecontrolled,themajorityofbackinjuriescanbeavoided.

Manualhandlingis'anyactivityrequiringtheuseofforceexertedbyapersontolift,lower,push,pull,carry,orotherwisemove,hold,orrestrainanyanimateorinanimateobject'.

Since1991,partofemployers'andworkers'obligationshasbeenthecontrolofrisksassociatedwithmanualhandlinginjuries.

TheWorkplaceHealthandSafetyAct1995requiresallataworkplacetoensurethehealth

andsafetyofothers.ThepenaltyforabreachoftheWorkplaceHealthandSafetyActcausingseriousinjuryordeathisafineofupto$150000forabodycorporateor$30000and/orsixmonthsimprisonmentforanindividual.

Worker obligations

Workersshouldfollowinstructionsandactinawaythatdoesnotplacetheirownoranyotherperson'shealthandsafetyatrisk.Allworkersmustmakesurethatwhereverpossible:

methodsofworkandworkproceduresarefollowed

mechanicalaidsandanyassistivedevicesmadeavailableareused

wheremechanicalaidsaren'tprovidedorpractical,teamliftingproceduresareused manualhandlingtrainingsessionsareattendedandlearnedprinciplesareapplied

intheworkplace.

Employer obligations

Employersshouldprovideaworkplacedesignedtominimiseriskofbackinjury.Thisincludesdesignofworkorganisation,workstationlayout,plant,equipmentandcontainersusedintheworkplace.

Wheremanualhandlingcannotbedesignedoutofworkandisnecessary,employersmustprovideacombinationofthefollowingasapplicable:

mechanicalliftingdevices enoughstaffforteamliftingprocedures

trainingandsupervisionforteamlifting

adequateinformation,instruction,training

supervisiontoenableworkerstoworksafely.

Discussionsshouldbeheldbetween:

theworkerscarryingoutmanualhandlingwork,

healthandsafetyrepresentatives,and

employerstosetouttheworkplace'smanualhandlingpolicy.


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Controlofmanualhandlingrisksnotonlyreducesbackinjuries,butimprovesproductivityandefficiencyintheworkplace.

Manual handling

Manualhandlingleadstoalargenumberofindustrialaccidentsincludingstrainedbacks,damagedspinaldiscs,strainedshoulders,herniasandinjuredhandsandfeet.

Manymanualhandlinginjuriesresultinpermanentdisabilitiesandthousandsofworkdayslost.

Wheremanualhandlingmustoccur,adoptingpreferredlifting,moving,andhandlingtechniquesisstronglyrecommended.

Rhythmichumanmovementsneedtobeadoptedinmanualhandlingofmaterials.Avoidsuddenorjerkymovements.

The spine

Standingisanaturalpostureforthehumanspine.Thespineisnotsuitedtoliftingloads

whentheupperpartofthebodyisacutelybentortwistedbecauseoftheforcesputonthelowerbackregion(lumbarregion).

Whenthebackisbent,themereweightoftheupperpartofthebodyputsstressonthelumbardiscs.It'snotsurprisingthat95percentofalldiscinjuriesoccurinthethreelowestdiscswherespinalmovementandstressaregreatest.

Fig.1showstheconfigurationofthespineinastraightback,whereasFig.2showsthespineinabentback.

Ifyouliftwithabentback(Fig.2),theintervertebraldiscsarecompressedonthefrontofthebackboneandstretchedovertheback(Figs.3and5).Also,thebonesofthespinalcolumnatthebackareseparatedfromeachother.Thismeansthatextrapressureisputonthesofttissuesandcanresultinseverestrainsorruptureddiscs,asshowninFigs.4.and6.



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How much can a worker lift?

Fromastandingposition,youshouldavoidliftingofloadsoverthe16-20kgrange.Asweightincreasesfromasafeliftingloadofbetween16kgto55kg,thepercentageof:healthyadultswhocansafelylift,lowerorcarrytheweightdecreasessharply.

Mechanicalassistanceshouldbeprovidedtoreducetheriskofinjuryassociatedwiththeseheavierweights.Trainedandsupervisedteamliftingshouldbeusedwhenmechanicalassistanceisnotpractical.

Repetitivemanualhandling,workerswithspecialneeds,andliftingfromunusualpositionsrequirespecialconsideration.Forexample,whileyouareseated,loadsover4.5kgshouldgenerallynotbelifted.


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How to lift low-lying objects safely

Adaptingworkplacedesignandusingmechanicalliftingaidsarethebestwaystodealwithmanualhandlingproblems.

Butwhenmanualliftingisunavoidable,itisessentialtofollowmanualhandlingprincipleswhenliftinglow-lyingobjectstoreducetheriskofbackinjury.

Step 1

Makesureyourpathoftravelisclear.

Step 2

Sizeuptheload(weight,sizeandshape).Consideryourphysicalabilitytohandleit.Ifindoubt,getassistance.Avoidtheliftingofloadsthatweighmorethan16-20kg.



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Step 3

Placeyourfeetclosetotheobjecttobelifted.

Step 4

Adoptabalancedpositionbybendingyourkneesinasemi-squattoacomfortabledegree

andgetagoodhandhold.Lifttheload,keepingitclosetothebody.Trytokeepthenaturalcurvesinyourspinewhilelifting.



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Step 5

Useyourlegmusclestolifttheloadandallowittorestinfullyextendedarms.Liftsmoothlyandrhythmically.Avoidsuddenaccelerationsorjerkymovements.

Step 6

Withtheloadcomfortableinyourhandsandarms,moveyourfeetinthedirectionoftraveldon'ttwistatyourhipsorshoulders.



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Step 7

Settingtheloaddownisjustasimportantaspickingitup.Usinglegmuscleslowertheloadbybendingyourkneesinasemi-squattoacomfortabledegree.Don'tletgooftheloaduntilitissecure.



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High risk work practices

Handlingawkwardshapes

orbigloads

Handlingweightswhichare

tooheavyandbeyondaworkerscapacity

Over-reachingwhilehandling,

i.e.liftingfrombelowmidthighoraboveshoulderheight

Handlingonunstableworksurfaceunderfoot Repetitiveand/orlongdurationofmanualhandling

Carryingobjectsaway

fromthebody

Awkwardtwistingmovementswhilehandling

Obstructedpathway

Insecuregripandpoorliftingposition,withfeettooclosetogetherwhilehandling



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Handling loads


Youshouldalwaysmakeanassessmentoftheloadyouaretocarryandonlyliftitifitiswithinyourcapabilitiestodoso.Ifindoubt,usemechanicalaidssuchasatrolley.However,withrepetitivemanualhandling,workerswithspecialneedsorthoseliftingfromseatedor

unusualpositionsshouldhandleonlyloadsofamuchsmallercapacity.Ifyouarenotsure,askyourWH&Sofficeraboutthis.

Eventhoughmanualhandlingbackinjuriescanbeavoided,Australiastillhasover100000casesperyear,resultinginapproximately13000claimslodgedwithWorkCover.Atpresent,compensationcostsaround$22million;however,thecosttoyouandyouremployerisfargreaterintermsoftime,productivitylostandpainsuffered.Itisbesttolearnthecorrectwayoflifting.

Toavoidtheriskofcostlybackandotherinjuries:

avoidtwistingmovementsandbendingyourback

dontliftiftheweightistooheavy

checktoseeifyourpathisobstructed

dontover-reachorliftfromanunstableworksurface,and

gripcorrectly;keepyourfeettogetheranduseyourkneestolift.

Summary

Workplacehealthandsafetylegislationhasbeendevelopedtoprotectthesafetyofallemployeesintheworkplace.However,ithasbeenestablishedthatallpersonnelhavecertainresponsibilities,includingadutytonotifyandduediligence.Thisplacestheonusonallpersonneltoacceptresponsibilityfortheirownactionoraccepttheconsequences.Acceptingresponsibilityislessdebilitatingthantheconsequencesandalsomuchsafer:not

onlyareyouprotectingyourselfintheworkplace,youarealsoprotectingyourco-worker.Itisalltooeasytoinjureyourback.Itisadelicatebalanceofvertebraeheldinplacewithcartilage.Itisuptoyoutoprotectthelongtermhealthofyourback.Donotliftaboveyourcapacity,askforhelporuseappropriateequipment.

Besuretofollowthecorrectliftingtechniquestoavoidminorandmajordamagetoyourspine.

Ascanbeseenfromadvancedcomposites,theprocessofmanufacturingandexposuretosuchproductscanbeextremelyhazardoustoyourhealth.Therearemeasureswhichneedtobeimplementedinordertoprotecttheworkerfromsuchdangers.TheyincludesuchthingsasPPE,administrationcontrols,healthandhygienemeasuresandengineering

controlssuchasexhaustfansandisolationprocedures.Othermeasuresincludesymbolsandsignsintheworkplace.Thesesignsandsymbolsplayanextremelyimportantpartintheworkplacebecausetheypicturetheareasthatneedtobesigned.Thesepicturesstandoutmuchbetterthanwordsandareextremelyvisible.


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Responsibilities in the Workplace


Employer

Ensuringthehealthandsafetyofworkersistheobligationoftheemployer.

Managers,supervisorsorteamcoordinatorsareresponsibleformakingsurethatyouhave:

adequatelighting

acleanandtidyworkarea

safemachinesandmaterials

safetysignsandsafetyequipment

chemicalsstoredseparately,safetyguards,standardoperating

procedures(SOPs)

jobrotation

safeworkingpracticesandfacilitiesforworkers

firstaidequipment,toiletsandwashbasins

lunchrooms

information,instructionandtraining.

Employee

Aworkerhasthefollowingobligationsataworkplace:

tocomplywiththeinstructionsgivenforworkplacehealthandsafetyattheworkplacebytheemployerorsupervisor

tousepersonalprotectiveequipmentiftheequipmentisprovidedbytheworker'semployerandtheworkerisproperlyinstructedinitsuse

nottowilfullyorrecklesslyinterferewithormisuseanythingprovidedforworkplacehealthandsafetyattheworkplace

nottowilfullyplaceatrisktheworkplacehealthandsafetyofanypersonattheworkplace

nottowilfullyinjurehimselforherself.


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Safety Precautions and Procedures to be Observed in the Workplace Environment


Environment management systems

Organisationsneedtodevelopenvironmentalmanagementsystemstocoveralloftheir

activities.Thesystemshouldmeetinternationalstandards(ISO14001),andaddressenvironmentalissuesbyintegratingtheenvironmentintodailybusinessoperations.

Your general environmental duty

Whenappliedtoyourworkplace,yourgeneralenvironmentaldutyistoensurethatyoutakeallreasonableandpracticablemeasurestopreventorminimiseenvironmentaldamageresultingfromyourwork.

Howcanyoudothat?Bemoreawareandbetterinformedknowaboutyourenvironmentalresponsibilities.

Helpidentifyenvironmentalrisksandimpactsinyourwork.

Helpdevelopandimplementreasonableandcost-effectivewaystominimiseenvironmentalrisks.

Askforhelpifyouarenotsure.

Your duty to notify

Youmusttellasupervisororteamleaderimmediatelyifyoubecomeawareofanactivitythatiscausingorcouldcauseenvironmentalharm(gasleak,chemicalspill).Ifyoursupervisorisunavailable,ortakesnoaction,notifyyourseniormanager.

Duties of management

Managers,supervisorsandteamleadersmust

planandacttominimiseenvironmentalrisksandimpactsaspartofyourdailyoperationsandemergencyprocedures,and

ensuringthatyourstafffullyunderstandandarefulfillingtheirlegalduties.

Due diligence

Exercisingduediligencemeanstakingallreasonablecarebyestablishingapropersystemtopreventanenvironmentalproblemoccurring,andtakingresponsiblestepstoensuretheeffectiveoperationofthatsystem.Systemsusedtoimplementaduediligenceprogramwillhelporganisationscomplywithallenvironmentallegislation,reducelong-termcostsandimprovetheirpublicimage.


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Potential Hazards in Relation to Improper Housekeeping Practices


Ways to make your workplace safer

(a) Adopt good housekeeping practices.

Goodhousekeepingwilloftenminimisehazardsbyremovingthecauseofaccidents.Somepracticesinclude:

keepingrubbishawayfromworkareas

ensuringaccesstofireextinguishersandexitsisnotobstructed

keepingpassagesandstairwaysclear

wipingupspiltoil,liquidsandgrease

cleaningupareasafterworking

usingmetalcontainersforgreasyorpaint-stainedragsorwaste

notaccumulatingwasteorscrap

keepingworkareas/benchesandmachinesuncluttered,and

notleavingloosetoolsonrunningmachineryorequipment.

(b) Attend health and safety training.

Youshouldattendalltrainingcoursesonhealthandsafetyaspectswhichaffectyou.Ifyoumissanimportantsession,makeanefforttoreceivetheinstructionanotherway,forexample,attendthenextsessionorasktoreadthenotes.

(c) Wear personal protective equipment.

NormallyofficeworkersdontneedPPEotherthanfootwearwhichcompletelycoversthefoot.However,manyoccupationswithinanyorganisationrequireoffice-basedworkerstogointothefield.Inthiscase,youwillbegivenspecificPPE.YoumustbeproperlytrainedinthePPEyouuseandknowwheretoaccessit.

(d) Keep fit and healthy.

Keepingyourselffitandmentallyalertthroughhavingagooddiet,doingregularexercise,attendingtomedicalproblemsandgettingenoughsleepwillhelptoreduceaccidentsandabsenteeismbroughtaboutbycarelessness,stressandfatigue.Heedingthefollowingadvicecanimproveyourwell-being.

Drugsandalcoholcancausedependence,withpeopleunabletodoafulldaysworkproperly.Theyarestrictlyprohibitedatwork.

Developgoodpostureatwork,whetheryouspendlongperiodsstandingorsittingatadesk.

Keepyourselfwell-groomed,cleanandneatlyattired.Observehygienicpracticessuchaswashingyourhandsregularly.Thisisparticularlyimportantforanyorganisationemployeesinvolvedwithsewagetreatment,transportormaintenance.Ensurethatyourimmunisations,suchashepatitis,areup-to-date.

Dontignoremedicalproblemsthatmaybenaggingyou.Seeadoctorbeforetheyleadtootherproblems.

Maintainahealthybalancebetweenworkandyourpersonallife.Thiswillkeepyouhappieratworkandathomeandlessstressed.


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Ifyoufindworkstressfulthroughhavingtoomuchortoolittleworktodo,orbyworkbeingmonotonousorlackinginstimulation,talktosomeoneaboutit.Thismaybeasupervisor,teamleaderorcounsellor.Compensationpayoutsforstress-relatedillnessaresubstantialandcanbereducedifpeopleheedthesignsbeforeamajorproblemoccurs.


Safety precautions and short and simple rules

Nounauthorisedaccesstoworkshopswithoutsupervision.

Nounauthoriseduseofequipment.

Wearprotectivegear.

Wearonlyclosedtoeshoes.

Nojewelleryorloosefittingclothing.

Containlonghairandbeards.

Walk-dontrun.

Ifyoudontunderstand,ASK.

Nofoodordrink.

Readallmaterialsafetydatasheetsandlabels.

Beawareofemergencyprocedures,exitsandemergencybuttons.

Readandunderstandanysafetysigns,instructionsandnotices.

Thinkbeforeyouact.

Cleanupasyouworktoavoiddangerousclutter.

Accidents associated with poor housekeeping practices

Slips,tripsandfallsfromdebrisandgreasyfloors,especiallyiflightingispoor.

Cutsandlacerationsfromprotrudingparts,storesorobjects.

Firedangerfromwasteproductsorpoorlystoredmaterials.

Healthrisksfromthedustsandfumesofhazardousmaterialsthatarebadlystoredorused.

Short and simple consequences

Youmayloseaccessprivilegestoworkshopsifyouviolateanysafetyrule,orcauseinjuryordamagetopersonsorequipment.

Safety precautions in workshops

Constructionlaboratoriesandworkshopsareplacestoexperiment,becreativeanduseskillsandtalentstoconstructmodels,furnitureandotherdesignprototypes.

However,theseactivitiesindesignanddevelopmentareoftenunpredictable.Theuseofexoticmaterials,unorthodoxuseoftoolsandequipmentandarapidchangeintheactivitiesasnewdesignideasdevelopandchange,sometimesmakeitdifficulttorespectsafetyregulations.

Safety = common sense

Stopandthinkbeforeyouact,andaskthetechnicalstaffforadvicebeforeyoustartonan

unfamiliarprocess.Theyhaveanenormousamountofknowledgeandexperiencetoguideyouinasafemannertoachieveyourideas.


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The wrong tool for the job


Itissometimestemptingtouseavailableequipmentortoolsinawaynotoriginallyforeseenortodosomeworkforwhichtheyhavenotbeenadaptedordesigned.

Allequipmentandtoolscanbeusedtoundertakeavarietyoftasks,butifyoudontknowthelimitsorusethemtherightway,troubleisjustaroundthecorner!

Ifyouhavetheslightestdoubtaboutthesuitabilityoftheoperation,ASKadvicefromthetechnicalstaff.Theywillensurethatthenecessaryprecautionsaretakenandadequatesafetyequipmentmadeavailableoralternativeequipmentcanbeused.

Don'tthinkofthesafetyorganisationasbeingtheretostopyoufromdoinginterestingthings.Itistheretohelpyouachievesuccess.

Aswellastheworkshopwhereyouareworking,technicalstaffhaveaccesstootherresourceswithintheorganisationthatcanusuallycarryoutspecialprocessesthatcannotbehandledinworkshops.

Consult,askforadviceandhelpfromtechnicalstaffthatstheirjobandtheywanttoseehowproudyouareofthefinishedproject.


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Clean up your mess


ItistheresponsibilityofALLworkshopuserstokeepthesurroundingworkareacleanandtidyatalltimesandnotclutteredwiththematerialsthatyouareusingforyourproject.

Areasaroundmachinesandwalkwaysarespeciallymarkedtopreventaccidents.Dontblockthemwithmaterialsorobstaclesthatmayrestrictaccessoremergencyevacuation,orsimplyclutteruptheworkingspaceandmakesafeandefficientworkingmoredifficult.

Attheendofthesession,thatmagicalSOMEONEissupposedtowaveamagicwandtocleanupthemess!Technicalstaffarenotemployedtoclean-upafteryou.Cleaningequipmentisprovidedandtimeisusuallyallocatedattheendtocleandownthebenches,machineryandsweeptheflooraroundyourworkarea.

Makingamess,whenusingaworkshop,isafactoflife.Youcantproduceamasterpiecewithoutcutting,sanding,sawingordrillingthatspecialcreation.

However,accidentsusuallyoccurwhenpeopledosillythings,areinahurryoraresurroundedbyahugepileofoffcutsthatgetinthewayofthenextstageoftheprocess.

Is it safe?

Somematerials,solutionsandsolventsareunsafewhentheymixorcomeintocontactwithothersubstances.Theymustbeusedinwell-ventilatedareasandunderfumeextractionhoods.

AnymaterialsorsolutionsthatyoubringintothelaboratoryorworkshopMUSTbeshowntothetechnicalstafftoassessifthereisanyriskintheiruseinthearea.

Technicalstaffprovidematerialsafetydatasheets(MSDS)ofthecommonmaterialsusedwithinthelaboratoryorworkshop.Beforeyoudecidetotrysomespecialtypeofmaterial,

ASKwhatsafetyhazardsmaybelikelyandwhetherspecialprecautionsandprocessesneedtobeundertaken.

Verifythatallsafetyequipmentthatyouneedforaparticularjobispresentbeforestartingtheactivity.


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When things go wrong


Evenwhenallthesafetyprecautionsareinplace,sometimesthingsgowrongandemergencyproceduresmustbeimplemented.

Gettoknowtheworkenvironment,inparticularwheretofindthe: fireextinguisher

fireaidkit

emergencystopbuttons

telephoneandemergencynumber

emergencyexits.

A place for everything everything in its place

Laboratoriesandworkshopsareoperatedbywellorganisedtechnicalstaffwhoprovidemultiplesetsoftoolsandequipmentforyouruse.

Leavingaheapoftoolslyingaroundontheworkbenchisinvitinganaccidenttohappen.Whenyouhavefinishedusingit,putitbackintherackorcupboardforotherstouseandkeepyourworkareauncluttered.

Ifatoolisbroken,blunt,oryoubreakit,tellthetechnicalstaff;theyusuallywontbiteyourheadoff,becausethesethingshappenallthetimeasstudentsarelearningandexperimentingwithnewskills.

Ifatoolitisdamagedorunsafetouse,thenitisYOURresponsibilitytoinformthem.

Dontjustreturnittothecupboard,asthenextusercouldbeseriouslyinjured.

Safety signs

SignssurroundusineverydaylifetoinformustoGoLeft,SlowDown,Stopandamultitudeofotherinstructions.

Inworkshops,picturesafetysignsuseuniversalsymbolsto:

preventaccidents

signalhealthhazards

indicatethelocationofsafety,firstaidandfireprotectionequipment

giveclearguidanceandinstructioninemergencyprocedures

formpartofthetotalsafetyinformationsystemofthearea.

Picturesafetysignswarnofhazardsorrisksthatarepresentintheworkplaceandinformusersintheworkplacehowtoavoidthathazardorrisk,oritseffects.

Inadditiontothepicturesigns,manyindividualmachinesandprocesseshavedetailedsignsexplaining"stepbystep"instructionstousethemsafely.


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Thefollowingfigurewillassistyoutoidentifycommonsigns.



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Signs and symbols

Thesignsandsymbolsthatyouseeintheworkplacearetohelpremindyouortellyouaboutsomething.Safetysignscanbedifferenttypes:picturesonly,wordonly,bothpicturesandwords.Theyfallintofourgeneralcategories:

Informationalsignsgiveyouinformationabouttheareayouarein.Theyareusuallyrectangularordiamondshapedandcanalsobeatagsystem.

Thereareagreatnumberofinformationalsigns;theirtypeswillvaryaccordingtotheworkplace.

Prohibitionarysignstellyoumustnotdosomething.

Itisusuallyaredcirclewithalinethroughitfromthetoplefttothebottomright.

SomeotherexampleswouldbeNoeating,Noflames&Nodrinking.

Warningsignsadviseyouofpotentialhazards.Thereareavarietyofconditionswhere,bylaw,certainsignsmustbeused.

Mandatorysignstellyouwhenyoumustdosomething.

Itisforyoursafetyandcouldbealifeordeathsituation.

Thereisnosuggestionhereitisamustdoinstruction.



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Safety signs are colour coded for easy recognition

Red & black

Prohibition You must not

Yellow & black

Caution Be careful

Green & white

Emergency

Blue & white

Mandatory

You must wear this



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7.1.5 Hazards and Safety Precautions Associated with Advanced Composite

Materials.

Thistopicwilltakeyouthroughthehazardsandsafetyprecautionsassociatedwithadvancedcompositematerial.Buttodothis,youneedtoknowwhatanadvanced

compositeandacompositematerialis.

What Is A Composite Material?

Thetermcompositeisusedtodescribe2ormorematerialsthatarecombinedtoformamuchstrongerstructurethaneithermaterialbyitself.Themostsimplecompositeiscomposedof2elements:

amatrixwhichservesasabondingsubstance(glue)

areinforcingmaterial

Awidelyusedcommoncompositematerialinallwalksoflifefromsportingequipment,toboating,aircraftpartsandevenfurnitureandplaygroundequipmentisfibreglass

Thereinforcingmaterialisaglassfibreclothmaterialwhichcanbefoldedorscrunchedupjustlikeapieceofclothing.Thematrixorglueisaresincompound,inliquidform,consistingof2partswhichwhenmixedtogether,formasolidplasticcompoundaftera

curingprocess.Sowhenweimpregnateorsoaktheglassfibreclothwiththemixedresin,theendresultaftertheresinhascuredisahighstrengthreinforcedplastic.

Glass Fibre Cloth Resin



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Part 66 Subject


Theconceptofcompositematerialsisnotnew.Theoldestmanmadebuildingmaterial,adobe(mudbrick),isacompositeformulae.Adobeisproducedbycombining2dissimilarcomponents(mudandstraw)toformbuildingbricks.Afterthebricksareallowedtocureinthesun,theresultingbuildingblockissubstantiallystrongerandmoredurablethaneither

oftheoriginalcomponents.ThecenturiesoldruinsoftheAnasaziIndiansinsouth-westernColorado,areproofofthedurabilityofthissimplecompositematerial.

Adobe

What Is An Advanced Composite Material?

Astechnologyinaircrafthasdeveloped,sohasthetechnologyinthematerialsthattheyaremadefrom.Tomakeanaircraftflyfaster,higherandlonger,weneedtoreduceit'soverallweightwhilestillmaintainingairframestrength.Theuseofexpensive,highperformanceresinsystemsandhighstrength,high-stiffnessfibrereinforcementinsteadofmetalalloystructure,hasallowedthistohappenduetotheirsuperiorstrengthtoweight

ratio.ThemuchstrongerandstifferfibresofBoron,Graphite(Carbon)andKevlarhavegivencompositematerialsstructuralpropertiessuperiorinseveralwaystothemetalalloystheyhavereplaced.ThetermAdvancedappliestothesecomposites.

Boron fibre Graphite (Carbon) fibre Kevlar



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Part 66 Subject


Where Are Advanced Composites Used?

AdvancedCompositesareusedextensivelyonmilitaryandcommercialaircraft.Flightcontrols,landinggeardoors,skins,panels,antennaeandradarcovers,arejustafewexamplesofwhereadvancedcompositescanbeusedonaircrafttoreducetheweight

whilemaintainingarequiredstrength.

TheHorizontalStabilizeronaF-14TomcatFighteraircraftisconstructedfromBoronEpoxycompositematerial.Byusingboronepoxyinplaceofametalalloyequivalent,aweightsavingof19%wasmade.

TheBoeing737usesapproximately1500poundsofcompositematerial,providingaweightsavingofapproximately600poundsor29%,whencomparedtoconventionalsheetmetalconstruction.

TheSikorskyS-76helicopterairframeisconstructedfromapproximately60%ofcompositematerial.Thishadmadea30%weightsavingcomparedtoametalalloyequivalent.



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Part 66 Subject


Advanced Composite Hazards

Therearespecifichazardsinvolvedwithadvancedcompositematerials,whethertheybeduringoraftermanufacture.Youhaven'tlearntaboutcompositemanufactureasyet,andindeedmaynotdependingonwhichtradestreamyoutake.Youstillneedtobeawareof

thehazardsassociatedwithitasyoumaybecomeexposedtoitwhileothertradesmeninyourworkplacecarryitout.Youalsoneedtobeawareofthepotentialhealthandmaintenancehazardsthatadvancedcompositespresent.

Hazards during manufacture

Duringmanufacturethereare4thingsthatcanpresentahazard:

thematrixorresinsystem

thereinforcingorfibrematerial

thesolventorcleaningcompound

dusts

Matrix or Resin Hazards

Thereareanumberofdifferentkindsofresinsusedinadvancedcompositesmanufacturewhichpresentsimilarhazards.Ifyoutreatthemallthesameyouwillbeleftinnodoubttheproblemstheycancause.

Uncuredresinscanpresentasignificantdermalexposurehazard.Inmanyworkplaces,manualhandlingresultsinpotentialskinexposure.Thiscanresultinskinirritation,rashesandsubsequentdermatitisifcontactisprolonged.Skinsensitizationtotheresinscanalsodevelop,andmayrequireachangeofworkassignment.

Exposuretovapoursemittedfromresinsmaycauseirritationoftheeyes,nose,throatand

respiratorytract.Irritationmaybesevereenoughtocausebronchitisandpulmonaryedema.Ifexposureisprolonged,respiratorysensitisation(anallergic,asthmatictypereaction)mayoccur.

Therehasbeensomeanalysiscarriedouttosuggestthatsomeelementscontainedincertainresinsmaycausereversiblelivertoxicityanddamagetotheretinawhenabsorbedthroughingestionandinhalation.Theyarealsoclassifiedasasuspecthumancarcinogen.



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Part 66 Subject


Reinforcing Fibre Hazards

Mostofthereinforcingmaterialsusedinindustryhavethepotentialtocauseeye,skin,andupperrespiratorytractirritation,asaresultofthemechanical-irritantpropertiesofthefibres.Skinrashesarecommonwithfibrecontact.

Carbon-fibremaybeassociatedwithanincreasedriskofskincancer.

Solvents

Likeresins,thereareanumberofdifferentkindsofsolventsusedinadvancedcompositesmanufacturewhichpresentsimilarhazards.Ifyoutreatthemallthesameyouwillbeleftinnodoubttheproblemstheycancause.

Manyofthesolventsusedinadvancedcompositeprocessesarevolatileandflammable.Mostareskinandeyeirritants,andsomemaybereadilyabsorbedthroughtheskin.They

maycauseeye,nose,andthroatirritation,andprolongedcontactwiththeliquidmayresultindefattingoftheskinandresultantdermatitis.Inhighconcentrations,narcosisisproduced,withsymptomsofheadache,nausea,light-headedness,vomiting,dizziness,poorcoordinationandunconsciousness.Somesolventshavetheabilitytodepressthecentralnervoussystem.

TechnicalliteratureincludingMSDSsfromthesolventsuppliershouldbeconsultedaboutanychemicalsusedwithadvancedcomposites.

Dusts

Dustsmaybegeneratedinseveralwaysinadvancedcompositeprocesses.Themostcommondust-generatingprocessesaremachiningandfinishingofcuredpartsandrepairofdamagedparts.Muchofthedustgeneratedintheseprocessescanbeveryfineand

canbereadilyinhaled.Dustsmaycauseirritationoftheeyes,nose,throatandrespiratorytract.Irritationmaybesevereenoughtocausebronchitisandpulmonaryedema.Ifexposureisprolonged,respiratorysensitisation(anallergic,asthmatictypereaction)mayoccur.Contactwiththeskinmaycauseskinirritation,rashesandsubsequentdermatitisifcontactisprolonged.

Moredustisusuallygeneratedinfinishingandrepairprocesses,sincelargesurfaceareasareinvolved.Grinding,routingandsandingarefrequentlyusedmethodsinbothprocesses.Therepairprocessmayrequiretheuseofabrasiveblasting,aswellassanding,toremoveexistingpaintorcoatings.Ingredientsofthepaintorcoatingbeingremoved,suchasleadorchromates,mayalsobeofconcern.Therepairprocessmayalsorequirecuttingorsawingtoremovethedamagedpartarea,andbothmaygenerate

significantamountsofairbornedust.



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Part 66 Subject


Advanced Composites Component Hazards


Therearehazardsassociatedwithcompositeaircraftcomponentsthatyouneedtobeawareofwhenworkingonandaroundthesetypes.

Hereisanexampleofhowdelicatecompositecomponentscanbe.Youareworkingonanaircraftanddropatoolonametalalloypanel.Theresultisasmalldentwhichis2thousandthsofaninchdeep.Theprobableoutcomewouldbethatthedamagewouldbeclassedasnegligible,andwouldremainasiswithoutrepair.

Whileworkingonthatsameaircraft,youdropthatsametoolonacompositepanel.Thesizeofthedentisalsothesame.Asyoudon'twanttogetintotroublefordamagingthepanel,youthinkthatthedamagewillbe"O.K.",soyoudon'ttellyoursupervisoraboutit.Butbecauseofthedelicatenatureofcomposites,theextentofthedamagedoesn'tstopthere,eventhoughitisallyoucansee.

Thesuddenimpactofthetoolhasalsocrackedtheresinbetweenthefibreplyswhichgreatlyreducesthestrengthofthepanel.Theaircraftgoesflyingandthepanelbreaksoff

inflightandhitstheverticalstabilator.Theaircraftonlyjustmakesitback,andisfoundtoneedanewstabilatorandofcourseanewpanelatacostofover$100000.Aninvestigationislaunchedintotheincidentwhichfindsthatitwasallcausedbyyoudroppingyourtoolonthecompositepanel.

Themoraltothisexampleistobeextracarefulwhileworkingaroundaircraft.Ifyoucausesomedamage,reportittoyoursupervisornomatterhowsmallyoumaythinkitis.Ifyouhadreportedthisdamagewhenithappened,itwouldhavebeenfullyinvestigatedandrepairedatafractionofthecost,andyouwouldmorethanlikelyhavegottenapatonthebackfornotkeepingittoyourself.


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Part 66 Subject


Precautions

Goodworkplacecontrolsareessentialincontrollingexposuretoprocessmaterials.Manyofthematerials,particularlytheresinsandfibres,presentapotentialdermalexposurehazard.Manyofthesolventsandsomeoftheresinspresentapotentialinhalationhazard.

Somematerialspresentbothadermalandinhalationhazard.Ingestionmaybeapotentialexposurehazard,butusuallyinvolvespoorpersonalhygieneorcontaminationofeatingfacilities.

Keepingthisinmind,whenworkingwithoraroundcompositemanufactureorrepairprocesses,alwayskeepyourhealthattheforefrontofyourmind.Ifyoucansmelltheresins,solventsorgenerateddustwaste,itmeansthatitisgettingintoyoursystem.YoumusteitherwearyourPersonalProtectiveEquipmentorvacatetheareauntilallairbornecontaminateshavedissipated.Thesecontaminatesmaynotaffectyouimmediately,butitismorethanlikelythatyouwillsufferhealthproblemsinthefuture.

MostAdvancedCompositemanufactureandrepairprocedures(especiallytheonesthatinvolvegrinding,routingandmachiningandtheuseofsolvents)shouldbeperformed

underanextractionunit.Whereitisnotpracticaltodothis,theprocedureshouldbeperformedinawellventilatedareaatatimewhenthefewestemployeesarepresent.

Grinding composites under an Sanding composites outside

extraction unit. in a well ventilated area.

Ifyouareunsureofthehazardsthataparticularsubstancepresents,requestfromyouremployerorOH&SrepresentativeacopyoftheMaterialSafetyDataSheets.Thesewilltellyouexactlywhathazardsareassociatedwiththesubstance,andwhatprecautionsyouneedtotake.



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Part 66 Subject


Waste disposal


Thehazardsassociatedwiththeproductmayalsoapplytothewaste.Thereforeitisimportanttodisposeofanywasteinanappropriateandsafemanner.

Itemsthatrequiredisposalincludethefollowing: allsubstancescollectedasspillsorleaks

containersthathavebeenemptiedafteraleakorspill,includingbrokenbags,fibre-boarddrums,andanyobjectssuchaspalletsthatmayhaveabsorbedthespillage

heavilycontaminatedequipmentandclothing

surplusorredundantproduct

non-returnablecontainersthatcontainresidue.

Methods of disposal

Thelocalwastedisposalauthorityshouldbeconsultedonthesuitabilityoftheproposedmethodofdisposal.

Thesuppliersoftheproductsmayalsoprovideadvice.

Job knowledge and training

Allpersonnelworkingwithchemicalsmustbefamiliarwiththehazardsofsuchchemicals.TheyshouldhaveanunderstandingofMSDSforthechemicalsbeingstoredandbefamiliarwiththeactionstobetakenincaseofpoisoningbythesechemicals.

Operatorsneedtobetrainedindealingwithspillageandfirefighting,andshouldbefamiliarwiththerequirementforprotectiveequipmentandclothingfortheseoperations.

Otheremployeesshould,asaminimum,beawareoftherelevanthandlinghazards,including

fireriskandsymptomsofpoisoning,andhaveknowledgeoftheactionrequiredinanemergency.

Allpeopleusingchemicalsoremployedatstorageareashouldreceivetrainingappropriatetotheirdutiesandresponsibilities,whichshouldinclude:

Thenatureoftheworkandsafeuseofequipment.

Thepropertiesofandhazardassociatedwiththesubstancesbeingkeptforuse.

Thelocationoffirstaidequipmentandfireprotectionequipment.

Thecorrectuseofpersonalprotectiveequipment,itscareandmaintenance,andactionstobetakeninvariousemergencies,includingspillsandfire.

N.P.Regularsimulatedemergencyexercises,includingfiredrillsandspillage-handlingproceduresshouldbeincludedinthetraining.Suchexercisesshouldbeconductedatleastannually.


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Part 66 Subject B-7a Occupational Health and Safety in Aviation

B:January2008 Revisi 1

Topic7.1.1:OH&SResponsibilitiesIssue on 30of30

Page Intentionally Left Blank


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Part 66 Subject


Topic7.1.2:IdentificationandReportingofWorkplaceHazardsIssueB:January2008 Revision1 1of26

TOPIC7.1.2IDENTIFICATIONANDREPORTINGOFWORKPLACEHAZARDS

Introduction to Identification and Reporting of Workplace Hazards

Mostworkplaceaccidentsareavoidable.Ifpeopletooktimetoidentifyhazardsthatexist

thereanddealwiththem,workerswouldenjoyahappierandsaferworkplace.

Howdoyouknowifsomethinginyourworkplaceisahazard?Hazardsaredangersatwork.

Youmighthaveahazardtodowithnoise,machineryandequipment,electricity,manual

handling,hazardoussubstances,workinginconfinedspaces,workinginthesun,workingin

publicplaces.Thistopicwilllookatsomeoftheseareas.

Oncompletionofthistopic,youwillbeableto:

Explainthecausesandeffectsofaccidents.

Explainpersonalandinstitutionalresponsibilitieswithregardtobehaviour,practices

andhygieneintheworkplace.

Explainthemajorfunctionsofsafetycommitteesandrepresentatives.

Explainthemajordangerareasapplicabletotheworkplaceenvironment.

Illustrateconditionsthatconstituteafirehazardintheworkplaceenvironment.

ExplainMaterialSafetyDataSheets.

Createaworkplacehazard/accidentreport.


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Part 66 Subject


Causes and Effects of Accidents


Althoughtherearemanydefinitionsofamishap,wechosethisoneasastartingpoint:A

mishapisanyunplannedorunintentionalevent,nomatterhowserious,thatstopsor

interruptsyourworkandresultsinpersonnelinjuryand/orpropertydamage.Therearethreebasicelementsofamishap:

1. Anunplannedorunintentionalevent.

2. Workstops.

3. Injuryorpropertydamage

Hereisanexamplethatillustratesthethreebasicelementsofamishap:

Youretryingtoloosenalargenutwithawrench.Thenutisrustedtight.Asyouapplyextra

pressuretothewrench,thewrenchslips.

Youstaggerbackwardandstrikeyourheadonastanchionbehindyou.

Inthisexample,therewerethreedistincthappenings:

1. Thewrenchslipped.

2.

Youstaggeredbackward.

3. Youhityourheadonastanchionbehindyou.

Thisexamplefitsthedefinitionofamishap.Itwasunexpected;itinterruptedyourwork;and,

asyouwouldagree,youmadecontactthatcausedpersonalinjuryorpropertydamage.

Mishapsareapain!Thisisespeciallytruewhen,afteramishaphasoccurred,youlookbackandsayIfonlyIandfinishwithahad,hadnotordidnot.

Withthatinmind,itsimportantforyoutounderstandthatyouareboththenumberone

causeandthenumberonecureformishaps.

Weknowyouwanttodothebestjobyoucan.Youdbetterstartrightnow!

However,doyouassociatesafestwithbest?Ifnot,twofactsthatformthebasisofmishap

preventionare:

1. Mishapsarecaused.

2.

Theonlywaytostopthemistopreventoreliminatethecauses.

Themoreyouknowaboutthecausesofmishaps,thebetterequippedyouwillbetoprevent

them.

Apracticaldefinitionofamishapcauseisanythingandeverythingthatcontributedtothe

mishap.

Themostcommoncausesofmishapsare:

1. You,and

2.

Yourenvironment.


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Part 66 Subject



Theycouldinclude:

1.

Yourunsafeactionsortheunsafeactionsofyourco-workers.

2. Animpairedphysicalormentalconditionofthepeoplewhocausedorinfluenced

theunsafeactions.

3. Anydefectiveorotherwiseunsafetools,equipment,machines,materials,buildings,

compartments,orotheraspectsoftheworkenvironment.

Atleasttwoofeverythreeworkplaceaccidentsarecausedbyeitheraworkersfailuretodo

(ornottodo)something,oraworkertakingshortcutswhenperformingatask.Wecallthis

human error.Inotherwords,YOU causemostofyourownmishaps.

Thefollowingaresomeofthemanyfactorsthatcanleadyoutomishaps:

1. Inadequatetrainingandlackofjobexperience.

2.

Inadequateoroutdatedproceduresintechnicalpublications.

3. Inadequatepostingorlistingofthesafetyprecautionsyoushouldobservewhen

performingatask.

4. Behaviouralfactors,especiallynegativetypesofmotivation.

5.

Medicallyrelatedfactorsthatreduceyourabilitytoworksafely.

6. Communicationproblemscausedbyabreakdowninpassing,receiving,or

understandinginformation.

7. Poorlydesignedequipment,suchasimproperlyplacedcontrols.

Mostaccidentsarepreventable.However,throughignoranceormisunderstanding,thereisa

commonbeliefthattheyaretheinevitableresultofunchangeablecircumstancesorfate.

Thisbeliefisuntrue,becauseitfailstoconsiderthebasiclawofcauseandeffecttowhich

accidentsaresubject.Inotherwords,accidentsdonotoccurwithoutacause:most

accidentsarethedirectresultofsomedeviationfromprescribedsafeoperatingprocedures.

Onepurposeofsafetyrulesistoremindtheindividualofthedangersinherentinthework.

Trainingintheobservanceofsafetyprecautionscanbeinstrumentalinavoidingpreventable

accidentsandinmaintainingaworkenvironmentwhichisconducivetoaccident-free

operation.Operatingproceduresandworkmethodsadoptedwithhazardpreventionasa

specificcriteriondonotexposepersonnelnecessarilytoinjuryoroccupationalhealth

hazards.Accidentswhichareabouttohappencanbepreventedifthecauseisdetectedand

appropriateremedialactionistaken.


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Part 66 Subject


Inadequate or outdated procedures

Inadequate training and experience


Manymishapsoccurbecauseofinadequatetrainingandlackofjobexperience.Youmay

findyourselfassignedataskthatisclearlybeyondyourskilllevel.Thismaybebecauseof

anoperationalrequirementoranemergencythatrequirespromptaction.Oryoursupervisormaynotbeawareofyourlimitations.

Thesesituationsmaycauseyoutomisreadinstructions,takeshortcuts,ormakeothererrors

thatcouldresultinamishap.Also,yourchancesofamishapincreasewhenyouarenot

awareofthehazardsassociatedwithaparticulartask.Itsthislackofawarenessthatcan

keepyoufromtakingthenecessaryprecautions.

InsimpleEnglish:

1. DONTTAKESHORTCUTS.

4.1. ASKFORHELP.

Ifyouthinkataskistoohazardous,itprobablyis.Andbeforeyouattempttodoit,seek

guidanceandbecomefamiliarwithitsassociatedhazards.

CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS

Whenamishapoccurs,examinetheproceduresyoufollowedjustbeforethemishap.They

maybeinerrorortheymaynotprovideenoughdetailedhow-toinformation.Orperhaps

thetechnicalmanualwasnotupdatedwhenapieceofequipmentwasupgradedorreplaced.

Asaresult,youcouldinadvertentlybeusingthewrongproceduresforaparticulartask.If

thisisthecase,taketheinitiativetocompletetherequiredpaperworktoupdatethetechnical

manual.

Inadequate safety precautions

Youmust beawareofthesafetyprecautionsassociatedwiththejobortaskyouare

performing.Theymusteitherbepostedinyourworkareaorlistedinthetechnicalmanual

youreusing.Iftheyarentavailable,youcouldbeattemptingsomethinghazardousandnot

evenknowit.MakesureyoureadALLapplicableprecautions.Evenifyouhaveperformed

thetaskbeforeandarefamiliarwithit,itspossiblethatneworrevisedprecautionsexist.


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Part 66 Subject


Behavioural Factors that Cause Mishaps


Yourbehaviourismuchmorecomplexthantheequipmentyouoperateandmaintain.

Equipment,regardlessofhowitsdesignedandpowered,ispredictableinitsresponseto

certaincuesorsignals.Ifapieceofequipmentquitsworking,youcanisolatethefaulttoaspecificpartwiththeuseoftestequipmentandschematics.Thisisnttrueforyou.Your

behaviourwhileperformingataskisbasedonacombinationoffactorsthatcomesfromyour

uniqueexperiences,knowledge,attitudeandmotivation.

Eachoftheabovefactorscanaffectyourbehaviourregardingsafety.Behaviourthatleadsto

amishapisusuallycausedbyundesirableattitudesandmotivations.

Attitudes

Attitudesarecomplexmentalstatesthataffectyourreactiontowardsomeobject,event,or

stateofaffairs.Theycauseyoutoformopinionsandactincertainpredictableways,some

favourableandothersunfavourable.

Attitudesthatdonotsupportsafebehaviourhampermishapprevention.Andtheycanalso

causemishaps.

Motivations

Motivationsareincentivesforspecificacts.Yourbehaviourisbasedonyourmotivation,and

yourmotivationisshapedbyyourattitudes.Ensuringthatyouhavepositivemotivations

towardjobsafetyisclearlyaverycomplexproblem.Itscomplicatedbecauseyoudonot

simplyreacttothebasicneedsofcomfort,security,affiliationandself-fulfilment.Your

motivationsonandoffthejobarealsogreatlyaffectedbytheattitudes,feeling,tensionsand

emotionsoftheworldaroundyou.

Thefollowingaresomeundesirablemotivationsthatcanleadyoutomishapsinthe

workplace:

Motivationtosavetimeandeffort

Motivationtomaintainpersonalcomfort

Motivationtogainapprovalandattractattention

Motivationtoexpressresentment

Medical factors that cause mishaps

Medicalfactorssuchasillness,physicalimpairment,alcoholabuse,fatigue,andmotion

sickness,cancausemishaps.Thesefactorsarefrequentlyassociatedwitheitherahigh

tempoofoperationsthatpreventsproperrestandnourishmentorwitheventscarriedover

fromarecentreturnfromleaveorliberty.

Illness

Yourabilitytoworksafelyissometimesaffectedbyillnessorthesideeffectsofmedicine.

Temporaryillnesseslikecolds,flu,dizziness,heatstressandnauseacanweakenyour

physicalabilities.Theycaneitherreduceyourstrength,staminaandcoordination,ordisrupt

yourconcentration,mentalalertness,memoryandreasoningability.Thesesideeffectsofmedication,suchasdrowsiness,sluggishnessandlackofcoordination,

cansometimesleadtomishaps.


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Part 66 Subject


Physical impairments


Anypre-existingphysicalimpairment,suchasalowerbackinjury,aslippeddisc,orahernia,

maymakeyoumoresusceptibletomishaps.Mishapscanalsostemfromvisualandhearing

defects.Commonvisualproblemsincludecolourblindness,faultydepthperception,farsightednessandnearsightedness.Hearingdefectscausemishapsiftheypreventyou

fromhearinginstructionsorawarningsignal.

Alcohol abuse

Somepeoplethinkalcoholisastimulant.Nothingisfartherfromthetruth.Alcoholisa

chemicaldepressant.Itactsasageneralanaestheticforthepartsofthebrainthatsuppress,

control,andinhibitthoughts,feelings,andactions.Alcoholtypicallyimpairsyourjudgment,

givesyouunrealisticconfidence,slowsyourcoordination,anddegradesyourperformance.

Theseeffectsarepresentwhetheryoufeelthemornot.Itstheseeffectsthatcausetherisk-

takingtypeofbehaviourthatcanleadyoutounsafeactsthatcausemishaps.

Fatigue

Fatigueisnotanall-or-nothingfactor.Itbeginswhenyoustartatask,anditincreasesas

youcontinuetoperformthetask.Atsomepointduringthetask,fatiguecanbecomegreat

enoughtoimpairyourperformance.Itcandecreaseyourworkoutput,changeyourattitude,

andreduceyourmotivationtoobservesafetyprecautions.Butlongbeforethishappens,

fatiguewilldecreaseyourawarenessandreflexactions.Atthispointmishapscanoccur.

Thefollowingaresomesymptomsoffatigue:

Lowerqualityofperformance

Irritability

Impatience

Forgetfulness

Confusion

Ahighernumberoferrors

Thefollowingaresomefrequentcausesoffatigue:

Hardwork,longhoursandlackofsleep

Environmentalstress,suchasheat,cold,noise

Inadequatelighting,andvibration

Boredomandmonotony

Achangeinroutine

Suppose,forexample,youreaccustomedtoworkingdaysandsleepingnights.Ifyouswitch

toworkingnightsandsleepingdays,youwillprobablyexperiencefatigue.

Theresultsoffatiguevaryfrompersontoperson,butfatiguealwaysreducesyourmental

alertness,increasingthechancesofamishapoccurring.


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Part 66 Subject


Communication problems that cause mishaps


Mishapscanoccurwhenthereisabreakdowninthepassing,receivingorunderstandingof

information.Themostcommoncommunicationproblemismisunderstandingthemessage

beingsenttoyou.Yourbrainreactstowhatitthinksithears,notnecessarilywhatithears.

Mishapscanalsostemfromlanguagebarriers.Youcantunderstandamessageifthe

personsendingthemessagedoesntspeakclearlyenough.

Equipment design factors that cause mishaps

Poorlydesignedequipmentandimproperlyplacedcontrolscancausemishaps.Controls

thatcantbereachedquicklyandeasily,emergencycontrolsprotectedbycumbersome

interlocks,anddisplaysthataredifficulttoreadareexamplesofdesignproblemsthatcan

causemishaps.

Mishap prevention

Whyismishappreventionnecessary?Theaviationbusinessisdeadlyserious.Its

conductedbyprofessionals,restrictedtolimitedresources,andallowsno roomforerror.

Mishapsproduceerrors.Therefore,whenmishapsarereduced,errorisreduced,and

readinessisimproved.

Theaviationindustryalsoconsidersyour safetytobeasimportantasproductivity.Unlike

mostcivilianbusinesseswhosesafetyeffortsaredirectedatreducingon-the-jobmishaps,

aviationindustrymishappreventioneffortsgiveyoucompletecoverage,bothonandoffthe

job,regardlessofyourdutystatus,location,ormission.

Mishappreventionisavitalpartofyourjob.Bypreventingmishaps,youavoidinjuryto

yourselfanddamagetoyourequipment.Whenyouthinkofmishaps,youprobablythinkofdeaths.Butin2000,aboardshipsandsubmarinesandashore,foreverydeath,therewere

mishapsthatresultedinequipmentdamageorpersonalinjury.

Mishappreventionistheprocessofeliminatingmishap-producingcauses.Thegoalofthe

aviationindustrysmishappreventionprogramistopreventmishapsfromoccurringor,once

theyhaveoccurred,topreventthemfromrecurring.Theaviationindustrysmishap

preventionprogramconsistsofactivitiesdirectedtoeliminate

(1)unsafeactsofpersonsand

(2)unsafemechanical,physical,orchemicalworkingconditions.

Thebestwaytopreventmishapsistoeliminatethefactorsthatleadtomishaps.Thiscan

involveanything,fromaminuteofextraeffortbyyouthatcostsnothing,tolengthyplanning

andworkbymanypeopleatconsiderablecost.Italldependsonthenatureoftheunsafe

condition.

Theauthoritytocorrectanunsafeconditionmayinvolveanylevelofthechainofcommand.

Thefollowingfouravenuesareavailabletoyou.

Ordercorrectionwhereauthoritypermits.Ifyouhavetheauthoritytodoso,dont

delayorderingunsafeconditionscorrected.Delaymeansexposureofotherpeople

totheunsafecondition.Ifyoureuncertainaboutthebestcorrectionmethod,talktoyoursupervisorimmediately.


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Part 66 Subject



Reportconditionstohigherauthority.Ifyoudonthavetheauthoritytocorrectthe

unsafeconditions,thenpromptlyreportthehazardousorpotentiallyhazardous

conditionstoyoursupervisor.Bereadytooffersomesuggestionsabouthowto

correcttheunsafecondition.Yourideasmayhelptospeedthecorrection.

Correcttheproblematthesource.Dontstopwithjustcorrectingtheunsafe

condition.Finditssourceandbeginyourcorrectiveactionsthere.Ifyouhavethe

authoritytocorrecttheproblematthesource,thendoso.Iftheprobleminvolves

people,thenpointouttheunsafeconditionandcorrecttheworkerscausingit.Hold

on-the-spottrainingifneeded.Ifyoudont,youreinvitingrepetitionoftheunsafe

practice.

Taketemporaryprecautions.Youmayneedtodelaycorrectinganunsafecondition

becauseofashortageoffunds,personnel,orequipment.Ifthishappens,take

whatevertemporaryprecautionsyouneedtoprotectbothyourselfandyourco-

workersfromtheunsafeconditionuntilitcanbecorrected.Theseprecautionsmay

includesecuringthehazardousareas,disconnectingpowersources,posting

warningsigns,andgivingverbalwarningtoworkers.

Whateverprecautionsarenecessary,takethempromptlytoreducetheexposureofany

hazardousconditiontoallpersonnel.

Remember

Accidentsintheworkplacecausemillionsofdollarstobepaidoutincompensation,notto

mentionthegriefandpaintheycancause,especiallyinseverecases.Itistherefore

extremelyimportantthatpersonnelaretrainedcorrectlyandareawareoftheir

responsibilitieswithregardtothemselvesandco-workers.

Up-to-dateprocessesneedtobeinplaceatalltimes,andsafetyprecautionsmustbe

highlightedtoworkersandclearlyvisibleintheworkplacetoavoidunnecessaryaccidents.

Behaviourrelatedtoaccidentsintheworkplaceisusuallyrelatedtopoorattitudesand

motivation.Thisiswhyemployersshouldalwaysensurethewellbeingoftheworker.A

happyworkerisusuallyasafeworker.

However,accidentscanbepreventedbytakingaproactiveapproachreportingdangerous

situationsorfaultymachineryintheworkplace,andacceptingresponsibilityforit.Thereis

nopointinsaying,Someoneelsewillfixit.Thismaybethecauseofanaccidentinvolving

yourselfand/oraco-worker,soreportit.

Thisiswhywehavesafetycommitteesandrepresentativesintheworkplace,toencourage

safeworkingpracticesandprovideachannelforyoutoreportanyfaults,etc.whetheritbeto

yourrepresentativeoronahazardreportformorboth.

YouneedtotakeIMMEDIATE correctiveaction.Thisisespeciallytrueinsituationsthatpose

animmediatehazardtolifeorhealth.Dontdelaybecauseyoumaynothavetheauthorityto

correctsuchanunsafecondition.Inemergencies,YOUHAVEIT!Justbesureyoudontput

yourselforothersindangerofbeinghurt.AndifyoucantSAFELYcorrecttheproblem,

informyoursupervisoraboutitimmediately.


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Part 66 Subject


Health and hygiene


Itisimportantthatyouthinkabouttheeffectofwhatyoudoathomeandintheworkplace

andhowitaffectsyourhealth.

Thegeneralhygieneprinciplesyouusefromdaytodayathomeareagoodstarttokeepingyousafeinyourworkplace.

Atworktherearehazards,includingbiologicalhazards.Youneedtoidentifythosehazards

andlearnhowtolookafteryourselfinyourworkday.

CompliancewiththeWorkplaceHealthandSafetyAct1995meansthattherisksofinjuryat

allworkplacesneedtobeidentified,assessedandcontrolled.

Regulationsprohibitexposuretoariskorprescribewaystominimiseexposuretoa

risk.

Advisorystandardsstatewaystomanageexposuretoriskscommontoindustry.

Industrycodesofpracticestatewaystomanageexposuretoriskstypicalinapart

ofindustry.

Wherethereisnoregulation,standardorcode,youmustexerciseduediligence.

Employersshouldprovide:

Adocumentedworkplacehealthandsafetypolicywhichhasguidelinesforinfection

controlwhenworkersandfirstaidpersonnelareexposedtotheriskofinfection

Up-to-dateinstructionaboutappropriatesafeworkpractices

Ongoingtrainingandsupervision

Personalprotectiveclothingandequipmentwhererequired

Aneffectivesystemofinjuryandillnessreportingandfollow-up


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Keeping fit and healthy


Keepingyourselffitandmentallyalertthroughhavingagooddiet,doingregularexercise,

attendingtomedicalproblemsandgettingenoughsleepwillhelptoreduceaccidentsand

absenteeismbroughtaboutbycarelessness,stressandfatigue.

Heedingthefollowingadvicecanimproveyourwellbeing.Drugsandalcoholcancause

dependence,withpeopleunabletodoafulldaysworkproperly.Employeesmustinform

theiremployeriftheyaretakinganymedicationthatmayimpairtheirabilitytodotasks.

Developgoodpostureatwork,whetheryouspendlongperiodsstandingorsittingat

adesk.

Keepyourselfwell-groomed,cleanandneatlyattired.

Observehygienicpracticessuchaswashingyourhandsregularly.Thisis

particularlyimportantforaerospacetechnologiesemployeesinvolvedwithsewage

treatment,transportormaintenance.Ensurethatyourimmunisations,suchas

hepatitis,areup-to-date.

Dontignoremedicalproblemsthatmaybenaggingyou.Seeadoctorbeforethey

leadtootherproblems.

Maintainahealthybalancebetweenworkandyourpersonallife.Thiswillkeepyou

happieratworkandathomeandlessstressed.

Ifyoufindworkstressfulthroughhavingtoomuchortoolittleworktodo,orbywork

beingmonotonousorlackinginstimulation,talktosomeoneaboutit.Thismaybea

supervisor,teamleaderorcounsellor.Compensationpayoutsforstress-relatedillnessaresubstantial,andcanbereducedifpeopleheedthesignsbeforea

breakdownoccurs.


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Occupational Health and Safety (OH S)

CompliancewithOccupationalHealthandSafety(OH&S)Actmeansthatrisksofinjuryatall

workplacesneedtobeidentified,assessedandcontrolled.

Regulations-prohibitexposuretoariskorprescribewaystominimiseexposureto

arisk

Advisorystandards-statewaystomanageexposuretoriskscommontoindustry

Industrycodesofpractice-statewaystomanageexposuretoriskstypicalinapart

ofindustry

Wherethereisnoregulation,standardorcode,youmustexerciseduediligence.

OH&SActisgovernedbytheAustralianCommonwealthGovernmentwitheachStateandTerritoryestablishedlocalHealthandSafetyCommittee.

InQueenslandOH&SisregulatedbytheStateGovernmentunderTheQueenslandWorkplaceHealthandSafetyAct1995(WH&S)

Health and Safety Officers/Committee Members

WhoisyourWorkplaceHealthandSafetyOfficerandcommitteemember?

Whatdotheydo?

Helpfixsafetyproblems.

Knowthesafetylaw.

Theyarepartofoccupationalhealthandsafetycommitteemeetingswithmanagers,

supervisorsorteamcoordinators.

Investigateincidents.

Your WHS Officer is.

Health and safety representatives

WhoisyourWorkplaceHealthandSafetyRepresentative(WHS)rep?

Whatdotheydo?

Gotosafetytraining.

Helpfixsafetyproblems.

Knowthesafetylaw.

Theyarepartofoccupationalhealthandsafetycommitteemeetingswithmanagers

andsupervisorsorteamcoordinators.

Thelawgivestheoccupationalhealthandsafetyrepresentativepowertoraise

safetyproblemswithyouremployer.


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Youroccupationalhealthandsafetyrepresentativecancommunicatewithmanagersand

supervisorsorteamcoordinatorsabouthealthandsafetyproblems.This is called

consultation.


Consultationisabouteveryonehavingthechancetotalkabouthowtofixsafetyproblemsintheworkplace.


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Consultation can happen through:


Workgroupandteammeetings

Occupationalhealthandsafetycommitteemeetings

Discussionswithsupervisorsorteamcoordinators

Discussionswithyoursupervisororteamcoordinatorandthehealthandsafety

representative

Workplaceauditsandinspections

Your WHS representative is.

Workplace health and safety committees

Healthandsafetycommitteesaremadeupofworkersandemployerswhomeettodiscuss

health,safetyandwelfareintheworkplace.

Healthandsafetycommitteesassistindevelopinghealthandsafetypolicies,andconsult

withtheemployeronchangestopoliciesorprocedures.

Atleasthalfofthecommitteemembersmustbeworkers.

Thecommitteemustmeetatleastonceeverythreemonths.

Membersofthecommitteewhorepresentworkersareelectedbytheworkers.Theyare

usuallyhealthandsafetyrepresentatives.

Ifyoursupervisor,teamcoordinatororhealthandsafetyrepresentativecannotfixasafety

problem,itshouldgotothecommitteetobediscussed.

Remember

UndertheWorkplaceHealthandSafetyAct,bothemployersandemployeeshaveobligations

withregardtoensuringpeopleshealthandsafetyintheworkplace.

Standards,regulationsorindustrycodesofpracticeareinplacetohelpreducetheincidence

ofworkplaceaccidents.UndertheAct,penaltieswillbeincurredforbreaches.

Employersmustinstructworkersinsafetymeasuresandemploymeasurestoensurethesafetyofanyoneinorneartheworkplace.Onewaytoensurethishappensistoimplement

safetycommittees.Thisiswhythemajorityofindustrieshavesafetyofficersandcommittee

membersinplace.


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Employeeshaveadutytoconductthemselvesinamannerthatwillnotharmthemselvesor

others,tocarryoutcertainsafetymeasuresandtouseprotectiveclothingandequipment

provided.Theymustbeconstantlyonthelookoutforhazardsandnotifyemployersof

problems.Traininginstandardworkandemergencyproceduressuchasevacuationsisthe

bestwaytokeeptheworkplaceaccident-free.


Section36oftheWorkplaceHealthandSafetyAct1995tellsyouwhatyouhavetodoto

worksafely.

DANGER AREAS

Introduction to Noise

Noiseisprobablythemostunderestimatedhazardintheworkplace.Workersrunsomerisk

ofpermanentnoiseinducedhearinglosswhenexposedtohighlevelsofnoiseintheir

workday.

Theeffectofnoiseonthehumanbodyhasbeenlongdocumented.Therearebasicallytwo

typesofhearingloss.

Thefirstisassociatedwiththeouterormiddleear,withsometypeofdamageoccurringto

theeardrumorbonesofthemiddleear.

Thesecondisassociatedwithdamagetothenervesandcellsoftheinnerearwhichconvert

vibrationstomessagestothebrain.

Hearinglosscanhappenoveralongperiodoftime,inwhichtheworkerdoesnotrealisethe

lossisoccurring.

Noiseisamajorhazard.Itcandamageyourhearingandaffectyourhealthinmanyways.Forexample,itcancause:

Headaches

Constantringingintheears

Stress

Highbloodpressure

Increasedheartrate

Noisecanreachunacceptablyhighlevels.Irreparabledamagetohearingcanbecausedbyexposuretoloudnoiseforshortperiodsoftimeorlowernoiselevelsforextendedperiods.


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How the ear works

Soundwavesintheairareconvertedbytheearintoimpulses,whichtravelintheauditory

nervetothebrain,wheretheyareperceivedassound.

Theouterearcanalconductsthesoundwavestotheeardrum(1),ontheinnersideofwhich

threesmallbones(2)amplifythevibrationandconductthemtotheorganofhearinginthe

innerear(3).Nerveendingsinthecochlea(4)transmitthevibrationasimpulsesthroughthe

auditorynerve(5)tothebrain(6).

EXAMPLES OF PLANT NOISE

Source Noise Level

One centrifuge at one metre 87.9 dBA 1.7 x daily dose

Centrifuge hydraulic pumps 78.9 dBA

Basin 3 4 Dry Well 90.6 dBA 4.2.6 x daily dose

Motor Room Floor 85.9 dBA 1.5 x daily dose

Pump Room Floor 94.2 dBA 7.6 x daily dose

Motor Room Lift 86.4 dBA 1.5 x daily dose



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EXAMPLES OF NOISE EFFECT ON PEOPLE

Effect on People Sound level in dBA Sound Source

Highly Injurious 140

130

120

Pain Threshold

Jet Engine

Rivet Hammer

Injurious 110

100

85

80

Chainsaw

Sheet-metal workshop

General standard in Aust

for 8 hours

Heavy traffic

Irritating 60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Normal conversation

Low conversation

Quiet radio music

Whispering

Quiet urban room

Rustling leaves

Hearing threshold

Considerthechartsandtheirrelationtotheworkplace.


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Dealing with noise in the workplace

Noise control

Gettingridofnoisecompletelyisimpossible.Whatwecandointheworkplaceisreducethe

noiseemissionsandprotectourselvesfromwhatremains.

Onceanoiseproblemisdiscovered,actionneedstobetakentogetridofortocontrolit.

Remembertousethehierarchyofcontrolwhendealingwithnoise.

Hierarchy of control



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Personal protective equipment

Workerswhoareexposedtounacceptablelevelsofnoisewillbeprovidedwithsuitablework

instructionsandPPEtoreducetheirexposuretoharmfullevels.Ifyouhaveanyconcerns,

contactyoursupervisororWorkplaceHealthandSafetyOfficer.

Afterassessingnoiselevels,youshouldselectappropriatehearingprotection,suchas

earplugsorearmuffs.Acomfortablefitisanimportantconsiderationwhenchoosinghearing

protection.

AllapprovedhearingprotectionshouldcomplywithAS1270;hearingconservationprograms,

ifapplicable,shouldbebasedonAS1269.

Summary of noise

Whathappensifthenoiselevelismeasuredanditistoohigh?

Rememberthedifferentwaysofcontrollinghazards.Usethehierarchyofcontrol.

Machinery and equipment

Checkyourplantandmachineryregularly,possiblyusingachecklist,sothatitwillstayin

safeworkingorder.Iffaultsarediscovered,donotusethemachine.Putinareporttohave

itservicedimmediately.

Takecarewhenworkingwithmovingvehicles,forexample,trucksandcranes,ornearpower

lines.

Theuseofhighvisibilityclothingmaybeusefulintheseareas.



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Electricity


Thehumanbodymakesanexcellentconductorofelectricity,soitisimportantthatsafework

processesareadoptedwhenyouuseelectricity.

Electricalhazardsmaybedueto:

Crackedorfaultyinsulation

Overheatingequipment

Dampconditions

Ways to ensure safety around electricity include the following:

Wearcorrectclothing,suchasnon-conductivefootwearandremovemetalwatches,

jewelleryandbeltswithmetalbuckles.

Keeppowercordsawayfromheatandwater.Protectandrunyourpowercordsatheightswheretheywontbedamaged,forexample,awayfromsharpobjectsand

traffic.

Haveearthleakagedevicesinstalledsothatcurrentiscutimmediatelyifpoweris

shortcircuited.

Woodenorfibreglassladdersarebestusedwhenyouareworkingnearpowerlines

orperformingelectricalwork,astheyarenon-conductive.

Attendtofaultytoolsandequipmentbyhavingthemcheckedregularly,andensure

thatcordsarenotfrayed.

Turnoffallpowersourcesafteruse.

Hazardous substances

Ifyouhandlehazardoussubstances,makesureyouareawareofthespecialregulations

whichapplytohazardoussubstances.

Employersmusttrainworkerstousehazardoussubstancesproperlywhenitispartoftheir

job.

Aworkersprimaryprotectionisthelabel.Storagecontainersofhazardoussubstancesmust

becorrectlylabelledinEnglish,butdontassumeallpeoplecanreadandunderstandthelabels.Discussitwiththepersonindetailbeforeuseorstorage.

Checkfrequentlythatstoragecontainersarenotdamagedorhavenotdeterioratedovertime.

UsersmustalsobereferredtotherelevantMaterialSafetyDataSheet(MSDS).

LocatetheMSDSinyourworkplace.Thesesheetsprovideinformationabout:

Thedangersinvolvedinusingchemicalsandsubstances

Precautionsforuse

Healtheffectsandrelevantfirstaidprocedures


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Working in the sun


Manyaircraftmaintenanceemployeescarryouttheirdailyworkinfullsunshine.Workingin

thesunwithoutadequateprotectioncancausedehydration,headaches,sunstrokeandskin

cancers.

To reduce the effects of the sun, you can:

Drinkwaterorkeepupyourfluidintake

Wearabroad-brimmedhat

Applyatleast15+sunscreen

Wearlong-sleeved,close-weaveshirtsandtrousers

Wearneckprotectorsunderhardhats,and

Avoidworkingunprotectedforlongperiodsbetween11amand3pm.

Ifyoufindahazardatworkyoumusttellyoursupervisor/teamcoordinator.

Safety representative

Afteryouhavetoldyouroccupationalhealthandsafetyrepresentativeandyourteam

coordinatororsupervisorthattheremightbeaprobleminyourworkarea,theywillneedto

comeandhavealook.

Recognising Fire Hazards

Inordertounderstandhowfireextinguisherswork,youfirstneedtoknowalittlebitabout

fire.Fourthingsmustbepresentatthesametimeinordertoproducefire:

Enoughoxygentosustaincombustion,

Enoughheattoraisethematerialtoitsignitiontemperature,

Somesortoffuelorcombustiblematerial,and

Thechemical,exothermicreactionthatisfire.

Oxygen,heat,andfuelarefrequentlyreferredtoasthe"firetriangle."Addinthefourthelement,thechemicalreaction,andyouactuallyhaveafire"tetrahedron."Theimportantthingtorememberis:takeanyofthesefourthingsaway,andyouwillnothaveafireorthefirewillbeextinguished.

Essentially,fireextinguishersputoutfirebytakingawayoneormoreelementsofthefiretriangle/tetrahedron.

Firesafety,atitsmostbasic,isbasedupontheprincipleofkeepingfuelsourcesandignition

sourcesseparate.


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Industrialfirescanbecausedbyavarietyof

hazards,includingunprotectedorfaultyequipment,unsafestorageofcombustible

materials,inadequateventilation,failureto

followestablishedsafetyguidelines(suchas

smokinginrestrictedareas),inattention,

humanerror,andarson.Fortunately,mostof

thesefirehazardscanberecognised(and

corrected)byknowingyourcompany'ssafety

proceduresandkeepingalerttopotentially

dangeroussituations.

Majorcausesareelectricalfaultsandcarelesslydiscardedsmokingmaterials.

Sincemostfirescanbeavoided,firepreventionshouldbeacommonobjectivethroughoutall

levelsoforganisations

Firesafetybecomeseveryone'sjobataworksite.Employersshouldtrainworkersaboutfirehazardsintheworkplaceandaboutwhattodoinafireemergency.Thisplanshouldoutlinetheassignmentsofkeypersonnelintheeventofafireandprovideanevacuationplanforworkersonthesite.

Regulationsdefinecertainfiresafetymeasuressuchasensuringmeansfordetectingandfightingfire,escapingfromworkplacesintheeventofafireandrequiringemployerstoincludefirehazardsintheirriskassessments.

Thebasicrequirementofmostregulationsisthatallpremisesmeetingcertainspecifiedcriteriamusthaveavalidfirecertificate.Firecertificatesareissuedbythefireauthorities.

Regulationsdefinecertainfiresafetymeasuressuchasensuringmeansfordetectingandfightingfire,escapingfromworkplacesintheeventofafireandrequiringemployerstoincludefirehazardsintheirriskassessments.

Thebasicrequirementofmostregulationsisthatallpremisesmeetingcertainspecifiedcriteriamusthaveavalidfirecertificate.Firecertificatesareissuedbythefireauthorities.

Managing Fire Safety

Firesafetymanagementshouldincludeconsiderationofthefollowing:

Maintainingsecurityprocedures&preventingstorageofcombustiblematerialsnexttobuildings

Storage&useofHighlyflammablesubstances(egsolvents&solventbasedproducts)&oxidisingagents(eg.halogenationmaterials)

Eliminationofignitionsources(egsparks,heat&nakedflames)

Managementofdustextractors&dustcollectionsystems

Maintenanceofclearescaperoutes&exitdoors

Managementofwaste&rubbish



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Provisionofinformation&training

Provision&maintenanceofappropriateequipmentegdetectors,alarms,emergencylighting&extinguishers

Appointmentoffiremarshals Developmentofemergencyprocedures&practicedrills

Arrangementsforraisinganalarm&contactingtheemergencyservices

Fire Risk Assessment

Afireriskassessmentwillhelpdeterminethechancesofafireoccurringandthedangersfromfirethatyourworkplaceposesforthepeoplewhouseit.Theassessmentmethodmayfollowthesameapproachasthatusedingeneralhealthandsafetyriskassessments.

Forfireriskassessmentstherearefivestepsthatneedtobetaken:-

Identifypotentialfirehazardsintheworkplace(egcombustiblematerials,sourcesof

ignition).

Decidewhomightbeindangerintheeventofafire(egemployees,visitors,contractors,vulnerablepersons).

Evaluatetherisksarisingfromthefirehazardsandcarryoutnecessaryimprovements.

Recordyourfindingsandanyactionstakenandcommunicatetoyouremployees.

Keeptheassessmentunderreviewandreviseitasnecessary.


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Identify Fire Hazards:Forafiretooccuritneedssourcesofheat&fuel.Ifthesehazardscanbekeptapart,removedorreduced,thentheriskstopeopleandbusinessareminimised.Inordertodothisyoumustfirstidentifyfirehazardsinyourworkplace.


IdentifyAnyCombustibles:Thesecanbedividedintotwomaingroups;combustiblefuels

suchaspaper,woodcardboardetc;andhighlycombustiblefuelssuchasthinners,solvents,polyurethanefoametc.

IdentifyAnySourcesofHeat:Allworkplacescontainheat/ignitionsources;somewillbeobvioussuchascookingequipmentoropenflameheatingorprocesses.Othersmaybelessobvioussuchasheatfromchemicalprocessesorelectricalequipment.

IdentifyAnyUnsafeActs:Personsundertakingunsafeactssuchassmokingnexttocombustiblematerialsetc.

IdentifyAnyUnsafeConditions:Thesearehazardsthatmayassistafirtospreadintheworkplace,egiftherearelargeareasofhardboardorpolystyrenetilesetc,oropenstairsorshaftsthatcancausefiretospreadquickly,trappingpeopleandinvolvingthewholebuilding.

Identify Location Persons who are at Significant Risk:

Considertherisktoanypeoplewhomaybepresent.Inmanyinstances&particularlyformostsmallworkplacestherisk(s)identifiedwillnotbesignificant,&specificmeasuresforpersonsinthiscategorywillnotberequired.Therewill,however,besomeoccasionswhencertainpeoplewillbeespeciallyatriskfromfire,becauseoftheirspecificrole,disability,locationortheworkplaceactivity.Youneedtoconsidermatterscarefullyif:

Visitorsorcontractorsarepresentonsite.

Personsaredisabledegphysically,visually,mentallyetc

Peopleareunabletoreactquickly.

Personsareisolatedorawayfromsurfacelevel.Youmustconsiderallpersons;askquestionsinparticularofvisitorstoyourwork-place,notalldisabilitiesareobvious.Youneedtoputspecialprovisionsinplace.

Reduce Evaluate Risks Determine if Existing Arrangements are Adequate, or Need

Improvement.

Ifthebuildinghasbeenbuilt&maintainedinaccordancewithbuildingregulations&itisbeingputtoitsdesigneduse,itislikelythatthemeansofescapeprovisionswillbeadequate,oryouwillbeabletodecidewhatisrequiredinrelationtotherisk.Havingidentifiedthehazards,youneedtoreducethechanceofafireoccurring&spreading,therebyminimisingorremovingthechanceofharmtopersonsintheworkplaceby:-

Removingthehazardaltogether;

Reducingthehazardtothepointwherethereislittleornorisk;

Replacingtheexistinghazardwithasaferalternative;

Segregatingthehazardfromtheworkplace;

Developingapreventionpolicyandculturetoensurehazardsdonotoccurintheworkplace.Thisshouldbeadynamicassessment,involvingpreplanningifintroducingnewprocessesorworkingpractices,andappropriatecontrolmeasuresputinplace.

Themeasuresmentionedshouldbestraightforwardusingbasiccommonsense,havingthe

additionalbenefitsofbusinesscontinuitybymanagingrisks.


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B-7a Occupational Health and Safety in Aviation SR

Documents

Transcript of B-7a Occupational Health and Safety in Aviation SR