AY202a Galaxies & Dynamics Lecture 1: Introduction Organization, History, Basic Cosmology Prof. John...
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Transcript of AY202a Galaxies & Dynamics Lecture 1: Introduction Organization, History, Basic Cosmology Prof. John...
AY202a Galaxies & DynamicsLecture 1: Introduction
Organization, History, Basic Cosmology Prof. John Huchra, P309TA Joseph Munoz, P203
JPH’s Assistant Lisa Catella, P324M+W 10:00 - 11:30
Observatory Classroom
Course Outline & Structure
I. Introduction (4 Lectures)
II. Structure & Dynamics (6 Lectures)
III. Masses & Omega (2 Lectures)
IV. Galaxy Nuclei & AGN (3 Lectures)
V. Clustering (LSS) (5 Lectures)
VI. Formation & Evolution (3 Lectures)
VII. Extragalactic Distances (1 Lecture)
Resources, PS, Grading etc.
Website: www.cfa.harvard.edu/~huchra/ay202 will have PS, Solutions, Schedules, ReferencesProblem Sets approximately every 2 weeks (6 total) ~ one per major section.Take home Final Exam, tentatively due Dec 14 Grades: PS 50% Exam 40% Class 10%Sections: TBA, Office hours by appointmentPaper of the Week --- Classic or Recent ArXiv
Texts
Extragalactic Astronomy & Cosmology, 2006,
P. Schneider (Berlin: Springer).
Galactic Dynamics, 2008, J. Binney & S. Tremaine, (Princeton: Princeton)
Galactic Astronomy}, 1998, J. Binney & M. Merrifield (Princeton: Princeton).
Coop, Amazon or JPH’s booksellers list.
A Protagonist
How Astronomers See the World
“My Work is to Stare into Space”
IAU, Commissions 27, 30 & 40
Teamsters, Local 560 (Newark, NJ) Another Protagonist
A Brief History of Extragalactic Astronomy:
~ 1750 Early Rumblings of “Island Universes”
from I. Kant, T. Wright, P. Laplace.
This seems to have been forgotten soon after.
1800’s Catalogs of “Things” but no understanding.
de la Caille, Messier, Herschel3, Dreyer William, Caroline & John
~ 1875 The Discovery of the Galaxy ---
Kapteyn’s Universe
1890’s Galaxy Photography (Keeler)
The Sun
R.Pogge 2007
1910 Removal of the Solar-Centric view1900-1920 Shapley and the Great Debate 1907 Bohlin --- M31 Parallax 1918 Van Maanen --- M31 Parallax 1885 S Andromeda = SN1885a Large reflectors + Photographic Plates 1912 Galaxy Spectra (Slipher)1920 The Shapley-Curtis debate Shapley + Globular Clusters + Cepheids1924 Hubble & the Hooker --- NGC 6822
Cepheids, eventually M31 Cepheids
Shapley’s “Universe”
Milky Way
1910-1930 Theory! Einstein, Friedmann, deSitter, Lemaitre, Tolman, Robertson …
1922 Opik’s M31 Mass-to-Light ratio
L = 4πr2 GMm/r = ½ mv2
M = ½ v2r/G, r = D
so M/L = ½
and Opik estimated D of M31 at 450 kpc.
v2 1 1G 4πD
1929 Hubble (+Slipher) à Velocity-Distance Law
• 1930’s Hubble’s Classification Scheme for Galaxies (Tuning Fork Diagram)
• N.B. Absolutely necessary but wrong interpretation, set galaxy evolution back 20 years!
• Hubble’s Galaxy Counts (Humason)• Zwicky & Smith DARK MATTER• 1940’s Galactic Dust, Stellar Populations,
Hubble Diagram
1948 Gamow & the Hot Big Bang1950’s deVaucouleurs’ Local “Supergalaxy” Rubin: Flows Dicke: CMB HMS Velocities + Hubble Diagram Baade & Sandage: H0 revisions Minkowski: Radio galaxies1960’s The Hubble Constant Debate “On the Ability of the 200” to Distinguish Among World Models” Tinsley: Stellar Evolution -->
Galaxy Evolution
Greenstein & Schmidt: Quasars
Arp: Peculiar Galaxies
Spinrad &Taylor : Population
Synthesis
Page: Galaxy Masses
1970’s Stability & Halos (Toomre)
Starbursts
H0!!! q0!!!
First Feeble Redshift Surveys
CMB Dipole
1970’s Galaxy Clusters & X-Rays
Gravitational Lenses
Galaxy Formation
1980’s Large-Scale Structure
Large Scale Flows & Cold Dark
Matter Rise of “SCDM”
Galaxy Counts
H0!!!!
IRAS & Dusty Starbursts
1990’s COBE: 2.723 K + fluctuations
Biased Galaxy Formation
Unified AGN Models
Λ!!!!! (who’d a thunk it!)
Start of Concordance Cosmology
HST and Galaxy Evolution
2000+ The Cosmic Web
GRB’s
Final fall of “SCDM”
Re-ionization & First Light?
COSMOLOGY is a modern subject:
The basic framework for our current
view of the Universe rests on ideas and
discoveries (mostly) from the early 20th
century.
Basics:
Einstein’s General Relativity
The Copernican Principle
Fundamental Observations & Principles
Fundamental Observations: The Sky is Dark at Night (Olber’s P.)
The Universe is Homogeneous on
large scales (c.f. the CMB)
The Universe is generally Expanding
The Universe has Stuff in it, and the
stuff is consistent with a hot
origin: Tcmb = 2.725o
Olber’s Paradox HST UDF
BLANK SPACE
COBE Fluctuations
t/t < 10-5, i.e. much smoother than a baby’s bottom!
Hubble’s Discovery of Expansion
Stuff
Reading Assignment
For next Wednesday (we’re off Monday)
“Extragalactic Nebulae” by Edwin Hubble, ApJ 64, 321 (1926)
Read, Outline,be prepared to discuss Hubble’smajor findings and conclusions.