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© 2013 BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE: BY ACCEPTING THIS DOCUMENT, THE RECIPIENT AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT TOGETHER WITH ALL INFORMATION INCLUDED THEREIN IS THE

CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATED AND INCLUDES VALUABLE TRADE SECRETS AND/OR PROPRIETARY INF ORMATION OF BAKER HUGHES (COLLECTIVELY " INFORMATION"). BAKER HUGHES RETAINS ALL RIGHTS

UNDER COPYRIGHT LAWS AND TRADE SECRET LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND OTHER COUNTRIES. THE RECIPIENT FURTHER AGREES TH AT THE DOCUMENT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED, TRANSMITTED, COPIED OR REPRODUCED IN WHOLE OR

IN PART BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF BAKER HUGHES, AND MA Y NOT BE USED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY IN ANY WAY DETRIMENTAL TO BAKER HUGHES’ INTEREST.

Away from the Borehole – Filling the

Gap Between Logs and Seismic.

Geoff Page, Region Petrophysics Advisor, Baker Hughes

London Petrophysical Society Sounds from the Ground:

Uses and applications of sub-surface acoustics Thursday 23rd June 2016

The Geological Society, Burlington House, London

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Agenda

The scale of the problem

Early developments

Single well imaging principles

Dipole Deep Shear Wave Imaging

Examples

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The Scale of the Problem

Wel

lbo

re S

eism

ic

(VSP

)

Spatial Resolution (m)

Ver

tica

l Res

olu

tio

n (

m)

10,000 1,000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

Surface Seismic

CSEM (Electromagnetic)

Gravity

Cross Well

Res

isti

vity

Lo

gs

Logs (Horizontal Well)

Core

Image Logs Logs

(Vertical Well)

Extra Deep Azimuthal Resistivity

Acoustic Imaging

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Early Developments

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Early Developments

1980 – 1984 G.Page Logging engineer for "Dresser Atlas" in France

Ran a strange long flexible experimental Acoustic tool as a "Customer Instrument Service" developed by SNEAP (Societe National Elf Aquitaine Petroleum – Now part of Total)

EVA Tool (Evaluations des Vitesses et des Atténuations)

– 5 Transmitters, 12 receivers

– 1-13m T-R spacing, 25cm increments

1981

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The Log Analyst – May-June 1991

Reflection Imaging around a Well with the EVA Full-Waveform Tool J. P. Fortin: CGG Massy, France, N. Rehbinder: CGG Massy, France, P. Staron: Elf Aquitaine, Paris, France

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North Sea Experiments 1993

Horizontal wellbore

in S.N.Sea

1 Mhz

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CREWES Research Report Volume 14 (2002)

Consortium for Research in Elastic Wave Exploration Seismology University of Calgary

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Single Well Imaging Principles

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Acoustic Imaging of Near-well Structures - Operation Principle

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Reflection Imaging: General Processing Procedure

Acoustic

Data

Migration

Imaging

Wave

Separation

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Reflection Extraction: Reflection Moveout Analysis

Below bed

Above bed

Direct Z=13.5 ft Z=27 ft Z=70 ft

Direct Z=1 ft Z=13.5 ft Z=57 ft Distance T from bed

Distance T from bed

DTC DTS

DTST

Imaging Data

DTC DTS

DTST

Imaging Data

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Solution:

Z

z

Above bed

a

Common receiver

(Transmitter Array)

Data

grouping

Transmitter

positions

Reflection moveout in above-bed transmitter

array is exactly the same as that in below-bed

receiver array

→ Improved wave separation

Transmitter Array Gather for Above Bed Scenario

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Final Image

Separate up-going and down-going reflections

Process separately - Combine results for final image

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Acoustic Imaging of Near-well Structures - Result

300 ft

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Shear Wave Imaging

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Monopole Source in Borehole: Radiation Patterns Meredith (1990 MIT Ph.D thesis)

SV (Vertical polarised shear)

wave pattern

Borehole

P wave

Formation

Receiver

Compressional

Transmitter

Shear

P wave

Formation

Receiver

Compressional

Transmitter

Shear

Borehole

P wave pattern Acoustic propagation in borehole and radiation in formation

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Borehole

x y

z

SV

Dipole Source in Borehole: Radiation Patterns

SV radiation pattern

SH

SH

Borehole

x y

z P-wave radiation pattern SH

radiation pattern

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Shear-wave Radiation of a Dipole Source: Verification

Borehole

x y

z

SV

q

SH

SH

f

Rec

eiv

er l

ine

2

Rec

eiv

er l

ine

1

0 Time (milliseconds) 7.5 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

-10

V

erti

cal

dis

tan

ce (

met

ers)

1

0

Line 2 - SH

0 Time (milliseconds) 7.5 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

Line 1 - SV

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P,SV, and SH Wave Reception Patterns (Peng, 1993 MIT Ph.D thesis)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

SH

SV

Incident angle

Borehole

P

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SH and SV Reflection/Imaging for a Subparallel Reflector

High-angle

(80o) reflector

0 Radial depth (ft) 40

SH-wave imageAZ

Dep

th (

ft)

X250

X1

00

0 Radial depth (ft) 40

SV-wave image

De

pth

(ft

)

0 Radial depth (ft) 40

SH-wave imageAZ

Dep

th (

ft)

X250

X1

00

0 Radial depth (ft) 40

SV-wave image

De

pth

(ft

)

The acquisition of multi-component "Cross Dipole" data allows rotation of the data to N-S and E-W, High-Low and Cross wellbore in a Horizontal well, or any direction to maximise amplitudes.

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Examples

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Deep Shear Wave Imaging DSWI

A series of non intersecting fractures

were detected approximately 30 feet

from the wellbore

The primary strike direction of theses

reflectors was determined to be N55E

imaged from SH waves polarized on

the same azimuth direction.

Identification of geologic hazards or

fractures away from the wellbore can

provide valuable input into the

horizontal lateral well placement and

well stimulation or completion design.

Haynesville Shale

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Horizontal Well

Deep fracture imaging around the wellbore using dipole acoustic logging. SPE 146769

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Horizontal Well

P Wave Image Shear Wave Image

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Imaging of Probable Fault Over a Gas Show – Through Casing

Probable Fault

Fault cuts borehole at

centre of gas peak

Lower angle features – shale

bed?

Application of a Novel Through Casing Acoustic Imaging Technique to Identify Gas Migration Paths in a Salt Body T. Bradley, X. Tang, D. Patterson (Baker Hughes) J. Schaaf (Wintershall Noordzee B.V.), EAGE Barcelona 17th June 2010

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Imaging of Complex Structure over a Lithology Change – Through Casing

• Highlighted area shows many structural planes

• When enlarged, interval can be seen to be structurally complex

• Selected features have been picked showing that structurally complex intervals with multiple reflector angles can be imaged

Application of a Novel Through Casing Acoustic Imaging Technique to Identify Gas Migration Paths in a Salt Body T. Bradley, X. Tang, D. Patterson (Baker Hughes) J. Schaaf (Wintershall Noordzee B.V.), EAGE Barcelona 17th June 2010

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Deep Shear Wave Imaging

Extended Deep Shear Wave Imaging Shear Imaging in a

Salt Dome

Salt Dome Storage Design and Reality

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Integrated Fracture Evaluation

Stoneley Reflection and Fracture Permeability Fracture Orientation from Cross-dipole Anisotropy Fracture Connectivity from Shear-wave imaging

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Hydraulic Fracture Anisotropy Before Frac

Anisotropy After Frac

Perforated Zone

Where’sMy Fracture Gone? – Imaging a Hydraulic Fracture Away From a Cased Borehole Before and After Stimulation. Sadigova A., Page G., Baker Hughes Inc., Tyurin E., Ionnikoff Y., Ruspetro LLC,

SPWLA 57th Annual Logging Symposium, June 25-29, 2016

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Summary

Acoustic Imaging helps bridge the scale gap between Seismic and logs

– Allows structures to be imaged up to 100ft/30m from the wellbore

Data is acquired with standard instrument and no additional rig time

– Can even go back to historical archived data and re-process to extract images

Dipole shear imaging provides increased depth compared to P-wave due to low

frequencies and also directional measurements