Auxwea Final Chapter 01

8/21/2019 Auxwea Final Chapter 01

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AUXILIARYOPERATIONAL

SPECIALTY COURSE

Weather


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CREDIT FOR GRAPHICS

In addition to the original graphics in this CD,thanks are due to the following Federal Agencies

for the limited use of their graphics, which are in

the public domain: DOT, FAA, USCG; DOC,

NOAA, NWS; DOD, USAF,USN. The author.


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PRODUCTION CREDITSThis DISTANCE LEARNING COURSE has

been produced in cooperation with the office of

DIRAUX, USCG, 7th USCG District, Miami,Florida, under the direct leadership of Douglas

Simpson, Supervisor and by William N. Seiler,

DVC-T(a) and Albert E. Rhea, BC-T(a),DIRAUX ANNEX-WEST, USCG Auxiliary,

Venice, Fl.


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WELCOME TO THE

AUXILIARY OPERATIONALWEATHER COURSE

This PowerPoint presentation represents the entirecourse, excluding the final examination.

The final is a proctored, closed-book exam based onthe study questions at the end of each chapter. Studythem closely.

Smooth sailing, light seas, clear skies.ALL THE BEST FROM DIRAUX WEST!


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STUDENT NOTES

It is strongly suggested that you complete theSTUDY QUESTIONS at the end of each

chapter of the AUXOP Weather Text, or thosesame questions at the end of each chapter of thispower-point presentation.

Your FINAL EXAM will be based on thesequestions, along with others covering thephysical principles demonstrated in this course.


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CHAPTER 1

Our Atmosphere

1.Vertical Structure2.Introduction To Temperature

3.Composition

4.Standard Atmosphere

5.Pressure & Density

6.Latitude & Longitude

7.Study Questions


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LAYERS OF THE

ATMOSPHERE

With respect to ACTIVE WEATHER, only TWOatmospheric layers are addressed in this course.

TROPOSPHERE

STRATOSPHERE


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Vertical Structure of the

atmosphere(for weather purposes)

Tropopause


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DEFINITION OF WEATHERInstead of defining the term, it is much better to

DESCRIBE what we refer to as weather, and

call it a definition.

WEATHER, therefore, will include every termsuch as clouds, wind, precipitation, heating,cooling, climate, etc., AND their combined

effects on our atmosphere, visible ornot.


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TWO CONTROLLING

ELEMENTS OF ALL

WEATHER

1. TEMPERATURE

2. MOISTURE


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A WORKING DEFINITION

OF TEMPERATURE

Temperature is a measure of the efficiencyof the result of the relationship between HEAT

ENERGY and the VOLUME containing it.

It is something which we measure on aninstrument we call a thermometer.


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If there were NO water vapor in this air parcel, thisparcel of air would contain almost NO HEAT and if there

were almost no heat in it, it would have ALMOST NOTEMPERATURE.

It works like this:

T=70

Air Parcelor bubble

Free Heat

XX

SPECIAL NOTE: the only element in our atmosphere, for

practical purposes, that can readily absorb free heat energy,is WATER VAPOR, which is water in the gaseous state.


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TEMPERATUREHow itworks

xxxInternal T=85

3 pcs. Of FREE Heatxxx

xxx

New internal T might be 95

Same 3 pcs of free heatbut much smallervolume to heat up.

The efficiency of the relationship has beenincreased. Heat works better.

Fig.A

Fig. B

85

95


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Air is a gaseous mixture.

Free to move in all directions

It can be compressed and expanded.

Air has both MASS and WEIGHT.

General Atmospheric properties


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Composition of The Atmosphere

Air is a Mixture of several Gases

Oxygen --------21% by VolumeNitrogen -------78% by Volume

Other Gases ---1% by VolumeWATERVAPOR varies from a minimum of from near

0% to about 5% by volume to a maximum of 100%.


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PROPERTIES ofThe U.S. STANDARDAtmosphere

Surface is defined to be Mean Sea Level

Surface Temperature ---------- + 15 C ( +59F )

Surface Pressure --- 29.92 hg (mercury)

or.. 14.7 lbs/in or 760mm Hg

Chemically DRY (No water vapor content)


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Pressure and Density Atmospheric Pressure (barometric pressure ) is the

FORCE exerted on any surface, by the weight of the

column of air above it.

Both Pressure andWeight can be equated to this force.

ExpansionCompression


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Variation of Density

Vol.=1 cm

Less Dense Mixture

FIG. A

More Dense Mixture

FIG.B

Vol.=1 cm

= Dust, water vapor, etc


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A TWO-COORDINATE grid system, consistingof a North-South line (Longitude) and an East-

West line (Latitude), the intersection of which, is

used to describe a point of position, relative to the

surface of the earth.

LATITUDE & LONGITUDE(Brief Treatise)


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Equator0

30 South

60 North

90 North

60 South

90 South

30 North

North Pole

South Pole

Point A is Located at 30 North Latitude

A

PARALLELS OF LATITUDE


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MERIDIANS OF LONGITUDENorth Pole

South Pole

Point A is Located at 30 N Latitude - 90W Longitude

A

180w EQUATOR

120w 60w

30N LAT

90w


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REVIEW QUESTIONS

1.Air at the earths surface is more _____

than at higher altitudes.

a. Thin

b. Coldc. Dry

d. Dense


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REVIEW QUESTIONS2. The _____ separates the troposphere and the

stratosphere.

a. Tropopause

b. Thermopausec. Mesosphere

d. Ionosphere


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REVIEW QUESTIONS

3. Air is matter (mass) and has weight. Since it is a

gas it is_________.

a.incompressible

b.compressible

c.visible

d.not a mixture


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REVIEW QUESTIONS

4. Almost all weather occurs in the ______or the

lower reaches of the________.

a.troposphere/stratosphere

b.tropopause/ionosphere

c.stratosphere/ionosphere

d.mesosphere/thermosphere


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REVIEW QUESTIONS

5. The parallel circumscribing the greatest

distance is at______degrees latitude and is also

known as the________.

a.30/Horse Latitudes

b.90/Greenwich Meridian

c.0/Equator

d.60/Great Circle


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REVIEW QUESTIONS

6. One degree of latitude( on a mercator projection)

is approximately _____.

End of study questions for chapter 1

a.60 statute miles

b.60 linear miles

c.60 nautical milesd.60 knots

Auxwea Final Chapter 01

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