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Autonomous Management of Personalized Location Provider f

Services

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Abstract Currently available location technologies such as Global Positioning System (GPS) or

fingerprinting are limited , respectively, to outdoor applications or reuire off-line sign

" smartphone-based autonomous construction and management of a personali#ed locaindoor and outdoor environments!

$he system ma%es use of electronic compass and accelerometer , specifically for indoo$he main focus is on providing point of interest (P&') locations ith room-level accur

life!

" practical trac%ing model to handle noisy sensors and complicated human movementunconstrained placement! " room level fingerprint-based place learning techniue is egenerate logical location from the properties of pervasive Wi-Fi radio signals!

$he %ey concept is to trac% physical location of user by employing inertial sensors in thand to aggregate identical P&'s by matching logical location! $he proposed system doepriori signal training since each user incrementally constructs hisher on radio map in

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Introduction *ocation-based services are increasingly important in modern mobile devices such as smartphones

social netor% services, and sharing photos are common applications that utili#e user location!

$hese services ma%e use of a temporary user location that is obtained at a certain period of time byoever, emerging mobile services reuire an advanced locali#ation scheme that ould provide emonitoring instead of temporarily locating the user!

" mobile device is capable of locating itself based on various approaches! " GPS is a common solenvironments! GPS is %non to operate poorly in an indoor environment and consumes a relativel

battery poer! Cell toer locali#ation ith a Wi-Fi positioning system (WPS) is an effective altern

"n autonomous construction of a personali#ed P&' map, named *ifeprovides location information for advanced mobile services! &ur ob.ecdiscover P&'s and to provide locations of P&'s in everyday lives ithocentrali#ed server! $he %ey concept is to e/ploit an accelerometer and ecompass to trac% user location, and to aggregate identical P&'s by matlogical location that is generated from the properties of pervasive Wi-F

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*ife ap automatically constructs a personali#ed radio map ithout off-line training!

$he system is implemented on "ndroid phones and validated its practical usage in everythrough real deployment! $he e/tensive e/periment results sho that our system is indeas a fundamental system for various mobile services in smartphone!

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Proposed system

*ife ap is a personali#ed P&' map hich offers physical and logical location infsystem is designed to provide locations to users ith lo latency, minimum energconsumption, and privacy protection!

*ife ap is implemented on "ndroid phones hich are euipped ith several buisuch as an accelerometer, electronic compass, GPS, Wi-Fi, and GS, all of hichcomponents in the latest smartphones!

*ife ap automatically constructs a personali#ed radio map ithout off-line train

employ dead rec%oning to trac% mobile user during the transition from outdoor to compensate cumulative errors of dead rec%oning by using logical location! $he acphysicallogical location in radio map increases ith the number of visits to placeconstructed radio map, such as S%yoo% , is optional in our scheme!

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*ife ap is implemented on a commercial mobile phone platform! We combine e/isti

methods to implement a practical location provider! 'n particular, the system considersconsumption and privacy issues for practical usage! *ife ap is validated through reaand e/periments for the duration of 0 ee%s!

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Existing system

Global Positioning System (GPS)1 " GPS trackingunit is a device that uses theGlobal Positioning Systemto determine the precise location of a vehicle, person, to hich it is attached and to record the position of the asset at regular intervals! $location data can be stored ithin the trac%ing unit, or it may be transmitted to a cdata base, or internet-connected computer, using a cellular(GP2Sor SS), radiosatellite modemembedded in the unit! $his allos the asset3s location to be displamap bac%drop either in real time or hen analysing the trac% later, using GPS trasoftware!

" GPS trac%er essentially contains GPS module to receive the GPS signal and calcoordinates! For data loggers it contains large memory to store the coordinates, daadditionally contains the GSGP2S modem to transmit this information to a ceneither via SS or via GP2Sin form of 'P pac%ets! $he diagram depicts a hardarof an advanced GPS trac%er!

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPRShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPRShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPRShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPRShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System

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Wi-Fi fingerprinting1Wi-Fi-based positioning system(WPS, not to be confuseWi-Fi Protected Setup) is used here GPSis inadeuate due to various causes including

signal bloc%age indoors! Such systems include indoor positioning systems! Wi-Fi positioadvantage of the rapid groth in the early 45st century of ireless access pointsin urbanCommercial providers of this type of positioning service include Google, infsoft,+avi#oS%yhoo% Wireless!

$he locali#ation techniue used for positioning ith ireless access points is based on mintensity of the received signal (received signal strengthin 6nglish 2SS) and the method7fingerprinting7!$he accuracy depends on the number of positions that have been entered

database! $he possible signal fluctuations that may occur can increase errors and inaccuraof the user! $o minimi#e fluctuations in the received signal, there are certain techniues thapplied to filter the noise!

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Setuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_positioning_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_access_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googlehttp://www.infsoft.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navizonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyhook_Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_signal_strength_indicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_signal_strength_indicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyhook_Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navizonhttp://www.infsoft.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_access_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_positioning_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Setup

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Experimental procedur

Customizable applications

User interface

aggregation database

Content provider

Inertialmanager

Networkprovider

P!provider

"p

Context manager

Activity manager

t#ermometerP#one state

accelerometer magnetomete

r P! !$

"ocation manager

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*ifeap is a personali#ed P&' map hich offers physical and logical location infsystem is designed to provide locations to users ith lo latency, minimum energconsumption, and privacy protection! *ifeap is implemented on "ndroid phoneeuipped ith several built-in sensors such as an accelerometer, electronic compaFi, and GS, all of hich are common components in the latest smartphones! Figthe overvie of the *ifeap system

Figure shos the overvie of the *ifeap system! $he ma.or components of *ife"ctivity anager, *ocation anager , Conte/t anager, and Content Provider!

$he "ctivity anager plays a %ey role as the scheduler ofthe system! $his comporecogni#es the activity of a user using the accelerometer and the phone state! $he accelerometer signal is employed to monitor change of user activity includes 8mo8stationary!9 :ased on this classified activity, the "ctivity anager controls otherto generate user conte/t, including location information! When a user starts to moclassification data obtained from *ocation anager are used to appro/imate the u

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When a user stays at a location for a certain period of time, the Conte/t anager generafrom all components, such as *ocation anager, "ctivity anager, and the phone state

immediately deactivates each sensor after obtaining the necessary conte/t information! beteen a user;s activity and a set of components is predefined to minimi#e energy con

$he *ocation anager provides physical and logical location information!

We obtain physical location information from the inertial provider, the GPS provider, anprovider! 6ach provider generates the location information along ith an error bound accuracy!

$he inertial provider utili#es an accelerometer and an electronic compass to implement based dead rec%oning!

$he logical provider determines the logical identification of a place and decides if the cis a place the user has previously visited!

$he Conte/t anager produces user conte/t by composing the location information, thethe environmental conte/t!

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Smartphone-Based Dead Reckoning1

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'esults *ifeap is compared ith S%yoo% and GPS!

Conseuently, *ifeap provides most accurate physical location based on historicinformation! &n the other hand, S%yoo% provides a similar location because of tconstructed radio map stored in the server!

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Conclusion (#e design) implementation) and evaluation of "ife$ap) w#ic# provides a

autonomous construction of a personalized P*I map for t#e developmenadvanced mobile services+ (#e core component of "ife$ap is a location msc#eme w#ic# provides p#ysical and logical location information in every

User privacy was also considered by designing a decentralized system

"lthough *ifeap focuses on ma.or source of user conte/t (i!e!, location), e belapproach is a building bloc% toard a sophisticated system hich provides variouincluding both location and situation!

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&uture En#ancements Enhancing Tracking Model.&ur trac%ing model has an inherent problem dealing

differences and calibration of al%ing freuency! Currently, e restricted the diremovement ithin the line of the sensor;s a/is! 'f the device is on a slant to the actu=>-degree of ma/imum error is e/pected, although the direction of movement is dappropriately!"earning mec#anism for personalized walking style isalso necessary+

6rror :ound 6stimation! $he error bound is important for the validation of generainformation! "lthough the system generates inaccurate location information, the e

should include actual location and be measured as tightly as possible! *ifeap inierror bound from the accuracy of GPS, and increases the error bound by the measdistance in a dead rec%oning scheme!

Smart

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