AUTHOR INDEXAarts, E.H.L., 174, 175,207Ahn, B., 225, 231, 315, 353Aitken, M., 89Akst, G., 127, 128Alexander, JM., 230, 231Allen, P., 100, 108,276,277,322,323,324,333,338,352

Allison, WT., 90Allix, H., 105, 108Almedia, R., 55, 56Amundsen, E., 88, 89Ancker, C.1. Jr., 270, 271, 275, 277,278,279,282

Anderson, L.B., 284, 309, 315, 352Annati, M., 38, 56Applegate, JA, 85, 89Arbel, A., 230, 231Armitage, J.Vo,277,278Arnett, G.W., 89Arnold, J.R., 210, 231Avenhaus, R., 351, 352, 372Avey, ToG., 105, 108Aviv, Y., 53, 54, 56Azmy, Y.Y., 110,281Bai, D. S., 270,280Baig, S., 167Barkley, JH., 109Barnes, J.M., 281Barnett, A., 12, 58Barr, D., 247, 248, 278Barzilai, J,230, 231Bathe, M. R, 168Bauer, K.W., 88, 89Baughan, E.C., 4, 11Beare, G.C., 151, 167, 170,207Bell, P.c., 11Bellman, R., 152, 153, 156, 158, 167

Belton,V., 228, 230, 231Benjamin, S.B., 210, 231Benkoski, S.1o, 25, 56Bennett, B.W., 104, 108,342,352Bhashyam, N., 270, 278, 280Bhat, U.N., 271, 278Bingham, Go, 230, 232Bitters, D. L., 233, 247, 278Blau, Bo, 90Blumenthal, D., 309Bohachevsky, 1.0., 170, 173,207Bonder, S., 355, 372Bongard, D.L., 352Borsting, JRo, 355, 372Boucher, W.I., 5, 12Bozovich, JoFo, 151, 167Bracken, 1.,170,207,241,278Breaux, H.J., 51, 56, 57Bressel, CoN0' 50, 56Brodheim, E., 8, 11Brooks, P.S., 207Brown, GoG., 138, 167,245,281Brown, RoH., 270, 278Bullock, MA, 108Burden, R.L., 162, 167,265,278Burington, R.So, 38, 56Burke, DoK., 90Buteau, B.L., 57Carmody, CoL., 57Carolan, W.J., 142, 167Case, FT., 86, 89Chalklen, A., 88, 89Chang, SoL., 271, 278Charlesby, A., 12Chiatti, S., 276, 278Choi, H.Ko, 248, 278

374 Military Operations Research

Christensen, T., 88, 89, 356, 357,365,369,370,371,372

Christenson, W.M., 104, 108Christopherson, D., 4, 11Church, R.L. 168Churchman, c., 10, 11Clark, G.M., 271, 278Clark, T.D., 88, 89Clasen, R., 138, 139, 167C1ausewitz, K.V., 270, 278Cline, J.K., 88, 89Cobb, L., 282Cohen, M.A., 186, 207Collyer, S.C., 56Comstock C., 245, 281Conolly, B.W., 298,309Coon, H.1., 57Cooper, G., 277, 278Cordtz, D., 152, 167Cotsworth, W.L., 167Coulter, D.M., 167Cox, R.L., 281Craig, J.D., 271,278Crawford, A.B., 88, 89Cruz, J.B. Jr, 351, 353Cunningham, W. P., 4, 11Cushman, P.G., 88, 89Da1key, N.C., 209, 231Daly, F., 270, 278Daniel, B.1., 13,56Daniel, Jr. W.W.D., 230, 231,232Daniels, RE., 26, 56Dantzig, G.B., 130, 132Davis, L., 179,207Davis, P.K., 104, 108, 109,276,278,297,309Dell, R.F., 150, 167Deo, N., 66, 89Dewar, J. A., 276, 277, 278DiDonato, A.R., 100, 109,15,44,46,56,57

Dietchman, S.1., 239, 278Dockery, J. T., 84, 88, 89

Dockery, J.T., 262, 276, 278, 279,281,282Doig, A.G., 146, 168Douglass, D.S., 106, 109Doyle, W.P., 101, 109Draper, N.R., 251, 279Dreyfus, S.E., 156, 158, 167Dudley, A.R., 90Dunn, B.J., 168Dunn-Roberts, R., 90Dunnigan, J.F., 100, 109Dupuy, A.C., 352Dupuy, T.N., 100, 109,255,279,317,318,319,320,321,329,330,331,332,352,353Dyer, J.S., 228, 230, 231Eagle, J.M., 38,56Easterfield, T.E., 12Eckler, A.R., 41, 42, 57Eglese, R.W., 175,207Ellenbogen, J.c., 276, 282Engel, J.R, 241, 279Epstein, J.M., 342, 343, 346, 347,353

Everett, R, 25,57Faires, J.D., 167,278Falconer, N., 4, 11Fa1k, J.E., 207Fawett, C.D., 277, 279Fichtner, J., 352Finch, A.D., 105, 109Fishwick, P.A., 88,90Fisk, B., 233, 279Floch, J., 108Fogen, D.B., 179, 207Forman, E.H., 230, 231Fox, P.D., 112, 128Franklin, J.E., 28, 57Freeman, D., 11Freeman, J.A., 184, 207Frei, D., 210, 231Freitag, M., 56Fury, J.F., 208

Author Index 375

Gafarian, A.V., 270, 271, 275, 276,278,279,282

Gallagher, M.E., 152, 167Gandham, RV., 208Garrett, R, 83, 90Garrett, S.D., 167Gass, S.I., 9, II, 132, 167Gaur, S.C., 280Gaver, D.P., 56Gear, T., 228, 230, 231Gelatt, e.D., Jr. ,207Germond, H.H., 15,33,36,57Giddens, T.D., 208Giffin, S.F., 92, 109Gillogly, 1.1., 277Gittins, RP., 88, 89,90Glover, F., 169, 179,206,207Gokarn, P.R, 211, 231Golany, B., 230,231Goldberg, A.e., 108, 109Goldberg, D.E., 179, 180, 207Golden, B.L., 214, 231, 232Gomory, R.E., 146, 147, 148, 167Gordon, G., 66, 89Graves, G., 167Greenberg, H.J., 169, 179,207Griffiths, J.D., 277, 278, 279Groover, P.L., 167Grossberg, S., 186, 207Grubbs, F.E., 51, 57Guenther, W.e., 41, 42,57Gush, G., 105, 109Hadley, G., 132, 158, 167Hagenson, N., 88, 89Hajeck, 0., 277, 279Hardeck, W., 271, 279Harker, P.T., 227, 228, 230, 231, 232Hartley, D.A., 168Hartley, D.S., 1II, 88, 89, 241,242,246,248,258,279

Hawkins, C.F., 245, 279Haysman, P.J., 168,284,309Helling, K., 369,370,371,372

Helmbold, R.L., 54, 57, 233, 241,242,245,246,248,258,279,281Herzer, I., 11Hilden, H., 271, 279Hill, J.E., 167Hillard, M.R., 165, 168Hillestad, RJ., 296, 297,309Hillier, F.S., 148, 167Himmelblau, D.M., 158, 167Hinds, C.W., 89Hitchcock, F.L., 143, 167Hoeber, F.P., 86, 89Hoffman, J., 278Holder, RD., 88, 89Holland, J.H., 179,207Holliday, M.R., 88, 89Hovanessian, S.A., 18, 57Huber, R.K., 109,277,280,355,357,359,360,364,365,366,367,370,371,372Hughes Jr., W.P., 277, 280Hughes, G.C.,142,165,168Humble, S., 282Humphrey, R.L., 330, 353Hwang, V.S., 28,57Ignizio, J.P., 151, 167Isaacs, R., 277, 280Isensee, EX., 90Jacobs, P.A., 56Jain, G.C., 270, 281Jaiswal, N.K., 50, 51, 57,170,207,245,248,256,262,268,270,271,275,280,298,305,309

Jarnagin, Jr. M.P., 15,42,44,46,56,57,100,109

Jenkins, P.M., 130, 168Jennings, N., 271, 280Johannsen, H., 91, 109Johnson, C., 352Johnson, M.E., 175,207Johnson, R.E., 85, 90Jones, L.F., 109Jones, e.G., 277,279Jones, C.M., 108

376 Military Operations Research

Jones, H.W., 107, 109,297,309,336,353

Juncosa, M.L., 278, 296, 309Kannarkar, N., 142, 168Kazanowski, A.D., 124, 128Keeney, R.L., 7, IIKeller, K., 57Kelly, E.J., 152, 167Kennington, J.L., 167Kikuta, K.,270, 280Kimball, G.E., 3,4,6, 12,47,49,50,57,270,280

Kirkpatrick, S., 173,207Kirkwood, C.W., 355, 372Knapp, B.M., 88, 90Koopman, B.a., 15,16,21,23,57Koopmans, TC., 143, 168Korst, J., 174, 175,207Kos, J., 82, 90Kraemer, R.D., 165, 168Kress, M., 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 270,280Kruse, K.L., 241,279Kwon, T Y., 270,280Lanchester, F.W., 233, 280Land, A.H., 146, 168Lapena, C.N., 208Lamder, H., 4, 11Lee, 1. 1., 88, 90Lee, S.M., 151, 168Lee, Y., 225,231,315,353Leiser, M., 89Lepingwell, J.W.R., 233, 276, 280Levitt, TS., 57Lewis, KN., 108, 109Libennann, G.1., 148, 167Lichbach M.1., 351, 353Lippmann, R.P., 185, 207Ljogodt, H., 88, 89Lofti, Y., 209, 231Lorell, M.A., 108, 109Louer, P. E., 276, 280Lovell, B., 4, 11Lowe, J.R., 38,57

Lu,J., 167Macfadzean, R.H.M., 18,38,57Mangel, M., 170, 208Manion, KR., 270,279Manivasannan, M.S., 309Mann, W.F. III, 106, 109,82,90Manor, G., 55,57Marshall, C., 83, 90Marshall, D. S., 311,353Marshall, SA, 279Martin, S. 129,130,168Marx, H.F., 112, 128Massey, H.G., 111, 128Mathur, K, 146,168Matsuyama, T, 28,57May, D.C., 38,56McCloskey, J.F., 3,4, 11McNolty, F., 41,57Meena Kumari, 309Menq, J.Y., 271, 278Metropolis, N., 172, 173,207Miercort, FA, 284, 309Might, R., 138,168Might, R.1., 83, 90, 230, 232Miller, 1.A., 183,208Mitchell, K.H., 230, 232Moffat, 1., 352, 353Mohler, L.S., 51,56Monticino, M.G.,56Morgan, B.J.T, 66, 90Morse, P.M., 3, 4, 6, 12,47,49,50,270,280Moshell, M., 88, 90Murty, KG., 132,145,168Nagabhushana, B.S., 207, 309, 245,248,256,262,268,280

Nagabhushanam, A., 270, 281Nash, S. G., 158,168Nasir, A., 93, 109Nickel, R.H., 170, 208Niemi, S., 167Novick, D., Ill, 124, 128Novik, N., 231O'Brien, M.J., 168

Author Index 377

Opstal, D.V., 109Osipov, M., 233, 281Oswalt, I., 83, 86, 90, 91, 109Owen, J., 309Page, E.W., 208Page, G., 91, 109Palmore, 276, 281Park, lH., 88, 90Peng, W. Y., 282Perrin-Pelletier, E., 108Peterson, R., 238, 281Peterson, R.E., 128Pollock, S.M., 12, 58Potter, W.D., 208Potts, le., 183, 184,208Protopopescu, V., 110, 260, 262, 281Przemieniecki, lS., 38, 58,234,281,285,295,296,309Quade, E.S., 5, 12, Ill, 112, 128,277,281

Quattromani, A.F., 102, 110Randolph, P.H., 168Rathi, A.K., 142,168Rehm, A.S., 281Reine, E., 109Reybrock, N.W., 89Reynolds, A.C., 167,278Richardson, L.F., 351, 352, 353Roberts, D.M., 298, 309Roehrkasse, R., 142,165,168Rosenbluth, A.W., 207Rosenbluth, M.N., 207Rosenthal, R.E., 167Rothkopf, M.H., 12,58Ruloff, D., 210, 231Russ, L.M., 11Ryder, J.S., 90Saaty, T.L., 213,214,215,228,230,231,232,315,353Sadowski, D.A. , 309Salkin, H. M. 146,168Saltzman, MJ., 150,168Sangal, P.P., 50,51,57Sangeeta, Y., 280

Santoro, R.T., 104, 110,262,278,281Saperstein, A.M., 351, 352, 353Satchwell, S.N., 89Sawyer, F.L., 4, 12Schainblatt, A.H., 10, 11Schenkerman, S., 230, 232Schindler, 0., 367, 372Schrodt, P.A., 351, 353Schroeter, G., 101, 110,51,58Schultz, lB., 105, 110Schuppe, T.F. (Col.), 166, 168Schwabe, W.L., 104, 109Seila, A.F., 309Seiler, K. III, 112, 128Sharda, R. 132, 168Shenoy, R.P.,28,58Shephard, R.W., 157, 168Shrotri, P.K., 207Simann, M., 351, 353Simmons, D.M., 158, 168Simon, H.A., 9,12Simpson, P.K., 184, 185, 185, 208Singh, N., 270, 278Singh, V.P., 101, 110Singh, Y., 101, 110Sivazlian, B.D., 277, 281Skapura, D.M., 184, 207Skinner, W.M., 127, 128Skolnik, M.I.,18,58Smith, e.N., 88, 89Smith, D.G., 270, 281Smith, H., 251, 279Smith, R.D., 105, 110Snow, R.N., 271, 281Solanki, R.S., 168Spall, le., 305, 309Staats, R., 165, 168Stein, M.L., 207Stewart, TJ., 230Sticht, D. l, 282Stone, L.D., 16,21,25,58Swinson, G.E., 156, 168Tagliarini, G.A., 186, 189,208

378 Military Operations Research

Tai, A.1.A., 207Taylor, J.G., 100, 110,241,242,243,244,245,281,288,292,295,297,309

Teller, A.H., 207Teller, E., 207Terragno, P.1., 41,42,57Tew, J.D., 309Thorn, R., 276, 281Thorpe, L., 168Tolk, A., 277, 280Treadwell, E.E., 12Tsai, H. K., 276, 282Urick, R.J., 18,58van Dongen, M.P.F.M., 82,90Vargas, L.G., 215,227,228,230,231,232Vechhi, M.P., 207Veditz, J. E., 313, 353Vincent, T. L., 277, 282Wacholder, E., 186, 208Walker, M.E., 168Wallis, P., 270, 282Wand, K., 270, 282, 284, 309Ward, M.D., 88, 90Washburn, A.R., 6,12.,19,24,25,28,58, 167Wasil, E.A., 230Wasserman, P.D., 184,208Weale, T.G., 271, 279, 282Weir, M., 278Weisinger, J.R., 56Wendell, R.E., 228,231Whiton, J.e., 168Wichman, S.1.,167William, J.E., 279Williams, R.D., 168Williams, T., 270, 278, 282Williams, T.M., 88, 90Wilson, R.J.T., 270, 282Winston, W.L., 158, 168Woodcock, A.E.R., 245, 276, 279,282Woodruff, D.L., 206, 208

Yadav, S.B., 208Yang, J., 276, 282Zionts, S., 230Zirkle, R.A., 104, 108

SUBJECT INDEXA

Adaptative dynamic model (ADM),see Dynamic analysisAdvantage parameter, 246, 247Aggregated force strength, 289, 290,292,293,295,298Aggregation, 287-290, 293, 296

- consistency, 296- partial, 296

- total, 296Aiming error, 29, 47, 48,50, 101Air-to-combat models, 277Air defense naval engagement, 77-81Air-land battles, 105, 106Air war games, 106

- AGILE, 106- SABER, 106

Airlift problem, 130,139,143Ambush model (see also GuerillaWarfare), 239Amphibious warfare models, 128Analytic hierarchy process (AHP),209,213-227,315- consistency check, 215- problems and modifications,227,231

- rank reversal, 228-230Analytic stability model (ASAM),

see Stability modelsAnti-capability force strength(ACFS), 325, 327Anti-capability multiplier (ACM),325Anti-capability shortage divisor, 327Anti-submarine warfare, 25

Ardeness compaign, 241Area damaged (see also damagedarea), 61-65Area targets, 15, 38,42-46Anns race models, see DynamicanalysisAnny training battle simulatorsystem (ARTBASS), see Land wargamesAnny unit and battle groupsimulation (ABS 2000), see Landwar gamesArsenal exchange model (AEM), 151Artificial intelligence (AI), 28, 91,104, 169Artificial neural networks (ANNs),

see Neural networksAssignment problems, 144, 145Attrition calibration (ATCAL), 85,297Attrition laws, 242, 298

- area frre, 239

- 1/2 linear, 241

- Lanchester linear, 233,237,241,242

-logarithmic, 239, 241, 242- mixed, 242- square (or aimed fire), 235,239,241, 242,246,271,283,298,299

B

Back propagation, 260Ballistic (dispersion) error, 29, 37,47,49-51Battle management CJ (BM/C\ 170

380 Military Operations Research

Battalion Brigade Simulation (BBS),see Land war gamesBessel function, 44Break-even force ratio (BEFR), 360­364Break-even threshold, 361Breakpoint phenomenon(hypothesis), 243, 245Brownian motion, 28

c

C\ 81,87,88cJr, 56, 85,86C4I 2

C4ISR,83CAMPAIGN model, 104Capability shortage multiplier, 326,329Casualty exchange ratio, 246, 248Casualty fraction, 248,258Categorical data analysis, 258Catastrophe theory, 276Circular error probable (CEP), 31,45,53,69Circular symmetric function, 39, 40Closest point of approach (CPA),20,26Cocked hat, 25Cohen-Grossberg (stability) theorem,188Collective defense, 367Combat (battle) termination rules(policies), 96, 97, 101,243,245,268,284-287,305,343- AAP rule, 245- AOP rule, 245- absolute rule (A-rule), 243,244,271,298

- analytical approach, 243- catastrophic, 245- empirical approach- fight to finish, 237

- proportional rule (P-rule),244

- 2-out-of-2, 161, 164

- I-out-of-m, 303, 305- l-out-of-3, 308

Combat data base-version 1990(CDB90), 248, 249Combat measure of effectivess, 247,248- battle trace, 247- battle trace of Lanchesterarctangent, 248

- Lanchester constant trace,248

- measure of combat success,248,249,255,256,259,260

Combat models, 8, 100- air, 277- hetrogeneous, 100, 160-164,242, 283-310

- homogeneous, 233-282, 283,288,298

- naval, 277Combat power (potential) (see alsoForce potential), 312, 321, 328,365Combat result table (CRT), 100Combat simulation, 81-83, 87, 91

- few-on-few (few-versus-few),82

- many-on-many(many-versus­many), 82, 85

- one-on-one (one-versus-one),82,83

- one-on-many (one-versus-many), 82

- single platform, 82

- task group, 81, 82- theater level (see also Theaterlevel war game), 82, 85,86

Concave function, 159Concentration of forces, 234, 237Confidence level, 122

Subject Index

Confusion region, 255Contingency Force Analysis Wargame, see Land war gamesContinuous system simulation, 65,66,88,265Convex function, 159Cookie - cutter law, 16,20Corps battle simulation (CBS), seeLand war gamesCorrelation analysis, 9Cost effectiveness analysis, 5,82,111-128

- fixed budget approach, 112,125

- fixed effectiveness approach,112,125

- figure ofmerit approach, 112,116, 121, 122

Cost and operational effectivenessanalysis (COEA), 125-128Cost, 343

- acquisition, 122- attrition, 122, 124

- investment, 111-life cycle, 114, 116, 120, 127,243,245,

- maintenance, 122, 123- mission, 123- operating, 114, 122, 123- ordnance, 122, 123- 0 & S, Ill, 128- R&D, 111- system, Ill, 113, 114, 116,122, 124

Courses of action (COAs), 6, 7, 10Coverage factor (ratio), 23Coverage function

- elliptic, 36- circular, 33, 36

Coverage, 43,53, 101, 113, 115Cumulative kill probability (CKP), 7,8,118-120

381

D

Damage assessment, 13-15,38-46,54,55,86, 100, 101Damage function, 39-41,47

- circular symmetric, 39, 40- cookie-cutter, 39, 41, 42, 46,100

- elliptic normal fall-off type41,50,51

- exponential, 40

- Gaussian (normal), 40, 42Damaged area (see also Areadamaged), 61-65Data base management system(DBMS), 97Decision matrix approach, 209, 210Delphi method,209,313, 315Depth charge, 3,33, 37, 97, 98, 101Desert shield, 86,142Desert storm, 85, 86,165Directivity index, 19Disaggregation, 296Discrete system simulation, 66-80,84- constant-time-step simulation66,79,80

- event-driven simulation, 66,67,80,84,87

- event-to-event simulation, 66- time-driven simulation, 66

Dispersion error distribution- bivariate normal, 29- circular normal, 30, 34, 37,38,42,46,68

- non-circular (elliptic), 30, 36­38,51

- univariate normal, 30Distributed networks(networking),37,89Dynamic analysis, 328-352, 365

- ADM, 312, 328, 342-351

382 Military Operations Research

- anns race models, 312, 328,351

- SFS, 100, 104,297, 312, 322,333-342, 367

- QJMA, 100,312,318,328­333

EErrors

- aiming, 10 I

- dispersion, 101- location, 101

Event-driven simulation, seeDiscrete system simulationEvent-to-event simulation, seeDiscrete system simulationEvidently killed (EK), 55Exchange ratio, 88, 128, 246, 248,255,342,344Expected coverage, 45Expert systems, 2, 28, 104

F

Factors influencing victory, 258Fire allocation, 85, 283, 284Firepower score, 313, 315-317, 343FLOT movement rate (FMR), 340Force deployment, 86Force elasticity, 247Force mix (see also Weapon mix), I,169,303,303Force multiplier, 2, 125, 126Force potential (see also Combatpower1 296,312,317,318,321,328,362,366,367Force reduction, 1,347Force strength decision space, 243,363Force strength, 296, 317, 318, 320-322,323,330,363Force structure, 86Force structure planning, 347,364Force-on-force modeling, 169

Forced decision matrix approach,209,211-213Forward edge of battle area (FEBA),84,85Fractional exchange ratio (FER), 246

G

GAMAS,183Game theory, see Theory of gamesGames (see also War games)

- crisis, 107, 108- free fonn, 107- free, 93, 94-politico-military, 107, 108- rigid, 93- rules, 96,99- reports, 101- status, 96

- seminar, 78- semi-rigid, 93

General algebraic modeling system(GAMS), 150, 169Generalized force ratio model(GEFRAM), see Stability modelsGenetic algorithm, 161, 164, 169,172, 179-184, 190,206- coding, 180- crossover, 181-183- fitness-based stochasticselection, 181, 182

- initialization, 180

- mutation, 181, 183- reproduction, 180,182

Guerilla warfare model, 239Gulfwar, 152, 165-167,218,332Gun errors, 75

- ammunition dispersion error,75, 76

- ballistic computer error,75,76

- follow-up error, 75,76-laying error, 75

Subject Index

- line of sight error, 75- positioning error, 75,76- sensor error, 74,76- stabilization error, 75

H

HEAVY ATTACK, 138Helmbold ratio (HELMRAT),241Hessian matrix, 158Heuristic optimization, 164, 169-206,305Historical (combat) data, 9, 242, 243,245,255,296,317Hungarian assignment method, 145

I

Incheon-Seoul data, 241Indirect fire effect, 84Integer programming, seeProgramming- branch and bound method,146,148-150

- Gomory cutting planemethod, 146-148

Intelligent maps, 98Invisible kill, 56Iwo Jima battle, 241

J

Jarnagin's formula, 45, 113, 115

K

KiII probability, 69, 70, 72, 82, 83KiI1 rate, 248, 258KiI1er-victim

- scores, 84, 85- scoreboard, 88,316

Kilometer distance advanced by theattacker (KMDA), 248Knapsack problem, 156

383

Kohonen's self organizingtopological maps, 260KORBX software, 142Kuhn-Tucker conditions, 158-160,162,305

L

Lanchester equations, 88, I00,233-238,276,296,297,342- ancient warfare, 233, 234- modem warfare, 233, 234- area warfare, 237, 238, 243

Lanchester linear law, see AttritionlawsLanchester models, 100, 297

- deterministic, 271- exponential stochastic, 271

- general stochastic, 275- Markov stochastic, 275- renewal stochastic, 275- stochastic, 271

Lanchester square law, see AttritionlawsLanchester-type equations, 260, 261Land war games, 102-105

- ABS 2000, 104- ARTBASS, 102- BBS, 102

-CFAW,102

- CBS, 102- Combat-sim, 103- JANUS(A), 103-MFWG,103- Panther, 102- RSAS, 104, 342

Land warfare data base (LWDB),248Lateral range, 20, 21Law of large numbers, 64Lethal radius, 3, 45, 46, 47, 53, 62,98, Ill, 113, Il5Level of confidence, 64, 65, 69,70,76

384 Military Operations Research

Life cycle 4,111,123,124Line error probable (LEP), 31Line of sight, 15, 70, 86, 87, 98Linear defense model, see StabilitymodelsLines of bearing, 25, 26LINGO, 134Location error, 101Logistic regression, 255Lyapunov (energy) function, 186-188

M

(m,n) model, 283-287, 297, 305Map digitization, 98Markov chain, 25, 54Mathematical programming ( see

a/so Programming), 4Mean deviation (MD), 30Mean point of impact (MPI), 29, 31,35Measure of combat success, seeCombat measure of effectivenessMeasure of effectiveness (MOE), 7,8,10,53,101,111,113,124,126­128Measure ofmilitary stability, 357Mechanised forces war game(MFWG), see Land war gamesMilitary doctrine, 311, 312Military operations research (MaR),5,6, 10, 165, 169Military stability, see StabilityMissile allocation problem, 129Mission achievement, 248Mission planning, 89,129Mobile linear defense model, seeStability models- development, 8, 10- solution, 9

- validation, 9,10Modified capability force strength(MCFS), 327, 339, 341

Modified force ratio (MFR), 324,328,329,339

Monte Carlo, 60, 86, 87

- sampling, 60, 61- simulation, 61, 62, 102

Multicriteria decision making, 209,212Multiple layer defense, 169, 170Multipolar stable defense, 355-357Multistage decision making, 157

N

Naval air defense system, 59Naval combat models, 277Naval war games, 105

- MANTHAN,105- Research, evaluation andsystems analysis (RESA),105

Neural networks, 169, 184-206,260- continuous Hopfield model,186

- mathematical formulation,191-203

- optimization, 188-191

- topology, 186Newton's method, 162, 165Noise level, 19Nonlinear effect, 243, 276, 277Nonoffensive defense, 366, 367, 371Normal error ellipse, 28Normal random numbers, 61, 68,Normalized lethal radius, 52

o

Object oriented programmingstructures (OOPS), 83Operational lethality index (OLI), seeStatic analysisOperational research (OR), 4Operations research (OR), 1,2,4,5,6,7,199

Subject Index

- methodology, 6Order of battle (ORBAT), 86, 102,lOSOSL package, 150+

p

Parity, 235, 237, 247Pattern firing, 47-52Peacetime rotation problem, ISOPerron-Frobenius theorem, 289,292Point target, 38-42Polya-Williams approximation,33,34Post-game analysis, 96, 97Potential anti-potential (PAP)method, see Static analysisPrincipal component analysis, 251Principle of optimality, 152, 153Prioritization of airbone surveillancesystems, 218-225Proabability of hit

- from a tank gun, 74-76

- on circular target, 31,32, 38,68

- on elliptic target, 35, 36, 37

- on glascis plate, 73- on rectangular target, 33, 35

Programming, 130- 0-1, ISO- dynamic, 130, 152-158,169- goal, 151- integer, 127, 130-134,145-150,176

-linear,130-142,144-146,148,158,169

- mathematical, 4, 298

- multiobjective, 130,151,152- mixed integer, 127, 150- nonlinear, 130, 158-164

Project selection, 227Pseudo-random numbers, 60

385

Q

Quantified Judgement Method ofAnalysis(QJMA), see Dynamicanalysis

RRAND strategic assessmentsystem(RSAS), see Land WarGamesRaw category strength (ReS), 322,325,329Receiver operating characteristics(ROC), 19Recognition, 13,14,28Reconnaisance model, 88Regression analysis, 9, 260, 258

- multiple, 248, 254Reinforcements,86, 342Relative combat power, 248Reserve deployment policies, 268Resolution, 96Resolution level, 82, 84Resolution model- high, 82, 84, 86

- low(aggregated), 87, 296, 297

- variable, 296, 297Resource al1ocation, 55, 129, 165

s

SABER MIX, 138, 142Salvo firing, 47-52Scaling method

- Holter and Anderson, 290,292,293,295,296

- Howes and Thrall, 291, 293,296

- Dare and James, 291, 293,296

Scheduling of transport aircraft, 165School-look-shoot (SLS) tactics, 54

- basic persistent shooting(BPS), 54, 55

386 Military Operations Research

- cylic engagement tactics(CET), 54, 55

- random selection tactics(RST), 54, 55

Search theory, 4, 24, 25Search, 13, 14

- exhaustive, 23- inverse cube law, 24- models, 20

- random 21, 22, 23SELECTOR,138Sensitivity analysis, 9, 10, 127Shooting tactics, 53Signal strength, 19Signal-to-noise ratio (SIN), 17,18,19Simplex method, 130, 132, 147Simulataneous pertubation gradientapproximation (SPGA), 305Simulated annealing, 164, 169, 172­179, 182, 190,20~305Simulation model

- high level, 82, 84- low (aggregated) level, 82

Simulation packages,83- ADSS, 84,91- ATLAS, 85, 86- C31SIM,85, 86,91- CADEM, 84- COSAGE V, 84, 85, 91- COMO 1Il, 84, 85, 91- CEM, 84-86, 91

-IDAGAM,86

- KOSMOS, 87, 88, 91- LULEJIAN, 86- SEAROADS, 82, 83, 91- SUBSIM, 86, 88,91- STOCEM, 85,91- TAC WARRIOR, 86, 91- TRIAMOS, 88, 91- TACWAR, 84, 86,91- TAC THUNDER, 84, 85, 91- VECTOR, 86

Simulation, 4, 8, 9, 19,38,49­81,113,115- architecture, 83- combat, see Combatsimulation

- weapon system, seeWeaponsystem simulation

Single shot kill probability (SSKP),8, 118-120,234,270Situational force scoring (SFS), seeDynamic analysisSituational category multiplier(SCM),322Situational category strength (SCS),323-325,329Situationally adjusted equivalentdivision (SED), 323, 324Situationally modified force strength(SMFS), see Static analysisSoftware packages

- for LP, 132

- for mixed IP, 150

- for NLP, 150- for simulation, 83

Sonar equation, 18, 19Sortie allocation problem, 129, 137Spatial effects or effectiveness, 66,245,248,257,260-268Stability, 87, 354-356,357

- bipolar situation, 356, 357- concept, 355-357- many-on-one situation, 354,356-358 358, 359

- multipolar situation,355, 358­359

Stability models- ASAM, 365, 367-369, 371- GEFRAM, 364, 365, 369-371- linear defense, 359- mobile linear defense, 363,364,370

- SRFR model, 365-371

Subject Index

- stationary linear defense, 360­362

Stable regional force ratio (SRFR),see Stability modelsStatic distribution of efforts (SDOE),25Static analysis, 312-328, 365

- bean count, 312, 313

- force potential using OLIs,312,321

- operational lethality indices(OLIs), 312, 317-321, 343

- potential anti-potentialmethod, 312, 315-317

- situationally modified forcestrength (SMFS), 312, 322­328

- weapon effectiveness index(WE!)! weapon unitvalue(WUV), 117,312,313,315,322,325

Stationary linear defense model, seeStability modelsStick bombing, 47Stochastic combat models, 270-275

- two-on-one, 270- many-on-one, 270- many-on-many, 270

Stochastic duels, 268-270Stochastic simulation, 61,84,296,297Surprise factor, 328Survivability, 69, 70,72, 81,127Sweep width, 20, 24System effectiveness, 9System, 59

- continuous, 59- discrete, 59

Systems analysis, 5

T

Tabu search, 169,206Tactical decision making, 25

387

Tactical numerical deterministicmodel (TNDM), 100, 322Target analysis, 169,206Target characteristics, 130Target distribution, 20Target geometry,

- circular, 31, 32, 36, 42, 45,46, 100, 113, 118

- elliptic, 33-35, 37

- rectangular, 35-38, 52Target location error, 51Target strength, 19Taylor-Helmbold equations, 241Termination policy, see Combat(battle) termination rulesTheater attack model (TAM), 138Theater level war game, 104, 106Theoretical lethality index (TLI), 317Theory ofgames, 4,91Threat, 1,80,312

- assessment, 311

- quantification, see staticanalysis and dynamicanalysis

Time-driven simulation, seeconstant-time-step simulationTraining war games, 89Transmission loss, 19Transportion problem, 142-144Traveling salesman problem, 158

v

Unilateral stable defense, 355-357

v

Validation, 243Value ofa weapon, 287, 288, 315Value of the target, 51Variables

- controllable, 8, 9- uncontrollable, 8

Virtual interactive modeling, 11

388 Military Operations Research

Virtual reality, 88Visible kill, 56Vizualization technology, 94Volley fire, 54

w

War games (gaming), 11,89,91-110- air see Air war games- analytical research, 85, 93- development of, 96-102- free, 93- history of, 92- land, see Land war games

- naval, see Naval war games- planning, 93, 94- rigid, 93

- semi-rigid, 93- training, 93, 94

Warfare, 6- naval, 15- air, 15,86

Weapon deployment, 3,116,121,129,134-136,145,150Weapon dominance, 305, 306Weapon evaluation, 5Weapon introduction, 306-308Weapon mix (see also Force mix),129,132-134,148-150Weapon release point, 118Weapon system simulation, 81,82Weapon target allocation, 129, 137,151,169,190Weapon target assignment, 13, 14Weapon (system) acquisition, 1,5,111,116,121,209,218,219Weiss parameters, 241Width of front of attacker (WOFA),245,248,256

x

XA pacakge, 150

z

Zarb-i-Momin,93