Subject Index

AAbbasid dynasty, 51–52, 185cAbd al-Rahman I, 51, 64cAbd al-Rahman III, 58Aboriginals, 16–17Abulafia, Samuel Halevi, 61–63Acropolis, 156–157Acropolis Museum, 31, 159, 164–167Act of Partition, 1921, 74–75Act of Union, 1801, 77Adams, Gerry (President of Sinn Féin), 80, 85Adriatic Sea, 25, 114African American communities, 5–7, 17,

24, 30, 205–208, 212, 217–218,220–222, 225–226

African American tourists, 7, 30, 206–208, 212African burial ground, 5African objects, 14African slave trade/traders, 206–211, 214–215,

217–220, 222, 224–225, 227–229al-Andalus, 51, 54–55, 64Albania, see The Balkans, management of

cultural heritage inAlexander the Great, 26, 185Alexandretta, 176al-majma‘al-‘ilmi al-‘arabi

(Arab Academy), 175al-Qaeda, 55–56

See also 9/11 Incident influencingparamilitary murals in Belfast

Amazonian warriors, 212, 229Ancient Maya region, 11, 21, 261–264Andalusian Islamic culture, 54Angkor, 22Anglicans, 128, 135–137Anglo-Irish Agreement, 100Anglo-Normans, 72, 104Anglo-Norman Belfast Castle, 73An Gorta Mór, Irish Famine of 1845–1849, 87

Anti-George Bush murals, 88Antiquities Department, 144Antiquities Service, 142–143, 147, 153Apollonia, Greek colony, 115, 117–118Apollonia’s necropolis, 117–118Arab Muslims, 51Archaeological area of Rome, 200, 202Archaeological heritage management, 12, 18Archaeologies (publication), 10Art Loss, 145Asmara, Eritrea, 202Attualismo, 197–198“Auction block”, Slave Route, Bénin, 211–213,

219–220, 224Augustus, 202–203Austria, 153, 196Authenticity, of Slave Route, Bénin, 223–227

authority, 226–227originality, 225–226verisimilitude, 224–225

Avondale People’s Market, 245–246Ayman al-Zawahri (Osama bin Laden’s

second-in-command), 55Aymara inhabitants, 23Ayodhya tragedy, 8Azbakiya museum, Egypt, 142–143

BBabri Masjid, Ayodhya, India, 8Bajraktars, “banner chiefs”, 120Balikh River, 172, 185Balkan Peninsula, 109–122The Balkans, management of cultural heritage

in, 109–110, 121–122Albania, archaeological and ethno-

historical research in, 114–121Albanian land claims vs. former

Yugoslav republics, 115Apollonia, 115, 117–118

H. Silverman (ed.), Contested Cultural Heritage,DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-7305-4 C© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011

267

268 Subject Index

The Balkans (cont.)bajraktars, banner chiefs, 120blood feuds, 118, 121“Bosnian Pyramid”, 117–118carved stone block turned altar, 117change of Albanian place names to

Greek, 114construction of road from Shkodër to

Theth in Shala, paving way foreconomic development, 120

demolition of churches and mosques bycommunist officials, 117

Doric column, 115Dyrrachium, 115ecotourism, 120–121evidence of temples, 115freedom of inter-regional

movement, 120frontier zone, 114–115government officials charged with

managing and developingtourism, 121

heterodoxy, 111, 113, 119, 121hill forts, 114Hoxha’s “bunkerization” and key policy

to turn Albania into world’s onlycompletely atheist state, 116–117

hybrid cultures, 114–115Illyrian tribes, 114–116isolation, Shala’s primary survival

mechanism, 120Kanuni i Lekë Dukagjinit (oral

customary law code), 118, 121Kardulias’ concept of “negotiated

peripherality”, 119language, 114looting in Apollonia’s necropolis, 118Mallakastra Regional Archaeological

Project (MRAP), 115, 117–118mercenaries, 119–120northern Albanian tribes, 118–119northern vs. southern Albanian tribes,

119–120Orthodox Slavic Montenegro, 119orthodoxy, 111, 114–117, 119–121Ottoman conquest and administration,

115, 119outstanding natural beauty, 120people of Shala, origin, 119–120religious prohibition and death

penalty, 117relocation of physical structures, 115

retribalization and radicalreorientation, 121

Shala Valley Project (SVP), 118soapstone bunker ashtrays, 116topology, 114totalitarian dictatorship, 116, 121trading of guns and ammunitions, 120tribal councils, 121tribal oral customary law code,

118, 121tribal system in Shala almost extinct

due to communism, 120world-systems theory, 119

crossroads of various cultures, 109factors producing heritage structures,

110–114agency, 110–111history, 113imagination, 112memory, 112–113national identity and ethnic origins,

113–114generation/intersection of heritage

structures, 110Ballykilcline, Ireland, 24Bamiyan Buddhas, 15, 149Banner mural at Cluan Place, Belfast, 97–98Barracoons, 214, 220Ba’th Party, 180Baths of Caracalla, 199–200Battle of the Boyne, 1690, 72–73, 77–80Battle of the Somme, 1916, 73–74, 93BBC, 126Bedouins, 185–187Belfast, mural tradition and aestheticized

geographies of conflict inanti-George Bush murals, 88artwork of Jim Fitzpatrick influencing

nationalist murals, 90Battle of the Boyne, 72–73, 77–80Bloody Sunday murals, 79, 89celebration and intimidation influencing

murals, 77–90allegations of collaboration between

other alleged ethnonationalistextremists, 88–89

Battle of the Boyne and Siege of Derrycommemorated yearly, 77–78

celebrations that gave rise to murals ofKing Billy, 79

drug trafficking, 85Flags and Emblems Act, 80hunger strike, 80–81

Subject Index 269

incarceration, 80–81loyalist mural depicting William of

Orange defeating King James at thebattle of the Boyne, 78–79

loyalist mural of “Eddie”, 84mural of balaclava-clad gunman, 83mural of Bobby Sands, 81–82new direction in mural art, 85Orange Order, 78parade season, 79paramilitary murals, 82–85rapid social change with the Act of

Union, 1801, 77–78republican mural located

in Ardoyne, 85sectarian military activity, 82territorial dispute within UFF/UDA,

summer 2000, 84“triumph of defeat”, 80Union Jack, 78, 80, 93, 100William of Orange, 78

heritage in mural-making, politics of,90–95

children involved in mural-making,90–92

community seeking to reinvent itself asneither Irish nor British, 93

Good Friday Agreement, 93Kelly (Mo Chara) and Devenney’s

paintings, 90–92legitimation of Irish culture, 93–95loyalist mural at “Freedom Corner”,

East Belfast, depicting Cúchulainnas an Ulster hero, 94–95

loyalist mural depicting a Scottishpiper, 94

prevalence of Irish language inrepublican murals, 92–93

ubiquitous Union Jacks, 93history behind mural-making, political

aspirations, 72Anglo-Norman Belfast Castle, 73Battle of the Boyne, 1690, 73Battle of the Somme, 73–74Belfast incorporated by the Crown in

1613, 73Catholic Emancipation, 73Charles Stewart Parnell, 73Daniel O’Connell, 73declared as Republic of Ireland, 74defeat of King James II, 73Easter Rising of 1916, 73, 79, 88first “peace wall” erected, 1969, 75

Free State of Ireland created by Act ofPartition, 1921, 74

General Post Office in Dublinseized, 73

Henry Grattan (Anglo-Irish elite), 73Henry II’s conquest, 72home rule in 1880s, 73Lowland Scottish “undertakers” cruelty,

72–73modern Irish nationalism, 73Nine Years War, 73Patrick Pearse, 73Penal Laws to secure Protestants, 73Protestant Ascendency shaken in early

twentieth century, 73–74Protestants vs. Catholics, 74–75republican movement martyrs, 73settlers attracted by industrial revolution

and prosperity, 74shipment of Catholics as slaves, 72Sir Arthur Chichester, 73Theobald Wolfe Tone, 73“the Troubles”, 74Tudor and Cromwellian reconquests, 72United Irishmen, 73William III of Orange, 1650–1702, 73

9/11 incident influencing paramilitarymurals, 95

instrument of anticolonial discourse, 80Irish mythology in murals, 90Irish National Liberation Army (INLA), 79as mode of communication and

warning, 80mural depicting violence at Holy Cross

Primary School in Ardoyne(2001–2002) and 1957 crisis, 89–90

nationalist mural, 88Northern Ireland Assembly, 69origin of, 69popular themes, 87–88re-imaging Belfast, 95–100

banner mural at Cluan Place, 97–98Lower Shankill mural dedicated to

Oliver Cromwell, 99–100loyalist mural in Lower Shankill, 97mural replication of Guernica by

Devenny and Ervine, 102–103“red hand of Ulster” mural, 98–99“Re-Imaging Communities

Programme”, to replaceparamilitary murals with positivecultural images, 95–96, 102

symbolism in murals, 96

270 Subject Index

Belfast (cont.)religion and politics, 75–77

“Catholic” vs. “Republican”, 76internal division and persecution among

Protestant’s resulting in emigrationto the Americas, 77

land confiscation, marking firstreligious differentiation, 76

loyalists vs. unionists, 77nationalist murals as a marker of Irish

identity, 76–77republican murals/muralists, 73, 77, 80–81,

85–92, 96, 98, 104role of murals

agents and subjects of history, 71depiction of Irish cultural heritage, 70ephemeral essence, 72“men-with-guns” paramilitary

archetype, depicting violence of thepast, 70

new discourse, 70–71politicized artifacts, 72subject of forthcoming Hollywood

documentary, 70unique landscape of tourist

attraction, 70Rubén Ortiz-Torres, Mexican muralist, 86Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF), 79use of graffiti, 79–80visual links to other allegedly dispossessed

and colonized cultures, 88voicing authenticity, 100–103

misconceptions of murals, 101–102mural at Cluan Place portraying

betrayal experienced by Protestantsof Nothern Ireland with Anglo-IrishAgreement, 100–101

Belfast Telegraph, 79, 83–85, 95, 101–104Believers and skeptics of ghosts, 126, 134Belize, 27, 33, 261–264Benhura, Dominic (second-generation

sculptor), 240Bénin bronzes, British Museum, 14, 163, 237Bénin, West Africa, 30, 205–229Berat, Albania, 116Berlin Museum, 14, 146–147, 153“Better the Grave than Slavery”, 97Bin Laden, Osama, 55Bishop of Cordoba, 57Bishop’s directive, 2007, Cathedral–Mosque of

Cordoba, 59“Black Atlantic”, 206Bloc Party approach, 177, 179

Blood feuds, 118, 121Bloody Sunday, 79, 89Blue and gold glass tesserae, Cordoba, 53Bobby Sands, 81–82, 104Borchardt, Ludwig, 147“Bosnian Pyramid”, 117Brazil, 30, 208, 210–211“Bride”, bust of African queen, tourist art, 247British Army, 73, 75, 80–81, 86, 89, 103British ghost tourism, re-imagining the national

past, 125, 137–138in contemporary Britain, 125–126

believers and skeptics, 126cities that operate, 125–126cost, 126Living TV (Paranormal Channel), 126momentum of increasing

popularity, 126popular forms, 125

Harry Potter, 138interpretation of British secularism,

131–133conflict between Vikings and Christians,

131–133mythico-history, 132–133Reformation battles between Catholics

and Protestants, 131–133learning about ghosts through the past,

129–131historical truths, 131illicit affair between nun and monk, 134lacking familiarity with the past, 129Martindale story, 130Percy’s (Earl of Northumberland)

narrative, 133pseudoscience, 130range of religious conflicts, 131–133Roman ghosts, 130St. Margaret, 134willingness to maintain an open

mind, 130Most Haunted, TV program, 138power of ghost hunting science, narrating

the, 128progress of the nation, 133–135

ability of Neo-Pagans, Druids, andWiccans practicing spirituality inpublic spaces curtailed, 133

Anglicanism, 135–137lack of factual evidence, 134the Queen as an ultimate national

symbol, 135tolerance, 134–135

Subject Index 271

questions of national belonging, ghostlyabsences

absence of contemporary religions,135–136

blacks vs. British, 136–137claims of state religiosity and

secularism, 137repository of ghosts, 136

superiority of science over religion,128–129

technoscience spirituality, defined, 137in York, 126–128

Ghost Cellar at Treasurer’s House, 126Haunted (haunted house), 126most haunted city in the world (BBC

report), 126narratives of discovery and the past,

127–128Shambles, 127York Minster, 127

British secularism, interpretation of, 131–133B-Specials, 82Bulaq Museum, 143Bunkers, Albania, 116, 122Bust of Nefertiti, 14, 30–31, 145–146,

145–148, 163debated ownership, 147discovered by Borchardt in 1912, 147Egypt’s requests for repatriation, 146–148fitting onto a modern bronze body, 148initially displayed at Dr. Simon’s

home, 147moved to Berlin National Museum

in 1920, 147offer of other valuable pieces in exchange

for, 147return thwarted by Hitler, 147UNESCO intervention, 147

Butrint return, statues of Artemis andApollo, 163

CCAAR, see Central Archaeological Area of

Rome (CAAR)Capitoline museum, 197, 202Carnegie Institute of Washington, 262Carved stone block turned altar in Shtyllas,

southern Albania, 117Castillo at Chichen Itzá (used as backdrop of

NAFTA meeting in 2006), 261–262Cathedral–Mosque of Cordoba

courtyard, 61exterior view, 55

interior of original prayer hall, 52mihrab, 53–54

Catholic Church, 56–58, 63, 76–77, 99, 104Catholic Emancipation, 73“Catholic” vs. “Republican”, 76Caucasian, see Native American Indian“Cearta teanga, cearta daonna”: “language

rights are human rights”, 93Celebrations, 26, 56, 69, 72–73, 77–90, 219Central America, 21, 27, 32Central Archaeological Area of Rome

(CAAR), 199–202Champaner-Pavagadh, Gujarat, India, 17Champollion, Jean François, 144, 146, 153Channel 4 (British TV broadcaster), 167Charles III Bourbon, King of Naples, 197Chichen Itzá, 262Chichester, Sir Arthur, 1563–1625, 73Children involved in mural-making, 90–92Chirac, Jacques, 27–28Chitsinga, Blessing (Zimbabwean sculptor),

245, 247Chorti Maya, 27Christians, 54, 60, 64, 131–133, 135, 152Christian sites vs. Islamic sites, 11Chunchucmil ruins, 21Church of San Benito, Cordoba, 62Church of San Vicente, Cordoba, 56–60Church of St. John, Damascus, 56The Circus Maximus, 199–200Cities of Light: The Rise and Fall of Islamic

Spain (video), 63Cities that operate ghost tours, 125–126“Civil and Religious Liberties for All”, 97Civil War, 9, 21Classic Period Maya, 21“Classic” Zimbabwean sculptural artwork, 243Cloth banners and uniforms, 78, 130Cluan Place, Belfast, 97–98, 100–101Coach Fellas, 11–12Colonial Williamsburg, 5–7The Colosseum, 199–202Columbia River, 6Communist Party in Albania, 116Conflict between Vikings and Christians,

131–133Construction of road from Shkodër to Theth

in Shala, paving way for economicdevelopment, 120

Consuming Tradition, ManufacturingHeritage. Global Norms and UrbanForms in the Age of Tourism, 11

272 Subject Index

Contested cultural heritage, historiography, 1,7–8, 9, 33–35

dynamics, 9intersections, 29–33new millennium apprehensions, 10–29

heritage and politics, 24–28illegal antiquities, 13–15intangible heritage, 28–29local, national, and international

deployment, 20–24manufacture, marketing, and

consumption, 10–13public outreach, 15–17value and UNESCO, 18–20

paradigm realization, 5–9paradigm shifting, 1–4violence

Babri Masjid/Ayodhya tragedy, 8Balkans War, 1991–1995, 8New Age Druid cultists vs.

site-protecting police, 8New Salem, Illinois, Lincoln clash, 8Turkish invasion of Cyprus, 1974, 8

Contested heritage sitesBabri Masjid, Ayodhya, India, 8Balkans, 109–122Belfast, 69–103Bénin, 205–229Britain, 109–122Cordoba, 51–65Egypt, 141–153El Pilar, Maya, 261–264Greece, 155–168Italy, 193–203Maasai, Kenya, 9New Salem, Illinois, 9Stonehenge, England, 8Syria, 171–190Zimbabwe, 233–253

Continuity IRA, 82Convention Concerning the Protection of

the World Cultural and NaturalHeritage, 1972, 18

Convention for the Safeguarding of theIntangible Heritage, 2003, 28

Convivencia, social harmony in CordobacAbd al-Rahman I, 64al-Andalus, 64Islamic-Christian negotiations, 65Pact of cUmar, ca. 637, 64treaty by Ibn cAsakir, 64treaty of Tudmir, 713, 64

Copán, Honduras, 11, 21, 27

Cordoba Cathedral–Mosque, archaeologicalremains

abstract symbols, 58aisles and apses, 57carved column capitals, 57crosses, 57figural sculpture, 57floor revealing pebble mosaic, 57fragments of altars, 57Islamic fragments, 58mason’s signatures, plaster impressions,

58, 60names inscribed, 58Visigothic fragments, 57, 63

Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, 20“. . .Cradle of Culture, Land of Nature. . .”, 26Crete, 9, 12, 27CRM: The Journal of Heritage

Stewardship, 10Crossroads of various cultures, see The

Balkans, management of culturalheritage in

Cúchulainn murals, 90, 94–96Cultural anthropology, 1, 4, 9, 16, 28, 163,

205, 225, 249“Cultural landscape”, 4Cultural objects, 14, 162, 167Cultural patrimony, 2, 22, 162, 167–168,

171–172Curved triangular faces, Zimbabwean

artwork, 251Cyrene, 26

DDaagbo Hounon Tomadjlehoukpon (supreme

chief of Vodun), 207, 209Dahomean kings, 210–212, 216, 229Damascene Hall, 177–179Dantissa (auction block), 210–211Dark Continent, 4“Defending the Community”, 97“Definitions for Cultural Heritage”, 240Deir ez-Zor, 185–186Demolition of churches and mosques by

communist officials in Albania, 117Department for the Repatriation of Stolen

Antiquities, 145Derry, 79, 89De Souza, Francisco Felix (Portuguese slave

trader), 208, 210–212, 214Dhimmis, 64Dictators, 25–26, 109–110, 116, 121, 206Directorate-General of Antiquities and

Museums, Syria, 172, 179–181, 189

Subject Index 273

Director of Arts and Crafts in the Ministryof Youth, Sport, and Culture,Zimbabwe, 241

Discovery of “Bosnian Pyramid” byOsmanagic, Semir, 117

Discovery of Pompeii and Herculaneum, 197Disenfranchised people, 3, 5, 10, 12, 17, 23,

74, 80, 244Disenfranchised stakeholder groups, 15–17

African Americans, 17Australian Aboriginals, 16–17

Dissonant heritage, 7Divis Flat, Belfast, 100Door of No Return, Slave Route, Bénin,

217–218, 223, 226Doric column, Albania, 115Drug trafficking, 80, 82, 84–85, 104Druids, 8, 133Dura Europus, excavations at (Syria), 176, 178Dyrrachium, Greek colony, 115

EEaster Rising of 1916, 73, 79, 88The Economist, 19Ecotourism, 120–121Edinburgh, 125–126, 131Effendi, Hakiakine (engineer of Egyptian

museum), 142Egypt’s past, collecting and repatriating,

141–142, 152–153iconic artifacts, 145–148

body of King Ramesses I, 145bust of Nefertiti, 145–148Rosetta Stone, 145–146

law and problems of trade in Pharaonicantiquities

Decree of 1869, 142Decree of 1891, 143encouraged by Mariette, 142–143Law 12 of 1897, 143Law 14 of 1912, 143Law 215 of 1951, 143Law of 1983, 142new law being drafted, 144Order of 1880, 142Ordinance of 1835, 142repatriation of objects, 144–145Schultz, Parry and Johnson involved in

illegal trade, 144Metropolitan Museum of Art’s Egyptian

Department, 144national identity, 150–152

connection to the past, 151–152

National Courthouse at Maadi, linkingthe contemporary to theancient, 151

Pharaonic past used as logos in stamps,currency, newspaper mastheads,etc., 151

relocation of the statue ofRamesses II, 152

Saad Zaghloul mausoleum, 150other artifacts

calcite ducks, 144fragments of the tomb of Seti I, 144funerary mask, 145mummy, 145obelisks, 153

personal hunting ground for antiquities,141–142

poverty and fundamentalism, argumentsagainst restitution, 149–150

issue of fatwa, 149–150looting via war and local/regional

crisis, 150poor museum conditions, 149

tourism, 148–149Museum of Stolen Things, 148–149prime source of income, 148special displays of returned objects

attracting tourists, 148–149Ejido (Mayan national land grant system), 22“Elgin marbles”, 157–160Elmina Castle, Ghana, 7, 9, 206, 208, 224El Mundo Maya, 11El Pilar and Maya cultural heritage

abundance of water, 261–262ancient Maya region, 261–262Chichen Itzá, 262concept of Peace Parks, 263–264El Pilar Archaeological Reserve for Maya

Flora and Fauna, 263–264geography, 261iconic Castillo at Chichen Itzá (used as

backdrop of NAFTA meeting in2006), 261–262

Maya hieroglyphs connected to the presentvernacular language, 263

shared cultural and natural heritage of twonations, Belize and Guatemala,263–264

stakeholders, 263temples, corozo palms, nuts and

art, 261, 263traditional settlements with forest

gardens, 263

274 Subject Index

El Pilar and Maya (cont.)UNESCO’s 2001 Universal Declaration on

Cultural Diversity, 264UNESCO’s 2003 Convention for the

Safeguarding of the IntangibleHeritage, 264

El Pilar Archaeological Reserve for MayaFlora and Fauna, 263–264

El Salvador, 27Ename Charter for the Interpretation of

Cultural Heritage Sites (2005),222–223, 227

English Heritage, 8–9Eritrea, 202Esposizione Universale Roma (EUR), 193, 202The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property, 14Ethnographic art, 32, 237, 239–240, 253Euphrates River, 172, 185, 187EUR, see Esposizione Universale Roma (EUR)European buyers of African slaves, 208,

211, 217European Landscape Convention, 4Excavations, 5, 21, 56–57, 59–60, 117,

142–144, 147, 162, 165, 173,176–180, 183, 186–187, 196–197,199, 202–203, 215

The Excluded Past, 7–8Exhibiting Cultures, 4

FFaçade of Qasr al-Hayr al Gharbi, Syria,

176, 178Falls Road, West Belfast, 70, 75, 77, 81–82,

88, 90, 93, 100, 102–103Fascism and imperial re-creation in Italy,

193–203Fascist remodeling of classical landscapes,

201–203Fatwa (religious legal opinion) in Egypt,

149–150Ferdinand III of Castile, 53–54Fine art, 32, 237, 239–240, 242–245, 247–250,

252–2531962 First International Congress of African

Culture in Rhodesia, 237The First International Festival of Vodun Arts

and Culture, 210First “peace wall” erected, 1969, Belfast, 75Fitzpatrick’s artwork influencing nationalist

murals, 78–79, 90, 92Flags and Emblems Act, 80“Flow sculptures” of abstract families, 251Fogu, Claudio, 198

Fora of Augustus and Nerva, 202Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

(FYROM), 26Forum of Trajan, 202“Freedom Corner”, East Belfast, mural

depicting Cúchulainn as an Ulsterhero, 94–95

Freedom of inter-regional movement bybajraktars in Albania, 120

Free Festival, Stonehenge, 8–9French holdings in Syria, 176French Mandate, 1918–1946, 174, 176French-Turkish war, 157Frontier zone, Albania, 114–115Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia

(FARC), 89Funerary vault, 202Futurismo, 197–198

GGable murals, 70–71, 78, 81, 86, 100Gaddafi, Muammar, 26Gaelic seanachi, storytellers, 81García, Alan, 15General Director of Museums and

Excavations, 143General Post Office in Dublin seized, 73Genoese traders, 24Genographic Project, 29Gentile, Giovanni, 197Ghadames, 26Ghost Cellar at Treasurer’s House, 126, 130Ghost hunters’ narratives (Britain)

conflict between Vikings and Christians,131–133

house haunted by ghosts of the plague, 127illicit affair between nun and monk, 134Martindale, 130Percy (Earl of Northumberland), 133Reformation battles between Catholics and

Protestants, 131–133Roman ghosts, 130Yorkshire dinner party tragedy, 127–128

Ghost hunting, 125, 127–130, 133–137Giza Plateau, 31Global Heritage Fund (GHF), 12–13Global tourism industry, 12, 18, 27God’s Crucible, 63Gomaa, Ali, see Grand Mufti of EgyptGood Friday Agreement, 93Gorée Island, 224Government officials, managing and

developing tourism in Albania, 121

Subject Index 275

Graffiti, 79–80Granada, 54–55, 57, 63Grand Mufti of Egypt, 149–150Grattan, Henry (Anglo-Irish elite), 73The Great Mosque of Cordoba

cAbd al-Rahman I, architect of, 51al-Qaeda, 55–56Andalusian Islamic culture, 54Arab Muslims, 51archaeology, 56

acquisition of Church of St. John, 56existence of Church of San Vicente,

56–57Hernández’s excavations justifying

legitimacy of Church’spossession, 59

Visigothic and Roman materials, 57architectural narrative, 51–54

blue and gold glass tesserae, 53Cities of Light: The Rise and Fall of

Islamic Spain (video), 63expansion, 52–53exterior view, 55God’s Crucible, 63insertion of gothic cathedral choir,

54–55“Moorish” themes, 63Moroccan-style tea houses, 63mosaic mihrab, 52–53The Ornament of the World, 63plan of stages from 786–1010, 53prayer hall, 52qibla wall, 52–53roof, 52social harmony, 63–64spas with zellij tile and cusped arches,

Alhambra style, 63voussoirs, 53

Ayman al-Zawahri, video release onreconquest, 55

Bishop’s directive, 2007, 59Cathedral–Mosque, archaeological remains

abstract symbols, 58aisles and apses, 57carved column capitals, 57crosses, 57figural sculpture, 57floor revealing pebble mosaic, 57fragments of altars, 57Islamic fragments, 58mason’s signatures, plaster impressions,

58, 60names inscribed, 58

Visigothic fragments, 57, 63Cathedral–Mosque of Cordoba, 52

courtyard, 61exterior view, 55interior of original prayer hall, 52mihrab, 53–54

Church’s mission to safeguard and inspireculture and art, 59–60

Church–Synagogue “El Tránsito”, Toledo,61–62

acquisition by Spanish government, 62conversion into church, Church of San

Benito, 62Hebrew and Arabic inscriptions, 62Samuel Halevi Abulafia, patron, 61–62shield of Castile, 62stucco ornament, 62women’s gallery turned into museum

explaining Iberian Jewish life, 62concept of originality, 63conquest by Ferdinand III of Castile, 53–54

chapels and burial spaces added, 54conversion of mosque into church,

53–54mudejarstyle pantheon for Castilian

royalty, 54convivencia, social harmony in Cordoba

cAbd al-Rahman I, 64al-Andalus, 64dhimmis, 64Islamic-Christian negotiations, 65Pact of cUmar, ca. 637, 64treaty by Ibn cAsakir, 64treaty of Tudmir, 713, 64

evacuation of Muslims and Jews, 54Franco regime, 56Hispano-Islamic identity, 55Hispano-Umayyad rule, 51increasing immigrants and diversity after

Spain’s entry into European Unionin 1986, 60–61

Islamic Council’s petition to PopeJohn Paul for the right to pray,2004/2006, 56–57

minaret demolished and replaced by largertower, 58–59

Museo de San Vicente, 58–59museological perspectives, 57–60

historical study overseen byManuel Nieto Cumplido(canon-priest/archivist), 58

Pedro Marfíl (archaeologist), 58

276 Subject Index

The Great Mosque of Cordoba (cont.)1985 Spanish Historic Heritage Law

No. 16, 57–58stone inscription of minaret location,

58–59owned by Catholic Church, 57–58recent construction of mosques in

Corboda, 57Roman and Byzantine influence, 52social and economic issues of repossession,

60–61Great Rebellion of 1925–1927, 176Great War, 198Great Zimbabwe ruins, 233–234Greek national identity, 2, 156, 158Ground zero, 7, 17

See also 9/11 Incident influencingparamilitary murals

GSA, see United States Government ServicesAdministration (GSA)

Guatemala, 13, 21, 27, 29, 33, 261–264Guayaquil, 23

HHague Convention, 15Haj, 150Hapsburg kings in Spain, 54Harpers Ferry National Park, 16Harry Potter, 138Hashemite regime, 11Haunted ghost walks, 125–127, 132–134,

137–138Haunted (haunted house) in York, 126Hawass, Dr. Zahi (Director General of Egypt’s

Supreme Council of Antiquities),145–148, 153

Herculaneum, discovery of, 197Heritage and politics, 24–28

Egypt, 25France, 27–28Greece, 26Istanbul, 24–25Italy, 25–26Saudi Arabia, 28

Heritage Management, 10Heritage sites, see World Heritage

SitesHeritage structure factors, in the Balkans,

110–114agency

Bodnar’s view, 111Bourdieu’s concept of, 110–111

distinction between doxa and opinion,110–111

helpful in explaining individualsinfluence on heritage making, 110

improvising cultural rules, 111jazz musicians’ compositions, 111“universe of discourse”, 111“universe of the undiscussed”, 110–111

historyarchaeological record, 113built environment and landscape, 113written documents, 113

imagination, 112Appadurai’s concept, 112collective sense of, 112Giddens’ “theory of

structuration”, 112landscape, 112new heritage tropes, 112

memoryfound or created, 112landscape-centered, ethno-archaeology,

113Shackel’s and Fewster’s argument,

112–113national identity and ethnic origins

according to Anderson, 113dynamic experience, 113strong dependance on the past, 113

Hernández’s excavations justifying legitimacyof Church’s possession,Cordoba, 59

Heterodoxy, 111, 113, 119, 121High Commissioner’s decrees of 1926 and

1928, Syria, 176Hill forts in Albania, 114–115, 122Hindus, 8, 17–18, 135–136

and Muslims, tension, 17See also Babri Masjid, Ayodhya, India

Hispano-Umayyad rule, 51“History is written by the winner”, nationalist

mural, 70–71Hitler, Adolf, 147Holy Cross Primary School, Ardoyne,

Belfast, 89Home rule in 1880s, 73Honduras, 21, 27Howard University, 5Hoxha’s “bunkerization”, 116–117Hunger strike, Belfast, 79–81, 104Hybrid cultures, 19, 114–115, 157–158, 160,

164, 168Hypogeum of Yarhai from Palmyra, 178

Subject Index 277

IICCROM, see International Centre for the

Study of the Preservation andRestoration of Cultural Property(ICCROM)

ICOMOS, see International Council onMonuments and Sites (ICOMOS)

Idlib Regional Museum, 181Illegal antiquities, 10, 61, 80, 93, 101,

142–145, 143, 163, 168, 261Illegal antiquities, ownership, and nationalism,

13–15Bamiyan Buddhas, destruction by

Taliban, 15Egypt, 14Greece, 14Iraq National Museum, 15Machu Picchu, Peru, 14refusal to return cultural objects, 14–15St. Lawrence Island, 14

Illicit Trafficking of Antiquities, 13, 163Illyrian tribes, 114–116The Imperial Fora, 199, 202Inca heritage, 15, 23, 25Incarceration, Belfast, 80–81, 85, 1049/11 Incident influencing paramilitary murals

in Belfast, 95The Independent, 70, 93Indigenous peoples, 3–4, 11, 14, 16–17, 19–21,

23, 253INLA, see Irish National Liberation Army

(INLA)Inscription of Enver Hoxha’s first name on a

hillside in Albanian townof Berat, 116

Intangible heritage, 28–29conundrums of UNESCO convention, 29Maya of Guatemala, 29UNESCO’s promulgation, 28

Intangible practices, 2, 10, 14, 23, 28, 34, 162,240–241, 241, 250, 253, 264

Interior of original prayer hall, Great Mosqueof Cordoba, 52

International Centre for the Study of thePreservation and Restoration ofCultural Property (ICCROM), 222

International community, 15, 163, 207, 215,222–223, 236

International Council on Monuments and Sites(ICOMOS), 21, 222, 227, 240–241

International Journal of Cultural Property, 5International Journal of Heritage Studies, 5

International Journal of IntangibleHeritage, 28

Interpol, 145Invented tradition, 2, 160, 223, 241

See also Intangible practicesInvention, 2, 35, 63, 241IPLO, see Irish People’s Liberation

Organization (IPLO)IRA, see Irish Republican Army (IRA)Iraklio Museum, 12Iraq Museum, 150Irish Famine of 1845–1849, An Gorta Mór, 87Irish National Liberation Army (INLA),

79, 82Irish People’s Liberation Organization

(IPLO), 82Irish Republican Army (IRA), 79–80, 82, 85,

87, 89, 91, 97, 100, 103Islamic-Christian negotiations, 65Isolation, Shala’s primary survival mechanism

in Albania, 75, 119–120Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 180–181Italy, the past and cultural heritage in, 193–194

ancient heritage and origins, 196–197archaeological area of Rome,

illustration, 200discovery of Pompeii and

Herculaneum, 197fascism, and philosophies at the birth of,

197–198Attualismo, 198Futurismo, 198

management, 198–203phase I, liberal period and integration of

past landscapes, 199–201phase II, fascist remodeling of classical

landscapes, 201–203nationalism, 195–196objects found during looting-like sprees in

Roman villas, 199Pope’s lack of significance, 199Rome, as case study sample in valuing

cultural heritage, 194–195valuation of, 194–195

Italy–Syria initiative, 180–181

JJam‘iyyat al-‘Adiyyat (Archaeological Society

in Syria), 182Jews, 25, 54, 62, 64Jokhang Temple, 26Jordanian heritage bureaucracy, 11Jordanian policy, 11

278 Subject Index

Journal of Field Archaeology, 13Journal of Social Archaeology, 10Journal of the World Archaeological

Congress, 10

KKahlo Museum, 19Kanuni i Lekë Dukagjinit (oral customary law

code), 118, 121Kelly, Gerard (Mo Chara) and Devenney’s

paintings, 90–92Kennewick Man, 6Kérékou rule, 206–207Khmer Rouge regime, 22Kill All Taigs (KAT), 104King Adandozan, 210–211King Akhenaten, 147King Gezo (king of Dahomey), 210–211King of Italy, 195, 199King of Savoy, 195King Ramesses I, 145King Ramesses II, 152Knossos, 12Korean War in 1950, 186Kosova, Albania, 114, 119–120Kuhnian paradigm shift, 5

LLa Paz, 23La Ruta Maya, 11, 27Lefebvre, Gustave, 147Legitimation of Irish culture, 93–95Lenca, western Honduras ethnic group, 27Leptis Magna, 26Liberal period and integration of past

landscapes in Italy, 199–201Libya, 25–26, 202Lincoln, Abraham, 9Living TV, 126Local/local–national disputes, 17Local, national, and international deployment,

20–24Angkor, 22disparity in Cuzco, 23Hassan Fathy’s plan for Gournis, 20–21interconnectedness, 24issue of land rights, 222001 Land Law, 22local–national conflict in Bolivia, 23San Biritute, carved monolith, 23tourist massacre at Temple of

Hatshepsut, 20Long Kesh, prison, 80, 91–93

Looting and trafficking, 10, 13–15, 15, 20–21,85, 118, 142, 144, 150, 163,199, 261

Looting in Apollonia’s necropolis, 118Lord Rama, 8Louvre Museum, France, 14, 144, 153, 173,

175–176, 176Lovemore, James (Zimbabwean sculptor),

245–247Lower Shankill mural dedicated to Oliver

Cromwell, Belfast, 99–100Lowland Scottish “undertakers” cruelty, 72–73Loyalist murals

of balaclava-clad gunman, 83depicting a Scottish piper, 94depicting William of Orange defeating

King James at the battle of theBoyne, 78–79

of “Eddie”, 84in Lower Shankill, Belfast, 97

Loyalists vs. unionists, Belfast, 77Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF), 82, 85Luxor, 20, 145LVF, see Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF)

MMaasai, Kenya, 9“Macedonia—Timeless”, TV promotional

ad, 26Machu Picchu, Peru, 14, 26Madrasa al ‘Adiliya, 175Maison des Esclaves, Sénégal, 206, 228Mallakastra Regional Archaeological Project

(MRAP), 115, 117–118The Mandate, 173–174, 176–186, 189Manifesto Futurista, 198Manufacture, marketing, and consumption of

heritage sites, 11–12, 12, 18“creating Copán”, 11Crete, 12Cuzco, Peru, 12Ireland, 11–12Jordan road signage, 11Maya communities, 10–11Mochica Village, Lambayeque, Peru, 11Pharaonic Village, Cairo, Egypt, 11Shangri-La, Yunnan Province, China, 11

Marfíl, Pedro (archaeologist), 56, 58Mari, excavations at (Syria), 176–177Marinetti, Filippo, 193, 197–198Market & Opinion Research International, Ltd

(MORI), 167Markets of Trajan, 202

Subject Index 279

Masada, 1–2, 34Mass Grave Memorial, Slave Route, Bénin,

214, 220Mausoleum of Augustus, 202Maya

communities, 10–11, 21, 27, 35, 263hieroglyphs, 263landscape, 11and non-Maya, dichotomy, 27tours, 11, 27, 262–263

Mayers Ranch, Kenya, 9The Maze, 80–81McEwen, Frank, 234–235, 237–239, 241,

248–250McGuinness, Martin (Deputy First

Minister), 80“Men-with-guns” paramilitary archetype,

depicting violence of the past, 70Mercenaries

Albania, 119–120Belfast, 72

Metropolitan Museum of Art’s EgyptianDepartment, 144

Mexico, 19–21, 27, 35, 262–263Michael Carlos Museum, Atlanta, 144Mihrab, Cordoba, 53–54Ministry of Religious Endowments, Syria,

176–177Misconceptions of murals, 101–102Mochica Village, Lambayeque, Peru, 11Montenegro, 114, 119Monument to the Unknown Soldier, 151“Moorish” themes, Cordoba, 63MORI, see Market & Opinion Research

International, Ltd (MORI)Moroccan-style tea houses, Cordoba, 63Most Haunted, TV program, 138MRAP, see Mallakastra Regional

Archaeological Project (MRAP)Multi-ethnic states, 26–27Mural(s)

in Ardoyne, 85of balaclava-clad gunman, 83of Bobby Sands, 81–82Cluan Place, 98, 101commemorating deceased IRA

volunteers, 87Cúchulainn, 95of “Eddie”, 84for Frank Gillen Community Centre, 91Guernica, 103in Lower Shankill, 97Mo Chara, 92

Red Hand of Ulster, 99replication of Guernica by Devenny and

Ervine, 102–103in the temple of Dagun, 210of William of Orange, 78

Musée de l’Homme, 27Musée des Arts d’Afrique et d’Océanie, 27Musée du Quai Branly, 27–28Museo de San Vicente, 58–60

masons’ signatures, plaster impressions,58, 60

plan of mosque, 59Museums and Communities, 4Muslims, 11, 51, 54, 56–57, 61–62, 64, 149,

152Mussolini, Benito, 25, 31, 194–195, 197–198,

201–203Mythico-history, 132–133

NNAGPRA, see Native American Graves

Protection and Repatriation Act(NAGPRA)

Naples, 196–197“The Nara Document on Authenticity”, 222National Art Gallery, Zimbabwe, 241National Courthouse at Maadi, linking the

contemporary to the ancient, 151National Gallery of Zimbabwe, 234, 237,

241, 245National Geographic Society, 27, 29National Geographic Traveler, 126National Historic Landmark, 5National identity of Egypt, 150–152

connection to the past, 151–152National Courthouse at Maadi, linking the

contemporary to the ancient, 151Pharaonic past used as logos in stamps,

currency, newspaper mastheads,etc., 151

relocation of the statue of Ramesses II, 152Saad Zaghloul mausoleum, 150

Nationalism in Italy, 195–196Nationalist murals, 69–71, 76, 80, 88–90Nationalist Party approach, 179National Museum of Aleppo, Syria, 172,

182–185Aleppo housing the Archaeological Society

(Jam‘iyyat al-‘Adiyyat), 182architectural design and renovations,

183–184façade replica of the Tell Halaf/Guzana

portico, 183

280 Subject Index

National Museum of Aleppo, Syria (cont.)first curated by Ploix de Retrou, 182focus on excavated materials from the north

alone, 183–185location, 182the Mandate, 182–183prehistoric, pre-Islamic, Hellenistic, and

Islamic material, 183National Museum of Damascus, 172,

174–183, 189National museums of Syria, map, 172National Trust, 126, 130National Vodun Day, 207, 209, 218–219Native American Graves Protection and

Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), 3, 6,13–14

Native American Indian, 6, 13Natural beauty of Albania, 120Nazca, Peru, 25Nazi death camps, 7Nedlaw Sculpture Forum, 241Neo-Pagans, 133New Acropolis Museum, 31, 159,

164–167blend of neoclassical and ancient

architecture, 167designed by Tschumi and Fotiadis, 164entrance, 165mirroring ancient and contemporary

architectural praxis, 164–165Parthenon gallery, 165–166

New direction in mural art, 85New millennium apprehensions, 10–29

heritage and politics, 24–28illegal antiquities, 13–15intangible heritage, 28–29local, national, and international

deployment, 20–24manufacture, marketing, and consumption,

10–13public outreach, 15–17value and UNESCO, 18–20

New World, 7, 72, 213, 215, 218New York City, 5, 7, 141, 153, 239, 248The New York Times, 14–15Niagara Falls, 145Nile River, 21Nine Years War, 1594–1603, 73“Nofri”, cultural symbol of Berlin, 147Norbulingka, 26Northern Albanian tribes, 118–120Northern vs. southern Albanian tribes,

119–120

OObama, Barack, 26Oblivion, 2, 18O’Connell, Daniel, 73Orange Order, 78Ordinance of 1835, 142, 153The Ornament of the World, 63Orthodoxy, Albania, 111, 114–117, 119–121Orti (gardens), 196Ortiz-Torres, Rubén, Mexican muralist,

86, 104Ottoman Empire, 24–25, 115, 119, 141, 157“Ouidah ’92”, 210, 212, 229Ouidah, Bénin, 206–215, 217–226, 228–229Outline of a Theory of Practice, 110

PPact of cUmar, ca. 637, 64The Palatine Hill, 196, 199, 202Palestinian intifada, 2001, 11Palmyra, excavations at (Syria), 176, l 178Pan-Indian activism, 27Papal States, 194–196Parade routes, Belfast, 78–79Parade season, 77–79, 83, 85, 100Paradigm shift, 1–9

Bruner and Gorfain analysis of Masada,1–2

dissonant heritage, 7Elmina Castle, 7evidence, 5

abused minority group claims, 5African burial ground, 5Colonial Williamsburg, 5–6Kennewick Man, 6

Handler’s study on Quebec, 2Herzfeld’s study on Greece, 2Lowenthal’s study on Western past, 2museums, 4Nazi death camps, 7

Paramilitary murals, 70, 72, 83–85, 95–96,100–101

Paranormal activity, see British ghost tourism,re-imagining the national past

Paranormal Channel, 126Parnell, Charles Stewart, 73“Partage”, 143–144, 147Parthenon Gallery, 165Parthenon Marbles, 155, 166–168

aquired by Lord Elgin, “Elgin Marbles”,157–158

canons of artistic supremacy, 158colonial hubris, 159–162

Subject Index 281

depicting European knowledge of ancientart and architecture, 158

folk stories of spirits living in sculpturesas human beings petrified bymagicians, 157–158

frieze, caryatid, metopes, parts of columns,pedimental figures, etc., 157

Greece now actively committed to limitantiquity theft, 163

Butrint return, statues of Artemis andApollo, 163

return of five other classical pieces in2003, 163

Greek claim for restitution, 158–159Britain’s refusal, 159diplomatic negotiations, 158–159Wilson’s arguments defending against,

160–161Greeks considered unworthy of cultural

heritage, 160–161, 163historical consciousness and national

identity, 156–157“missing link” of cultural past, 158nations, stakeholders, and memory,

162–163New Acropolis Museum, 164–166

blend of neoclassical and ancientarchitecture, 167

designed by Tschumi and Fotiadis, 164entrance, 165mirroring ancient and contemporary

architectural praxis, 164–165Parthenon gallery, 165–166reflection of the Parthenon on the main

gallery, 166Parthenon marbles, 157–158promoting co-operation between British

and Greek curatorship vs. claims ofownership, 166–168

re-creation of classical Greek withneoclassical architecturein Athens, 159

reverse archaeology, 163sacred and essential symbols, 160

The Past Is A Foreign Country, 2Peace Parks initiative, 33, 263–264Pearse, Patrick, 73Pedro I (Pedro the Cruel), 61–62Penal Laws, 73, 79, 87Pera/Beyoglu district, Istanbul, 24–25Permanent Committee of Antiquities, 143Petty, William, 1623–1687, 76

Pharaonic antiquities law and problems oftrade

Decree of 1869, 142Decree of 1891, 143encouraged by Mariette, 142–143Law 12 of 1897, 143Law 14 of 1912, 143Law 215 of 1951, 143Law of 1983, 142new law being drafted, 144Order of 1880, 142Ordinance of 1835, 142repatriation of objects, 144–145Schultz, Parry and Johnson involved in

illegal trade, 144Pharaonic past used as logos in stamps,

currency, newspaper mastheads,etc., 151

The Phoenicians, 26, 234Piano di Sistematizzazione della Zona

Monumentale Riservata di Roma(Management Plan for the ReservedMonumental Area of Rome), 199

Piano Regolatore Generale (PRG), 199–200,202

Piazza del Popolo, 199Piazza Venezia, 194–195, 200The Poetics and Politics of Museum

Display, 4Police Service of Northern Ireland

(PSNI), 86The Politics of Public Culture, 4Pompeii, discovery of, 197Popularity of ghosts, 125–126“The Portland Vase”, 159Potala Palace, 26Prayer hall, Cordoba Cathedral–Mosque, 52Prevalence of Irish language in republican

murals, 92–93PRG, see Piano Regolatore Generale

(PRG)Primitivist art, 244–245, 248Protestants, 30, 73–74, 93, 96–97, 100,

131, 133Protestants vs. Catholics, 30, 74–75Protestant Ascendency shaken in early

twentieth century, 73–74Protestant “theatrical calendar”, 79Provisional IRA, 80, 82Pseudoscience, 32, 130PSNI, see Police Service of Northern Ireland

(PSNI)Public Archaeology, 10

282 Subject Index

Public outreach, cultural heritage, 15–17African Americans, poorly served, 17Australian Aboriginal stakeholders, 16–17old, mud-coated sign, Harpers Ferry

National Park, 16

QQasr al-Hayr al Gharbi, Syria, 176, 178Qibla wall, Cathedral–Mosque, Cordoba,

52–53The Queen as an ultimate national symbol,

93, 135Queen of Sheba, 234

RRaqqa Museum, 172, 185–188

chronologically organized, 187evidenced by Tell Bı’a, 185exterior view, 186focuses on future growth and development,

187–188Korean War in 1950, resulting in cotton

cultivation, 186location, 185material being usurped by Aleppo or

Damascus Museums, 186–187migration of Syrians from Deir ez-Zor,

185–186model of future, 188origin and hierarchical establishments

down the ages, 185–186Raqqa, trading-post between Bedouin and

townspeople, 187Tabqa Dam Project, 186

Real IRA, 82, 103Re-contextualization, 171, 173, 189Red Hand Commandos, 82, 99Red Hand Defenders, 82“Red hand of Ulster”, mural, 98–99Reformation battles between Catholics and

Protestants, 131–133“Re-Imaging Communities Programme”,

Belfast, 95–96, 102Religion and nationalism contestation, 29–30

Bénin, West Africa, 30Catholics vs. Moslems, Spain, 29–30Catholics vs. Protestants, Ireland, 30

Religion and politics, Belfast, 75–77Religious conflicts in Britain, 131–133Religious prohibition and death penalty in

Albania, 117Relocation of physical structures in

Albania, 115Relocation of the statue of Ramesses II, 152

Removal of the Velia Hill for construction ofvia dell’Impero, 1932, 201

“Renovation and Reorganization of theNational Museum of Damascusand Rehabilitation of the Citadel ofDamascus”, Italy–Syria initiative,180–181

Repatriation, 14, 23–24, 31, 95, 144–147,149–150, 153, 155–168

Repatriation requestsby Africa for the Bénin bronzes, 163by Egypt for Rosetta Stone and bust of

Nefertiti, 163Greece’s claim for Parthenon Marbles,

158–159by Hungary for the Crown of

St. Stephen, 163Repository of ghosts (England), 136Republican

graffiti, 80movement, 73, 86, 104murals/muralists, 73, 77, 80–81, 85–92, 96,

98, 104Republic of Macedonia, 26Restitution, see RepatriationRetribalization and radical reorientation in

Albania, 121Reverse archaeology, 163Revolutionary War-era Virginia, 6Rhodesia, see Zimbabwean sculptorsRhodesia Herald, 238Rhodes National Gallery, see National Gallery

of Zimbabwe“The Rokeby Venus”, 159Roman and Byzantine influence in

Cordoba, 52Roman Forum, 199, 202Roman ghosts, 130Rosetta Stone, 14, 30–31

debate of ownership, 146discovered and taken by Napoleon’s

soldiers, 145request for repatriation, 146seized and shifted to the British Museum

after French defeat, 145translation of scripts written

on, 145–146“Route of the Maya” tours, 27Royal palace of Daagbo Hounon,

207Royal Tombs of Sipán Museum, Peru, 11Royal Uester Constabulary (RUC), 86Ruta Maya, 11, 27

Subject Index 283

SSAA Bulletin, 6Saad Zaghloul mausoleum, 150Sabratha, 26Sadat, President Anwar, 151Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural

Heritage, 233, 240, 253San Biritute (precolumbian Ecuadorian carved

monolith), 23Sarajevo, Albania, 117Saudi Arabia, 28“Saving Sites By Transforming Lives”, 20Scots–Ulster Presbyterians, 77Sculpture at Tengenenge on pedestals, forest

artwork, 236Sculpture industry and politics (Rhodesia),

237–239Sectarian military activity, Belfast, 82Select Committee of the House of

Commons, 157Selective erosion, 2September 11 attack, 11, 95Service des Antiquités, 1920, 176, 183Settlers attracted by industrial revolution,

Belfast, 74Seville, 54–55, 57Shala people, Albania, 118–120Shala Valley Project (SVP), 118, 122Shambles, York, 127, 134, 138Shankill Road, 75, 80, 83–84, 94, 99Shipment of Catholics as slaves, 72Shkodër, Albania, 119–120Shona sculpture, 31–32, 234, 237, 241–242,

245, 248–250, 252–253Siege of Derry, 1689, 77–78Slave coast, 206The Slave Route, Bénin, West Africa

authenticity, 223–227authority, 226–227originality, 225–226verisimilitude, 224–225

memory, social constructions of, 205–208African American tourists exploring

through “roots tourism”, 206–207“Black Atlantic”, 206enslaved Africans at Elmina Castle, 208Kérékou rule discouraging tourists,

206–207National Vodun Day, 207Ouidah, formerly the largest slaving

port, 207royal palace of Daagbo Hounon, 207slave sites, 206

slaves ported mainly to Brazil, 208slave traders, 208trans-Atlantic slave trade, 207Vodun, attracting tourists, 207

past events and present disruptions,221–223

heritage ownership, 222tourist-guide frustrations, 222–223

performing the Slave Route, 210–219“auction block”, 211–212, 220Dantissa, auction block, 211–212de Souza’s barracoons, 214, 220Door of No Return, 217–218emotional rememberings of the past,

218–220Mass Grave Memorial, 220sculptures, 212–214Tree of Forgetting, 213Tree of Return, 215–217, 220village of Zoungbodji, 213–214,

220–221Zomaï, 214–215, 220–221

Slave Route Project, 208–210local government and UNESCO

support, 208–209Vodun, tourist attraction, 209–210

Slave Route Project, Bénin, West Africa,208–210

Soapstone bunker ashtrays in Albania, 116The Social Life of Things, 223Society for American Archaeology, 6Spas, 63“Spirit Ancestor”, sculptural artwork, 242Spoliation, 52, 173, 189St. Lawrence Island, 14St. Louis Art Museum, 145St. Margaret of York, 134Stone houses (zimbabwes), 233–234, 240Stone sculpture industry, 234, 236, 240, 252St. Patrick’s Cathedral, Belfast, 100Superiority of science over religion, 128–129Supreme Council of Antiquities, 144–145,

145, 151, 153Sventramenti (gutting), 201–202SVP, see Shala Valley Project (SVP)Sykes–Picot agreement, 171Symbolism in murals, 96Synagogue of Dura Europus, 178Syria, national museums in, 171–172

future progress and modernity, 188–190history of, 171–174

colonization by the Ottomans andFrench, 171

284 Subject Index

Syria, national museums (cont.)declared as sovereign nation in 1946,

171, 174foreign expeditions tapping Syria’s

antiquities, 172museums, vehicle of knowledge and

identity, 174museum system originated by

nationalist intellectuals, 171map showing locations of national

museums, 172National Museum of Damascus

al-majma‘al-‘ilmi al-‘arabi (ArabAcademy), 175

Ba’th Party, 180Bloc Party and Nationalist Party

approach, 179Classical and Byzantine material, 177,

179–180community outreach activities, 180–181Damascene Hall, 177, 179Damascus, one of world’s oldest cities

and capital of Syrian ArabRepublic, 174

discovery and excavation, 176focus on Islamic material, 175–176French Mandate, 1918–1946, 174, 176Great Rebellion of 1925–1927, 176High Commissioner’s decrees of 1926

and 1928, shifting control of ArabAcademy under Frenchdirection, 176

Italy–Syria initiative, 180–181location, 175Madrasa al ‘Adiliya, 175printed guide, 1952, 179sculpture garden, café, and gift shop,

180Service des Antiquités, 1920, 176spatial inadequacy resulting in

construction of new building,176–177

synagogue of Dura Europus, 178tourist audiences, 180–181

regional museums, 181–188National Museum of Aleppo, 182–185Raqqa Museum, 185–188

Sykes–Picot agreement, 171

TTabqa Dam Project, 186Tadrart Acacus, 26“Taigs”, 104

Technoscience spirituality, 137Tell el-Amarna, 147Tell Halaf/Guzana portico, façade

replica of, 183Temple of Dagun, wall mural, 210Temple of Hatshepsut, 20Temples in Albania, 115Terrorism, 30, 55, 70, 81, 83, 85–87, 95, 101Text, Play and Story: The Construction and

Reconstruction of Self andSociety, 1

Theth, Albania, 120Tiber River, 199Tiwanaku, 23, 26Tolerance, British, 134–135Tomb of Seti I, 144Tone, Theobald Wolfe, 73Totalitarian dictatorship in Albania, 116, 121Tourist art, 242–245, 247–249, 253“Tourist/tribal art”, 244–245Trading of guns and ammunitions in

Albania, 120Traditional art, 32, 121, 178, 189, 237, 240,

242, 244–245, 250, 263Trajan, 199, 202Trans-Atlantic slave trade, 206–207, 209–210,

214, 217, 219–220, 224–225,227–229

Treaty by Ibn cAsakir, 64Treaty of Tudmir, 713, 64Tree of Forgetting, Slave Route, Bénin, 213,

215–216, 223Tree of Return, Slave Route, Bénin, 215–217,

220, 225Tribal councils in Albania, 121Tribal oral customary law code, Albania,

118, 121Tribal system in Shala, almost extinct due to

communism, 120“Triumph of defeat”, 80“The Troubles”, 69, 74, 77, 79–80Tuatha de Danann, 90Tudor and Cromwellian reconquests, 72Turkey, 2, 8, 24–25, 157, 161, 176, 185

UUCLA, University of California at Los Angeles

(UCLA)UDA, see Ulster Defense Association (UDA)UDR, see Ulster Defense Regiment (UDR)UFF, see Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF)Ulster Defense Association (UDA), 82, 84–85,

89, 94, 98–99, 101, 104

Subject Index 285

Ulster Defense Regiment (UDR), 82, 97Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF), 79, 82, 84, 99“Ulster People Take Stand Against Republican

Tyranny”, 97Ulster Scots, 93–95, 99Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), 82, 85, 94,

98–99Ulster Young Militants (UYM), 82, 99Umayyad dynasty, 51–52, 174, 177, 185UNESCO, 4, 7, 10, 13, 15, 18–20, 22, 24,

26–30, 33–35, 58, 147, 158,162–163, 182, 208–209, 217,222–224, 226–229, 233, 240–241,250, 253, 264

UNESCO’s promulgations1970 Convention for the Protection of

Antiquities, 1631972 Convention Concerning the

Protection of the World Cultural andNatural Heritage, 18

2001 Universal Declaration on CulturalDiversity, 28, 264

2002 Universal Declaration on CulturalDiversity, 162

2003 Convention for the Safeguarding ofthe Intangible Heritage, 28, 264

Unionists, 77, 98, 100Union Jack, 78, 80, 93, 100United Irishmen, 73, 104United States Congress, 3United States Government Services

Administration (GSA), 5Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity,

2001, 28, 162, 264University of California at Los Angeles

(UCLA), 20UVF, see Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF)UYM, see Ulster Young Militants (UYM)

VValley of the Kings, Luxor, Egypt, 20Value and UNESCO, 18–20

Mexico, heritage sites, 19–20Pressouyre’s contradiction, 18protecting buildings vs. human values, 19“universal” authority, contestation, 20World Heritage Convention, 18World Heritage List, 19World Heritage Sites, 18–19

Vatican museum, 196–197, 202Via dei Fori Imperiali, 201–202Via della Conciliazione, 202Via dell’Impero, 200–201

Vikings, 99, 131–133, 135–136Village of Zoungbodji, Bénin, 213–217,

220–222Visigothic and Roman materials, Cordoba, 57Visoko, Bosnia, 32, 117–118Vodun, 30, 207, 209–212, 218–219, 229Vodun Dagun, priest, 211Voussoirs, Cathedral–Mosque of Cordoba,

52–53

WWAC, see World Archaeological Congress

(WAC)Walk of Repentance, Bénin, 209–210Wall mural, temple of Dagun, 210Wiccans, 133Wierdos, 8William III of Orange (King Billy), 1650–1702,

73, 78“Witchdoctor”, sculptural artwork, 242World Archaeological Congress (WAC),

2–4, 35World Heritage Centre, 19World Heritage Convention, 4, 18–19, 34World Heritage List (WHL), 7, 18–19, 26, 34World Heritage Sites, 8, 18–19, 22–23, 25–26,

59, 222, 240World Monuments Fund, 20World-systems theory, 119World War I, 144, 173–174, 197World War II, 116, 147, 179, 201, 203

YYale University, 14YCV, see Young Citizens’ Volunteers (YCV)York, most haunted city in the world (BBC

report), 125–127, 129–134,136, 138

York Minster, 127, 138Young Citizens’ Volunteers (YCV), 82Yucatán Peninsula, 21

ZZellij tile and cusped arches, spas Alhambra

style in Cordoba, 63Zimbabwean sculptural heritage

art market complications, 242–244codified cultural heritage, 240–241fine art vs. ethnographic art debate,

239–240cultural heritage linking modern and

ancient artwork, 239–240McEwen’s support and failings, 239

heritage not carved in stone, 250–253

286 Subject Index

Zimbabwean sculptural heritage (cont.)historical background, 233–236

British colonial period, 234–235called Rhodesia before independence,

234–236flourishing center, 233–234Shona civilization, 234soapstone birds stolen by Europeans,

234–235struggle for indigenous nationalism,

236Unilateral Declaration of Independence

(UDI), 235–236UN sanctions, 235–236

modernism vs. postmodernism, 248–249modernism vs. tradition, 244–248ruins of Great Zimbabwe, 233–234

sculpture industry and politics, 237–239artistic battle for legitimacy, 238criticism of contemporary stone

sculpture, 2381962 First International Congress of

African Culture in Rhodesia, 237key component, 237McEwen’s support and failings,

237–239, 241Parliamentary debates over closure of

National Gallery, 238Zimbabwean stone sculpture movement, 233,

238, 240–243, 250Zimbabwe: Talking Stones (TV documentary),

237Zomaï, 214–215, 220Zomaï enclosure, 214–215