AUL/AAS Sound & Stage/Stagecraft Intro to PA’s - Small PA.
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Transcript of AUL/AAS Sound & Stage/Stagecraft Intro to PA’s - Small PA.
PAPAstands for
Public AddressNOT Parents Association,
Port Authority or Pennsylvania
IN THE PRODUCTION WORLD…
Lo-Z – Low Impedance
Hi-Z – High Impedance
Impedance is a measure of
resistance.
IN THE PRODUCTION WORLD…
EQ stands for
EQUALIZE or EQUALIZER
An EQUALIZER allows you to
CUT ( - ) or BOOST ( + ) the
frequencies of an audio signal
IN THE PRODUCTION WORLD…
Venue
Means the site, place,
location, scene, setting or
spot where an event is.
The word venue derives from the Latin
venire (to come), and implies a place
that people come to.
IN THE PRODUCTION WORLD…
Transducer
A transducer is a device,
usually that converts one
type of energy or physical
attribute to another.
IN THE PRODUCTION WORLD…
ElectroacousticThe conversion of sound
into electricity and vice
versa, as in a microphone or
a speaker.
Electro: Electricity + Acoustic: having to do
with hearing or with sound as it is heard
IN THE PRODUCTION WORLD…
i.e. (id est) is a Latin phrase
meaning ‘that is’
"That is (to say)" in the sense of "that
means" and "which means", or "in
other words", or sometimes "in this
case", depending on the context
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
e.g. (exempli gratia ) is a Latin
phrase meaning 'for the sake of
example'
Usually shortened in English to 'for
example'. Often confused with id est
(i.e.).
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
A public address or "PA" system
is an electronic amplification
system used to reinforce a given
sound, e.g., a person making a
speech, prerecorded music, or
message, and distributing the sound
throughout a venue.
Public address systems typically
consist of input sources,
preamplifiers and/or signal routers,
amplifiers, control and monitoring
equipment, and loudspeakers.
Input sources refer to the
microphones and CD Players that
provide a sound input for the
system.
There is some disagreement over
when to call these audio systems
Sound Reinforcement (SR)
systems or PA systems.
Some audio engineers distinguish
between the two by technology
and capability, while others
distinguish by intended use, e.g.
SR systems are for live music,
while PA systems are usually for
reproduction of speech and
recorded music in buildings and
institutions.
Small systems
The simplest PA systems consist
of a microphone, a modestly-
powered mixer-amplifier (which
incorporates a mixer and an
amplifier in a single cabinet) and
one or more loudspeakers.
Small systems cont.
Simple PA systems of this type,
often providing 50 to 200 watts of
power, are often used in small
venues such as school
auditoriums, churches, and small
bars.
Large venue systems
For popular music concerts, a
more powerful and more
complicated PA System is used to
provide live sound reproduction.
Large venue systems cont.
In a concert setting, there are
typically two complete PA systems:
the "main" system and the
"monitor" system.
Each system consists of microphones,
a mixing board, sound processing
equipment, amplifiers, and speakers.
Large venue systems cont.
The "main" system (also known as
"Front of House", commonly
abbreviated FOH), which provides
the amplified sound for the
audience, will typically use a
number of powerful amplifiers
driving a range of large, heavy-duty
loudspeakers.
Large venue systems cont.
A large club may use amplifiers to
provide 1000 to 2000 watts of
power to the "main" speakers; an
outdoor concert may use 10,000
or more watts.
Large venue systems cont.
The "monitor" system reproduces
the sounds of the performance
and directs them towards the
onstage performers (typically
using wedge-shaped monitor
speaker cabinets), to help them to
hear the instruments and vocals.
Large venue systems cont.
The monitor system in a large club
may use amplifiers to provide 500
to 1000 watts of power to the
"monitor" speakers; at an outdoor
concert, there may be several
thousand watts of power going to
the monitor system.
Large venue systems cont.
At a concert in which live sound
reproduction is being used, sound
engineers and technicians control
the mixing boards for the "main"
and "monitor" systems, adjusting
the tone, levels, and overall
volume of the performance.
Power amplifiers
Power amplifiers boost a signal
level and provide current to drive a
loudspeaker. Generally, an
amplifier or simply amp, is any
device that changes, usually
increases, the amplitude of a
signal.
Mixer
In professional audio, a mixing
console, or audio mixer, also called
a board, soundboard, or desk is an
electronic device for combining
(also called "mixing"), routing, and
changing the level, timbre and/or
dynamics of audio signals.
Mixer cont.
A mixer can mix analog or digital
signals, depending on the type of
mixer. The modified signals
(voltages or digital samples) are
summed to produce the combined
output signals.
Speaker
A loudspeaker (or "speaker") is an
electroacoustic transducer that
converts an electrical signal into
sound.
Speaker cont.
The speaker pulses in accordance
with the variations of an electrical
signal and causes sound waves to
propagate through a medium such
as air or water.