3 Andersson, Jonas E.

4 Chupin, Jean-Pierre

5 Crossman, Camille

6 Cucuzzella, Carmela

7 Griffiths, Gareth

8 Guilherme, Pedro

8 Rocha, João

9 Hasu, Eija

10 Helal, Bechara

11 Hoffmavnn-Kuhnt, Thomas

11 Huovinen, Katja

12 Jasper, Michael

12 Kalakoski, Iida

13 Katsakou, Antigoni

14 Kervinen, Jokinen

14 Laitinen, Karitta

15 Lenne, Loïse

15 Liang, Zheng

16 de Lima, Fabio

17 Luusua, Anna

18 Manzoni, Beatrice

19 Maununaho, Katja

20 Menon, Carlo

22 Merenmies, Eija

23 Metsälä, Teemu

24 Newton, Clare

25 Newton, Clare

26 Parreno, Christian

27 Pihlajaniemi, Henrika

28 Poutanen, Jenni

29 Psilopoulos, Angelos

30 Pulkkinen, Katri-Liisa

31 Rönn, Magnus

32 Zriba Souha

33 Svensson, Charlotte

34 Säter, Monica

34 Tiitola-Meskanen, Tuuli

35 Tostrup, Elisabeth

36 Tähtinen, Sari

37 Vesikansa, Kristo

38 Österlund, Toni

39 Östman, Leif

Abstracts:

3

Andersson, Jonas E.

Architect SAR/MSA, Ph D Danish Building Research Institute Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark

Afiliated with the Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden Email: joa@sbi.aau.dk or jonas.andersson@arch.kth.se

Abstract

In Sweden, architectural competitions with a focus on space for dependent senior persons have regularly been arranged. Competitions in 1907, 1948 and in 1979 were used to challenge contemporary architectural thinking concerning space for ageing, and to generate spatial requirements for an up-coming reform of

society’s responsibility vis-à-vis the senior part of the population. Recently, a set of three architectural competitions was realized as an implementation of the governmental program “Living well, growing old.” This initiative was launched by the Swedish government in 2010 with the clear intention of innovating architectural planning for the dawning society with a large proportion of senior citizens. Brought together, these competitions demonstrate the use of architectural competitions as a socio-political instrument in order

to reform the current welfare regime.This study explores in detail the programming documentation (the competition brief and the jury report) of the three historical competitions of the 20th century. This work will illuminate the working hypothesis of this paper: Programming documentation of architecture competitions cannot be seen as a mere list of functional requirements that the architects are supposed to illustrate, but as the spatial parameters of the

organizer’s socio-political vision of the appropriate welfare regime. The architecture competition supply arguments for forth- coming guidelines that will be consistent with the paradigms in welfare regimes concerning the appropriate space for ageing. The study lends support to an overarching conclusion that architecture encapsulates a structuring grain that could be used to realize ideologies about human space.

Keywords: architecture competitions, architecture for ageing, eldercare, old people’s home, nursing home,

residential care home.

Architectural competitions and the welfare state; three competitions as innovators of architectural space for dependent and frail older people

4

Chupin, Jean-Pierre

Questioning the Correlation Bet ween International Competitions and Multicultural Politics Through a Comparative Survey of Canadian Competitions (1988-2012)

Ph.D. Profess or and director of the Research Chair on Com petitions and Contemporary Practices in Architecture at the University of Montreal, Canada.

Abstract:

Through a research program conducted at the University of Montreal Research Chair on Competitions and Contemporary Practices in Architecture (www.crc.umontreal.ca), we underline some contradictory perceptions related to international competitions as they can logically be seen as signs of “opening to the world” and potential instruments of multicultural politics. In this paper we focus on the role of international competitions in a multipolar world differing from the bipolar one of post World War II competitions exempliied by the history of the Union Internationale des Architectes from the 1950’s to the 197 0’s. In the Canadian context, as revealed by our database (the Canadian Competition Catalogue, www.ccc.umontreal.ca), there has been a signiicant increase in the numb er of international competitions since the adoption of the Canadian Multiculturalism Act in 1988. How are we to interpret this correlation? By primarily considering competitions as indicators and not yet as instruments of political orientation, we have analysed 39 international competitions organised in Canada since 1988. Combining comparative and hermeneutical analysis of oficial and media discourses we can identify 4 categories of international competitions distinguishing igures and intentions related to ideas competitions and project competitions, cultural building and their relationship to national and provincial politics. We also distinguish landscape architecture and urban design programs as they point to the role of touristic policies and/or municipal marketing and we end up by locating a series of recent “green” housing competitions displaying a tens ion between traditional globalisation and environmental globalisation. Amongst these various polarities, remains the search for architectural identity in the complexity of our postmodern cultures.

Keywords: International Competitions, Globalisation, Op en Competitions, Restricted Competitions,

National Politics, Multicultu ralism, Canada, Union Internationale des Architectes (UIA), Canadian

Competitions Catalogue

5

Crossman, Camille

Judging architectural quality: the role of the quality criteria in the judgment process of architectural competition.

Ph.D. candidate in Architecture École d’architecture, Université de Montréal L.E.A.P (Laboratoire d›étude de l›architecture potentielle) 2940, chemin de la Côte Sainte-Catherine, bur.2076 Montréal, QC, H3T 1B9, CANADA tel: 514-343-6111 ext.1095 www.leap.umontreal.ca

Abstract:

This paper is written as a part of my doctoral thesis research, which proposes to analyze how the concept of architectural quality is deined, operationalized and judged in the speciic situation of contemporary architectural competitions. As Peter Collins (1971) has posed the question in Architectural Judgement, our general research question could be summarized by how can architectural quality be judged?1During the judgment process, the submissions are evaluated by a jury, in regard of the desired quality deined by the criteria of the competition’s rulebook. In order to nominate one winning project, the members of the jury must build a collective judgment (Chupin, 2011)2. At the end of the jury’s process, the judgment is summarized and articulated by the enunciation of a series of arguments in the jury report. The laureate project is then announced and critiqued by the public the journalist’s community.Considering the complexity of architectural judgment’s problematic in the architectural competition context, this article will focus on one speciic aspect: the quality criteria. The quality criteria represent one of the most tangible data available to study of architectural judgment. They are generally divided into six main categories: aesthetic, functional, technical, social, economic and environmental (Nicolas, 2007)3. But what is the effective role of the judgment criteria in the juries of architectural competition? How are they used? Do they, and if so, how do they contribute to the relexive process?In order to propose an hypothesis to this question, this article will be focused on the analysis of the quality criteria and the judgment process of two contemporary architectural competitions held in Québec (Canada) in 2010 and 2011 that we had the opportunity to observe. In summary, the proposed paper raises the following question: what is the role of the quality criteria on the judgment process and on the construction of the architectural judgment?

Keywords: Architecture, competition, qualitative judgment, architectural quality, quality criteria

6

Cucuzzella, Carmela

Use and Abuse of Environmental Norms in the Competition: Case Studies from Canadian Architectural Competition 2008-2011

PhD Assistant Professor, Design and Computation Arts Department, Faculty of Fine Arts, Concordia

University. Associate Researcher, Laboratoire d’étude de l’architecture potentielle (LEAP), l’Université de Montréal carmela.cucuzzella@concordia.ca

Abstract

This paper is part of an on-going research program studying the opportunities, paradoxes and counter-productive effects of environmental norms and certiications on design and on the quality of public spaces. If globally, architects, landscape and urban designers have always felt concerned about the repercussions of their projects on the environment, society and culture, they now face, paradoxically, a plethora of quantitative assessment tools, methods or norms (requiring expertise) which play a signiicant and decisive role regarding their projects. Today, we are witnessing this particularity in the competition process, where a series of unexpected practices and/or effects related to these norms and certiications is emerging (i.e.: unexpected shortcomings of actual environmental).In the Canadian context, with the introduction of a nation-wide environmental certiication system in 2003 (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design – LEED), there is still far too little research on how such certiications are impacting the quality of the built environment, and even less so on the practices related to the competition situation. In this paper, we ask whether environmental norms and certiications are irst, being indiscriminately used in the competition context, second, if and how these norms may exacerbate tensions in the competition, and inally, we suggest a model that has been used outside the context of competitions to articulate the complexity in design thinking in the context of sustainability. We show how this model operates in the Canadian context by analyzing 4 competition cases with cultural programs launched between 2008-2011.

Keywords: Design for sustainability, environmental norms, qualitative judgment, precautionary principle,

architectural competitions

7

Grifiths, Gareth

No competition – Warped educational strategies in simulation of practice

Tampere University of Technology

Abstract

The following paper is an account of a short contemporary experiment based on a project for a site in San Francisco made in 1978 at the University of California under the direction of Christopher Alexander and his associates. Alexander et al had used the project to demonstrate what they termed a “new theory of urban design” based on bottom-up incrementalism rather than a top-down master plan. In a greatly reduced formulation of the project, students in Tampere, Finland, were initially kept in the dark about Alexander’s theory, method and results and were asked to generate ideas as in a typical urban design project. But rather than choose designs deemed “most appropriate to the theory”, as Alexander argued, as if in an architectural competition (which is how the students partly viewed the exercise), partly random or warped ideas resulting from rationally made decisions were chosen which the students then had to react to in the next stage. The point of the experiment was to demonstrate how urban plans evolve or devolve – while at the same time addressing the theoretical-ideological stances of the students which they previously had not articulated. The question of “ideology” brought up the issue addressed in recent times by David Harvey (following Lefebvre) about the “right to the city” within the current dominant neoliberal urbanization process.

Keywords: Urban design, incrementalism, Christopher Alexander, competition, ideology, David Harvey,

neoliberalism, ethics

8

Guilherme, Pedro, Architect, M.Eng., PhD StudentRocha, João, Arch, Ph.D

Architectural Competitions As A Lab : A Study On Souto De Moura’s Competitions Entries

CHAIA (Centre for Art History and Artistic Research) - Évora University, Palácio do Vimioso, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-809 Évora, (+351) 266706581, www.chaia.uevora.pt/en

CIDEHUS (Centro Interdisciplinar de História, Culturas e Sociedades ), Évora University, Palácio do Vimioso, Apartado 94, 7002-554 Évora, (+351) 266706581, http://www.cidehus.uevora.pt/

Abstract

International competitions relect architect’s personal design beyond controlled systems of social relations, comfort zones, age, gender or even expertise, in a fast risky sublimation process. At the same time they generate publicity and a public recognition which may surpasses the investments in time, energy and inancial resources.Based on the work of the 2011 Pritzker laureate - Portuguese architect Eduardo Souto de Moura – we put forward the hypothesis that international competitions act as an intersection between research and practice emerged through the nature of individual architecture. Souto de Moura follows Alvaro Siza Vieira and the Oporto School applied practice. From 1979 to 2010 he submitted 50 competition entries, more than half international, of which 26 competitions were completed between 2007 and 2010.International competitions, besides acting as a refraction of a working method for a speciic proposal act as an important resource for personal relective practice and are seldom collected, compiled or jointly analysed.This paper will collect, document and outline the epistemology of the professional practice associated to the phenomenon of internationalization of this Portuguese architect. We will illustrate two competitions - “Salzburg Hotel” (1987-89) and “The Bank” (1993) - and one built project in Oporto - “Burgo Tower” (1991-95 Phase 1; 2003-04 Phase 2; 2007 Construction) - that share a progression of methodological imagery, clarity and innovation from the initial immateriality towards the built form.Souto de Moura’s work relentlessly and repeatedly searches for the solution that serves the program and the task at hand taking risks and challenges as stimulation for creativity, conveying relection in theory and culture and, at the same time, remaining obsessive towards speciic themes. Souto de Moura is permanently a scientist in a lab: satisfying client’s needs (or as acting as one), creating beauty, elegance and solving riddles, thus addressing competitions with qualiied rhetoric.We conclude proposing that competitions provide a theoretical corpus of knowledge, besides what is speciic and unique to each one individually, which infer the existence of an overlapping and intertwined complex system of projects. Consequently, competitions constitute an optimised interface for the continuity of research for the architectural author where design statements put forward in proposals transcend the boundaries of the competition.

Keywords: Architectural Research, Competitions, Eduardo Souto de Moura, Portugal

9

Hasu, Eija

Urban Planning for Social Sustainability: The Residents’ View

PhD candidate, M.Sc. (landscape arch.), M.Sc. (econ.) Department of Architecture, Aalto University eija.hasu@aalto.i / gsm +358.40.8456578 Aija Staffans Senior Research Fellow, D.Sc. (tech.) Land Use Planning and Urban Studies Group Department of Surveying and Planning, Aalto University aija.staffans@aalto.i / gsm +358.40.5164142

Abstract

During the last decades, sustainability as a planning goal has invited academic interest broadly. However, this goal has been regarded as challenging. Social sustainability as such has been associated to human well-being and quality of life, yet sustainability research has implied that the practice tends to emphasize ecological and economic aspects of sustainability, leaving social sustainability into shadows.Social sustainability as a concept, but also as a design principle, was examined as part of MODEL2020- project appointed by the three major land-owners and developers in Kirkkonummi, Finland. During the research project, a total of 39 household interviews were conducted. The focal point of the interview study was to understand, in what ways aspects of social sustainability are recognisable in the inhabitant housing practices. The aim was based on the developers’ research agenda aiming to implement social sustainability into design principles. Additionally, this article investigates whether the residential viewpoint of sustainability results in different interpretations of social sustainability in comparison with the more established deinitions of social sustainability, especially in the ield of urban planning.In terms of residential satisfaction and dimensions of social sustainability, the sense of place as well as the sense of community was identiied as of major importance, amongst the need for participation and involvement. Even though the factors might be perceived as self-evident, they seldom are integrated into the planning discourse and principles. Furthermore, a change in perspective from institution to dweller’s approach indicated a wide-ranging dispersion in the interpretations of social sustainability. If the different approaches are kept separately, social sustainability will remain a theoretical concept, isolated from the pragmatic planning.

Keywords: social sustainability, sustainable planning, housing preferences, institutional perspective,

dwellers’ perspective

10

Helal, Bechara

A Collective Brain in the Grey Zone of ArchitectureThe Hybridization of Research and Design in the Architectural Laboratory

PhD candidate in Architecture School of Architecture, Université de Montréal Research Chair on Competitions and Contemporary Practices in Architecture (www.crc.umontreal.ca) Laboratoire d’Étude de l’Architecture Potentielle (www.leap.umontreal.ca) bechara.helal@umontreal.ca

Abstract

Architecture as a discipline has often been described as an opposition between design and practice on one side and research and theory on the other. This opposition mirrors the distinction between the goals of professional designers and those of academic researchers: whereas the former produce architectural projects in their design studios, the latter use the architectural project as an object of study in order to produce new theoretical knowledge in their research groups. Seemingly different from the design studio and the research group, a new type of workspace has been appearing in the ield architecture: the architectural laboratory.Starting with the hypothesis that the architectural laboratory can be linked to the scientiic laboratory and is therefore a place of pure research that can be only found within an academic context, this paper will study this recently emerging model by putting it in relation with the two apparently incompatible activities that are research and design. We will probe the hybrid nature of the practices at the heart of the architectural laboratories by considering cases from both the professional and the academic contexts. One case is the Laboratory for Visionary Architecture (LAVA), a contemporary architectural practice. The second case is the Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation (GSAPP) at Columbia University where a large number of laboratories have been set up. Through a description of the activities of these laboratories, we will show how this emerging model is an indicator of a tightening interrelation of the once distinct practices of research and design.

Keywords: laboratory, workspace, research, design, knowledge, discipline

11

Hoffmann-Kuhnt, Thomas

The balancing act between historicism and monument preservation in some international competitions in Germany

Dipl. Ing. Chief Editor and Founder of the journal wa wettbewerbe aktuell

Introduction

Visiting a town for the irst time I would always go irst to its historic part. Here it reveals its true character – and each town has a different one! Much of the history is explained by the traces of its founders, by the grown urban structure and by the facades of the historic buildings. Intuitively one is allocating a building function to the facades: they are (so to speak) the interface between observer and functions – they are the face.Whenever I revisit this town, I will normally right away recognize it, if its character could be maintained. Many new town extensions are nondescript and interchangeable. Very often they don ́t have their own distinctive character. Utopian new buildings from star architects can add a landmark or signature building, but they can never give the town its own unique character.

Huovinen, Katja

Nowadays life in the Cities of Past: (re)inhabiting the Historic Urban Space

Aalto University

khuovinen@tiscali.it

Abstract

The aim of this article is to analyze how a historic urban space can meet the needs of nowadays life, and still maintain it’s liveliness and authenticity. All the actors don’t see the historic urban space in the same way; some conlict can be detected between the utilitarian and the idealized space and even commonly used arguments for and against the urban conservation. I’ve identiied some critical points like abandonment and decay, the decrease of the number of inhabitants, the loss of an identity or the role in the life of surrounding

(modern) city, the changes in the division between public and private space, heavy-handed and authenticity-threatened renovation. After scanning the most common causes for conlict, I try to analyze what kind of value is attached to heritage goods in all the three cases.

Keywords: Old Rauma, Sassi di Matera, Visby, urban conservation, sustainability, heritage economics,

World Heritage

12

Jasper, Michael

Practicing Close Reading with Peter Eisenman and the Case of Terragni

Assistant Professor in Architecture University of Canberra ACT 2600 Australia michael.jasper@canberra.edu.au

Abstract

This paper examines the methods and reach of Peter Eisenman’s work on historical phenomenon through the ilter of his writings on Giuseppe Terragni. Focus is given to understanding the range of architectural ideas underlying Eisenman’s decades long engagement. It addresses topics in The Future of the Past session, suggesting that certain approaches to the history of architecture can advance the practice and theory of

architecture.An opening proposition is that Eisenman’s analytical styles oscillate around inner processes of design and that consequent or contingent architectural effects cannot be described as a single, linear, evolution. General questions informing the larger context for the work include: Is one analytical style or manner a more pure, more direct method of historical analysis, more ideal or identical to the object of study? What are the differences among the writings in terms of the theories of composition and spatial effect revealed? How might such methods of analysing works from architecture’s recent past inform contemporary practice?

Keywords: architecture, history, practice, form, space, Peter Eisenman, Giuseppe Terragni

Kalakoski, Iida

Patina: Material Aging as an Experiential Factor in Architecture

M. ArchTampere University of Technology

Abstract

This paper approaches material aging as a process of built environment that affects not only on material durability but also on the experiential values of the architectural entity. The aim of this paper is to study and re- evaluate the vague concept of patina by examining different approaches towards it. The concept of patina might be deined technically, visually or in an experiential way. Examining different values of patina enables to create theoretical basis to its invocation in architectural design and restoration.’

Keywords: material aging, decay, patina, abrasion, experiential values, surface

13

Katsakou, Antigoni

The Competition Generation

The case study of young professionals emerging in the architectural scene of Switzerland through the process framework of housing competitions

(Architect, PhD)Research Afiliate, EPFL / Bartlett School of Graduate Studies

Abstract

Switzerland is one of the European countries with the longest tradition in competition organizing; since the mid-nineties the systematic organization of competitions that aimed at the construction of new collective housing complexes and the renovation of existing ones has produced an impressive variety of urban building forms and apartment types. It has equally established an important and clear link between the competitions’ process framework and the quest for qualitative design in the housing sector of the market.The article proposes an analysis of this framework from the point of view of its signiicance for the younger professionals. During the last ifteen years, period in which housing competitions are systematically promoted by State services as quality-guarantee procedures, a whole new generation of architects, currently in their thirties or early forties, emerges from the competitions’ background. The importance of competitions for younger professionals has often been discussed in the international bibliography; the contemporary Swiss architectural scene seems to conirm such arguments and to provide a speciic case-study of a country where a signiicant number of architects become increasingly well-known through competition awards, acquired equally in less ‘radiant’ competition procedures, such as the ones usually concerning residential

construction.

Keywords: competitions, housing, Swiss architecture, young professionals

14

Kervinen, Minttu, M.Sc. (Arch.), School of Architecture, Tampere University of Technology. P.O. Box 600, 33101 Tampere, Finland. minttu.kervinen(at)tut.iJokinen, Ari, PhD (Admin.), School of Management, 33014 University of Tampere, Finland. ari.jokinen(at)uta.iSeppälä, Maria, M.Sc. (Admin.), School of Social Sciences and Humanities, 33014 University of Tampere, Finland. maria.e.seppala(at)uta.i.

Built/green boundaries as a source of human-ecological urban dynamics

Abstract

The prevailing theories and practices of planning and design uphold strict boundaries between the built and green parts of a city. We analysed these boundaries as potential sources of urban natures and human well-being using a multidisciplinary approach. Our study area, a large forested recreational area in the middle of two suburban settlements, is located in the city of Tampere, Finland. We used ethnographic walks along the built/green boundaries to gather data on physical artefacts for analysis of adjacent residents’ everyday practices at the boundary. Our indings suggest that as boundary-makers urban residents may signiicantly affect urban environments as they enact, change, and propel hybrid forms of urban development that blur

the distinction between built and green parts of a city. We found three hybrid dimensions of urban nature enacted by residents: extended territoriality, hybrid ecologies, and rhizomes of paths, which function simultaneously and transform the qualities of the boundary. We conclude that boundary dynamics open up possibilities to ind novel connections between emerging urban natures and human well-being and also help planners and designers to perceive the cultural origins of nature in cities.

Keywords: boundary, complexity, practices, recreational forest, urban design, urban ecology, urban

residents, well-being

Laitinen, Karitta

Towards high quality in constructed environments or unsuccessful attempts to it? - Architectural Competitions in Finland 1982-2011 and a few cases from Lohja

Researcher, architect, licentiate of technology, doctoral student, Aalto University /School of Engineering / Land Use Planning and Urban Studies Group, karitta.laitinen@aalto.i

Abstract

In Finland there is a long tradition of competing in architecture. The irst competitions were held about 120 years ago. It has been a good way to maintain high quality in constructed environments, but many competitions were held without any concrete results. I classify architectural competitions which have been held during the last 30 years according to four categories: irstly competitions, which have been materialized, secondly unrealized competitions, thirdly partially materialized and fourthly the actual competitions, where the plans have changed.As a case study, in Lohja, which is a little town about 50 kilometers northwest of Helsinki, nine architectural competitions have been held, ive of them in the last three decades. I analyze those by applying the above-mentioned categories, using the semiotic square of Algirdas Julien Greimas.

Keywords: architectural competitions, planning, building, semiotics

15

Lenne, Loïse

The Premises of the EventAre architectural competitions incubators for events?

Doctorante, Université Paris-Estemail : loise.lenne@univ-paris-est.fr

Abstract

If the event in architecture exists, what better place to create it than architectural competitions and their constant search for quality? In this paper, we intend to evaluate the importance of the competitions for the built results, in the case of the Grande Arche in La Défense (Johann Otto von Spreckelsen, 1982-1989) and the Lloyd’s building of London (Richard Rogers partnership, 1977-1986). For that purpose, we will detail the history of these two projects, as well as the organization of the competition. We will discover the importance of several actors, besides the architects, of these projects.In the end, we will see that even if the competition seems to be an interesting tool in the creation of an event, one must put it into perspective. The history of such sites and institutions, as well as the architectural response, weigh a lot in the event, and, moreover, in the type of event that the building becomes.

Keywords: Event, Competition, Program, Jury, Client, Great Arch, Lloyd’s

Liang, Zheng

Re-imaging the city: A procedural analysis on case study of contemporary large-scale design competitions of Baietan, Guangzhou in China

Centre for Urban and Regional Studies (YTK), School of Engineering, Aalto University, Finland

Abstract:

The importance of c ontemporary design competition in fast-growing China has been more and more recognized in the context of world trade organization and globalization of ideas and other aspects of culture. However, there is rare scientiic analysis on how international design competitions are introduced, interacted and transplanted in a Chinese context. In current paper, the author will analyse how the international design competitions were “translated” both in an international and local perspective. It is mainly argued that international design competition has been utilized in a top-down approach, in which arose cultural and social discrepancies with respect to implementation. International design competitions for Guangzhou city were chosen as the case study due to their speciic relation to city strategic plan and their representativeness for using international design competitions along with large-scale construction project in China.Herein, content-analysis based literature and documentation review was approached as the research methodology, and the different roles of stake holders and their perspective on international design

competitions were carefully elaborated, in the scenario of Baietan design competition. The preliminary indings suggest that a bottom-up approach is necessary to be addressed in order to promote competition system and thus avoid possible risks conveyed with ill-suited international design competitions in China.

Keyword: design competition, content analysis, procedural analysis, case studies, strategic planning

16

Fabio J. M. de Lima, UFJF; Raquel von R. Portes, UFJF; Barbara L. Barbosa, UFJF; Helena T. Creston, UFJF/EAUFMG; Ana P. L. P. Cruz, UFJF; Larissa R. Moura, UFJF; Antonio Carlos Boscariol, UFJF; Bianca M. Veiga, UFJF; Danilo de Lima Guimaraes, UFJF; Aline Fernandes Barata, UFJF; Livea Pereira, UFJF; Willian C. M. Areas, UFJF .

Digital Midias And Participation On The Role Of Architecture And Urban Planning In A Time Of Continuous Change, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Abstract

The study exposes a multidisciplinary urban planning research that involves participation with a core network (World Wide Web) in order to disseminate results, and to systematize the contents in terms of database this structured online. The main goal is to enable research platform that allows participation in urban planning process to discussions of related issues, particularly the protection of the memory

and cultural heritage. Through a website and a network of social midias the possibility to increase the community participation in order to disseminate results, and to systematize the contents in terms of bank data, all of this structured online. The study was developed as a function of community demands related urban problems in particular about the cultural references of small and medium towns. The work involved approaches with work ield, interviews and workshops with communities where current problems are discussed and also reviewed the history of the cities. These approaches intends to prepare communities in sense of a sustainable urban planning to enable a qualiied prospect for future generations. In this process the theories of architecture and urban planning are somehow translated to allow understanding by communities. The irst results have revealed that the participatory process strengthens the sense of cooperation and criticism on public policies. These results were signiicant because the possibility of integrating the site with other media publication and blog sites as virtual relationships become the best documented and participatory

activities. In this sense, what is expected with http://www.ufjf.br/urbanismomg site is to provide a dialogue between University and communities about theories of urban planning and architecture. The site also lies in the facebook pages on http://www.facebook.com/pages/urbanismomg/208071325885839?sk=info updated daily with information addressing the research. The work is supported by CAPES, CNPq, Ministerio das Cidades, Ministerio da Cultura and FAPEMIG.

Keywords: urban planning, sustainable, architecture theory, urban planning, history ofthe cities,

participation

17

Luusua, Anna

Computing in the City: Towards evaluating digitally augmented urban places

UBI Urban Metrics University of Oulu MSc.(Arch) Deptartment of Architecture anna.luusua@oulu.i

Abstract:

After the introduction of the third paradigm in computing, information technology has become a part of our

urban environment to the extent that most city centres in the developed world could now be described as being digitally augmented. These ubiquitous systems, which have been infused into our daily lives in many forms—as urban screens, tablet computers, smart phones, intelligent lighting control systems and security

systems to name only a few—pose an undeniable challenge to architectural and urban design practice and theory.The work on theorising ubiquitous computing from an architectural and urban design point of view has only begun in the works of Mitchell (1995), McCullough (2004), Aurigi (2008) and others. However, the larger theme of the relationship between people, the places we inhabit, and the technological tools we create has been a major general topic of discussion within architectural and urban design theory. The theorising, exploration and critique of ubiquitous computing from an architectural and urban design point of view, then, represents an emerging and necessary subset of this larger theme. Additionally, the many forms of computing in the built environment offer opportunities for designers to augment our traditional public

places with useful, artistic, and engaging applications. However, the introduction of such paradigms as ubiquitous and experiential computing directly inluence the ield of architecture and urban design both as objects of design and as objects which inluence their urban context. Therefore, a completely disinterested attitude from the part of the architectural community would risk unknown changes for the worse in our built environment.Motivated by this phenomenon, this paper discusses the effects of technology on the urban environment,

in what ways urban computing applications can augment public places, and examines some general frameworks concerning the urban environment in order to begin the work on constructing a conceptual framework for urban computing.

Keywords: urban computing, urban design

18

Manzoni, Beatrice

The Performing Paradox Of A Rchitect’s Competing Goals And Strategies In Architectural Competitions

SDA Assistant Professor, Organisatio n and Hu man Resources Management Department, SDA Bocconi School of Management Via Bocconi 8 , 20136 Milan, Italy – P hD Candidate, Constructio n and Project Management, Bartlett School of Graduate Studies, UCL, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK – batrice.manzoni@unibocconi.it

Abstract

In architecture competitions are fascinating. Over the years, they have increasingly become a popular mechanism for architects in acquiring work and clients in looking for designers. Still they are a debated topic presenting several controversial issues. In fact, competitions are a fertile ground for contradictions and management oxymora: architectural irms doing competitions regularly confront with several paradoxes. In organizational terms, a paradox is a set of contradictory yet interrelated elements, logical in isolation but irrational when juxtaposed. Paradoxical tensions exist simultaneously and persist over time with no resolution, therefore attending competing tensions. Through an inductive qualitative single-case base d research, the paper explores paradoxes of competing goals and strategies experienced by architectural practices competing, their underlying tensions and management approaches. More speciically the paper suggests several competing goals (e.g. winning a competition, exploring in design terms, building reputation, expanding the practice portfolio, reinforcing a team spirit and fulilling emotional needs) architects cope with through building a paradoxical vision and diversifying the competitions’ portfolio.

Keywords: architectural competitions, organisational paradoxes, competing goals and strategies.

19

Maununaho, Katja

Relective design and dynamic multicultural everyday environment

MSc (Arch), researcher, TUT School of Architecture, katja@maununaho.i

Abstract

Cultures of everyday life are consisted of diverse practices, routes and related meanings in everyday

environments. Everyday life offers a rich set of ingredients of which only parts have been recognized in architectural design. The increasing multicultural character in society challenges further the concepts of normality in everyday, and this should be relected also in the built environment. This paper seeks to discuss the relationship of multiculturalism and urban architectural design. What kind of concepts of multiculturalism should be taken as starting points in design? How architectural spatial design can respond to the social and cultural changes in local communities, and what kind of social, cultural or architectural advantages this spatial social relection can have on our everyday environments. Is it possible to develop spatial solutions that would contribute to desirable social changes, or does it actually work the other way around, social and cultural diversity contributing to more vital urban environments? These subjects are addressed in this paper following the guide lines of diversity and justice, recognition and cross cultural communication presented in planning and design discipline literature, and relected in contemporary design topics, in order to deine starting points for developing design practices and processes that could respond to the demands of present society.

Keywords: multiculturalism, cross cultural communication, recognition, everyday practices, design

concepts

20

Carlo Menon, David Vanderburgh

Open programmes, Tactics and Strategies, and a ‘Conlictual’ Model of Architectural Competitions

Abstract

In what way can the program support creativity and innovative solutions in competitions? How do competing architects use the brief in their architectural work with design proposals?These two questions addressed in the call for abstracts resume well the two sides of an asymmetrical playground in which, on one side, the competition organizers instigate creativity and, on the other side, competing architects work both for and against the client, the jury, even the programme itself.Everyone has in mind certain great competitions that have marked the history of architecture: the Centre Pompidou and the Parc de la Villette in Paris, the Chicago Herald Tribune, the Palais des Nations in Geneva. Today the situation is different, as competitions have been largely institutionalized and have lost the aura they had as recently as 20 years ago. This institutionalization, at least in some countries, has made it more technical, professional, hygienic; a routine has been established. But still, the process has its asperities, contradictions and “noise” that maintain a certain excitement, creativity and debate around competitions. Of course, one cannot expect every recent competition to be a moment of genuine innovation – there are too many – but competitions still represent one of the best ways to foster architectural quality, whatever that may mean.1. An open programme might seem to be the best tool to inform architects about project constraints, without making it too much a question of square meters and pipes. The competition organizer must, in this case, know where to stop in trying to pre-determine the result, to be present without being omnipresent, especially when dealing with a complex situation or a symbolic project (a museum, a city hall, a court, a school). But the programme is not only what is written on paper: it is also what is implicit, culturally or politically relevant, but impossible to say publicly. The open programme, in this case, may also be an easy way to select an architect who is close to the client organization and shares its ideas, as against other architects’ positions that might have been explicitly excluded from the beginning. Might there not be a risk of unfairness, then ? Or even a failed or feigned attempt at non-discrimination?Moreover, an open programme is not always possible. What can a competition organizer do when it comes down to very speciic programmes, such as for prisons or hospitals ? Should they limit architects to work on the little that is left outside codes, laws and norms, that is : facades and building technology? Or should they, on the contrary, try to provoke a public debate in order to make the institution anew? And if so, would competing architects be ready for that? Would the jury?A recent Belgian competition for a juvenile criminal institution is the starting point of our considerations.2. Furthermore, we would like to take into account the local speciicities at stake in the competition universe. Most architectural competitions are a ield in which a limited number of elements interplay, depending on one another; at least this seems to be true for Belgium and for Scandinavian countries. There are common habits, a limited history, a sort of jurisprudence upon which both parts of the competition ield base the tactical preparation of their instruments. We intend to show that neither the competition organizer and their jury, nor the competing architects go too far from the habits of their milieu (this is maybe a reason why it is dificult for a foreign irm to win a competition against local architects), if they don’t want to risk losing contact with each other. Even provocative architects keep a balance, respecting an unwritten limit which has been deined step by step, competition after competition. Within these relatively ‘closed’ architectural environments, perhaps only the competition organizers, writing different programmes and adjusting the competition rules, can strategically disable these habits and – they hope – renew architectural creativity and innovation.3. Since preparing for a recent conference in Montreal, we have been working on a ‘conlictual’ model

21

underlying architectural competitions and their constitutive elements. We came up with the idea of ‘total competition’, not only between architects and their proposals, but also between and among representational aspects of the entry (models, drawings, texts, speech), and even between elements like the programme, the competition rules, the architects’ own winning strategies and the jury’s competences, and so forth. We are of course concerned about the possible limits of this model, or metaphor, well aware that it is dificult to generalize about competitions. Is it then futile to try to work toward a comprehensive, general theory about how good architectural competitions are or should be organized ? Can an intelligent competition organizer only look backward, building knowledge from previous experience on an empirical, case by case basis? Can research only identify temporary and local models of an ever-changing, protean reality? One of the aims of our contribution to this 4th International Conference on Architectural Competitions would be think further about this conlictual model, trying to deine the limits within which it can be considered as valid and – most of all – the elements upon which research can insist in order to carry forward theoretical knowledge, education and the evolution of good practices in architectural competitions.

22

Merenmies, Eija

Question of style and of the signiicance of the University of Helsinki – The competition for the extension of the main building of Helsinki University in 1931

Architect SAFA Finland

Abstract:

Of many plans to extend the main building of the University of Helsinki, I have paid special attention to the architectural competition for the annex of the main building conducted in 1931. This was the most important competition of the time. It crystallized the contrary views of functionalists and classicists.One of the main questions in my research is how the main building (1832), by C. L. Engel, inluenced the plans for the extension. This involves the issues of style, pastiche, and the principles of building extensions.The Finnish Association of Architects criticized the competition brief for having being inluenced by the earlier, schematic designs. Many well-known architects such as J. S. Sirén, P. E. Blomstedt, Elsi Borg and Alvar Aalto submitted entries to the competition. Most of the 26 entries were classicistic and had a closed town block. The functionalistic entries preserved Engel’s semi-open block structure. Overall both classicist and functionalist competitors acknowledged the value of Engel’s architecture. For the competition entries they transformed their styles towards a more conservative appearance.The competition produced a debate. Some expressed fears that a functionalistic extension would diminish the prestige of Engel’s building.In 1934 Sirén received the commission for the extension. The decision makers of the University wanted the façades to replicate those of Engel’s part, the extended building had to be one entirety. The solution for the massing came from Engel’s Senate building. The choice of Classicism had symbolic and political motivations.For my work I’ve researched extensively literature, minutes of Consistorium meetings and also the building committee’s minutes of Helsinki University, architectural magazines, press articles, photographs, and original drawings. My research is a case study. The research methodology includes scrutinizing the literary material, architectural analysis of drawings, comparison with the other works of the architects, and comparative analysis of published architecture that was presumably known to the architects.

Keywords: University, Helsinki, annex, classicism of the 20’s, functionalism, pastiche, competition

23

Metsälä, Teemu

Nightlife In Urban Design

Arkkitehti SAFA RIBA Mäkelänkatu 15 D 33 00550 Helsinki e. teemumetsala@gmail.com m. 0440748920

Abstract

This text describes the origins of nightlife in the modern city, and explains how the nocturnal city supports the public realm. Robert Venturi’s impression of the nocturnal cityscape of Las Vegas points directly to the key character of nightlife and nocturnal city; abstracted ambiguity. The struggle between darkness and light transforms the urban environment from physical location into an inaccurate and simpliied image, which is open to various interpretations. It is interesting to ind out how nightlife has become a modern commodity, and assess if it has potential to become an urban asset.Perhaps it’s the sheer amount of ever changing factors and complexity of the subject, but all urban design theories seem to be a bit ‘out of breath’ and unfounded when projected against the uncontrolled pandemonium of the modern city. This could be one of the reasons why the contemporary architectural trends are fascinated with a variety of abstracted diagrams and statistics, which are becoming substantially more informative, sizeable and also quite persuasive in appearance due to the advanced and more powerful computer technology. At the same time, architects have become more and more skilled in presenting complex conigurations via over-simpliied and visually comfortable diagrams, which help the authorities to understand urban process better and make important decisions quickly and eficiently.Nightlife could help to redeine the urban design process in a profound way. In order to comprehend a nocturnal phenomenon in relation to urban design, an exploration of urban modernity is necessary. Only by re-setting the relationship between the city and the architect-designer the triviality of nightlife could be converted into a set of design values.

Keywords: Nightlife, nocturnal city, consumer society, laneur, attitude, Venturi, Kolhaas, Tschumi, Pallasmaa, public realm

24

Clare Newton, Sarah Backhouse

Competing in Architecture: The Complexity Dilemma

Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia

c.newton@unimelb.edu.au, saraheb@unimelb.edu.au

Abstract

Architectural competitions are accepted internationally as a way to choose an architect or an architectural design or develop ideas for challenging issues. This paper explores untapped potential for competitions to be part of a research process in the same way that crowd sourcing can help escalate knowledge. Over the last three years, a multidisciplinary team has explored a research methodology that included an Ideas Competition at its heart. Competitions are typically conceived as a one-way knowledge transfer process with competitors addressing the needs of a client. In contrast, a key aspect of our strategy was to use the competition brief as an educative tool aimed at shifting knowledge within our design community on tipping points within education, design and construction environments. We argue that competitions can be strategically conceived to leverage knowledge between academia and industry in both directions but there is an intrinsic dificulty to do with complexity.In this paper we explore some of the strategies for the research, asking what the ingredients are for a successful competition. We explore how the complexity of the design question can be at odds with entries presenting easily digestible messages for time-poor juries. Are some questions just too complex to be tackled successfully in a one-stage ideas competition? Bringing expertise as a competition advisor, the irst author positioned the competition format into the research process. The second author brought applied expertise in brief development and working with complex teams. Both see competitions embedded within research as a way of encouraging cultural step change when faced by wicked problems.

Keywords: Competition briefs, complex designs, multidisciplinary designs, school design, competitions as

research.

25

Clare Newton, Sarah Backhouse

Redeining the Relocatable: Multidisciplinary design for a wicked problem

Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia

c.newton@unimelb.edu.au, saraheb@unimelb.edu.au

Abstract

This paper centres on a three-year Australian Research Project that has sought to redeine an important component of Australia’s education infrastructure, the relocatable classroom, as high performance and

design-led through a multidisciplinary research process. Our focus has been to encourage conversations between educators, designers, government procurement teams and manufacturers. This has been more dificult than expected as we speak different epistemological languages and see the world through different lenses. The paper will track some of the obstacles and strategies for carrying out a multidisciplinary research process.There are tipping points occurring worldwide in prefabrication, sustainability technologies, 21st century pedagogies, and information technologies. To continue building new learning environments based on what was designed yesterday, without taking advantage of new possibilities, will be wasteful of scarce funding resources.The relocatable classroom is yet to beneit from these advances and remains a learning environment that many people consider as second rate. For decades the relocatable classroom has been maligned for its unfavourable indoor environment quality, low aesthetic appeal, temporary quality, and lack of adaptability in light of changing pedagogical trends. The manifold reasons for this are complex, although the primary issue centres on them being considered less important than permanent buildings because they are perceived

as ‘temporary’. Fundamental questions arise. How temporary are they? Does this justify a less than optimum learning setting? In order for these classrooms to become agile and high performance places for teaching and learning they need to be considered from an inclusive, multidisciplinary base rather than the current silos of

practice.

Keywords: Design Research, Multidisciplinary Research, Relocatable Classrooms

26

Parreno, Christian

Boredom and Modernity: a Spatial MediationPsychology and Late Nineteenth-century Architectural Theory

PhD Candidate – The Oslo School of Architecture and Design. Supervised by Prof. Mari Lending and Prof. Iain Borden (The Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London)

Abstract

Different to the short-lived speciicity of emotions, boredom is a mood that entails a long-term relation without a narrative. The qualities of boredom are not exclusive of the ‘boring’ object or the ‘bored’ subject but constitute a relation that exposes an involuntary deicit of meaning. It is a state of ambiguity, of idleness and restlessness; it is a symptom that, by encouraging introspection and transgression, can also turn into a cure. These characteristics are also properties of modernity. Consequently, boredom problematises the paradoxes and contradictions of being in this era. The overpowering of the processes of capitalism, industrialisation, secularisation, rationalisation, urbanisation and the consolidation of the nation-state has resulted in an

everyday characterised by monotony. In this context, boredom surfaces not only as an index of an alternative sensibility to the values and visions of modernism but also as a critical experience that evinces a relation of tension between the subject and the environment. The resulting subjectivity demanded the rise of psychology as a discipline in charge to elucidate how the complexity of modern living is shaped by space. As a result, boredom was normalised.Although this condition has been extensibely studied and represented, especially during the last century, its iniltration in architectural thought has been overlooked. Consequently, this paper – part of a comprehensive research on boredom – adopts a historical approach to ground a conceptual axis able to expose this notion as an emotional, intellectual and physical condition. In order to discuss boredom within the frame of architecture and space, psychology is linked to architectural theory by tracing the inluence of the former into the latter – the work of Lipps and Vischer serves as a node to articulate psychological elaborations by Bollnow, Schachtel and Fenichel with architectural explanations by Wölflin and Göller. This juxtaposition suggests that the modern conceptualisation of space is a formulation dependent on the relation between the affections of the subject and the built environment.

Keywords: boredom; modernity;body; psycholog; architectural change.

27

Pihlajaniemi, Henrika

Participation In Lighting Design For Dwelling And For Urban Space Two Case Projects Compared

Researcher, M.Sc. Architect, University of Oulu, Department of Architecture, Finland P.O. Box 4100, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland / henrika.pihlajaniemi@oulu.i / +358 40 708 9865

Abstract

This paper discusses participation in lighting design through comparison of the results from two evaluated case projects. The other project concerns participation in façade design of dwellings, which as a process deines long-term daylighting conditions of a private dwelling environment for its users, the future family in question. The context of the case is a row house condominium of six apartments. The other case operates in public urban environment, where the users of urban space are allowed to interact with lighting through web- based user interface by designing its quality for a period and to communicate with it. The context is a pedestrian-oriented street in a city centre. Both projects situate in the city of Oulu in northern Finland. Participatory design processes are described and analysed in parallel from the perspectives of two actors in the process – professional designer and layperson participant. The design tools created and used in both cases are presented and relected. The participation experiences, which were collected in both case projects by semi-structural theme interviews and formula answers, are discussed and compared.

Keywords: participatory design, adaptive urban lighting, daylighting, façade design, design tool, case study

28

Poutanen, Jenni

Third Places at the University Campuses and Their Potential as New Learning Environments

Architect M.Sc.

Abstract

Campuses of higher education are facing pressure to change, for example, due to constantly increasing demand of adopting new pedagogic approaches. One can argue that the premises of campuses and university buildings are designed based on rather conservative knowledge on user needs not responding the best possible ways to new teaching and learning practices.Universities could beneit from so-called “third places” irst introduced by Oldenburg and Brisset (1982 and Oldenburg, 1997, 1998, 1999). In the university campuses “a third place” could be, for example, all those spaces not speciically named for the primary purposes. Many recent studies point out the importance of so- called social spaces in the new spatial structures of universities and also recognize the lack of such spaces. Social spaces may possess answers to many questions concerning the needs of new ways of learning and working; they could, among other things, work as incubators, give possibilities to collaborative work and a sense of belonging to a place.This paper considers the concept of third places in the context of a university campus and how these third places could answer to the question of enlivening the university campus structure and work as a human interface in supporting social life. A concept of so-called designed third place is introduced through an on- going case study.

Keywords: a third place, learner-centered approach, campus environment, learning space, formal-informal

space

29

Psilopoulos, Angelos

A new call for quality: shifting the paradigm for the development of public and private space in Greece

Architect, Adjunct Lecturer, Faculty of Fine Arts and Design, Department of Interior Architecture, Decoration and Design, Technological Educational Institute of Athens angpsi@yahoo.com

Abstract

This paper is following up on a prior review of the Greek legislation concerning the production of public procurement buildings in regards to the EU Directive 2004/18/EC (European Parliament, 2004), as well as the actual practice of awarding commissions in two paradigmatic cases: the architecture competitions for the New Acropolis Museum and the combined offer competition for the building of the National Theatre in Athens (Kouzelis et al., 2010). The general understanding of that paper was that neither practices would, respectively, either ensure consensus around the projects, or exclude the possibility of a quality architecture, thus suggesting that one should consider public procurement policy rather as a social contract and an event

(i.e. the discourse produced around it) than an undisputable qualiication process.Here we’ll address a noticeable shift of view towards architecture competitions, equally of private investors, non institutional organizations, and most importantly the state itself in amending its legislation and developing an altogether new strategy for public procurement works, underlined by the will to reinstate architecture as a fundamental quality for the development of space. Keeping up with the approach of reviewing the competition as a social practice we’ll focus on the incentives behind each of these cases. It is proposed that they all ind themselves on common ground on the narrative of simply breaking with past practices and on introducing the notion of quality not by having to prescribe it in qualiicatory terms but rather by simply supporting it and safeguarding it in both policy and will.

Keywords: Greece, architecture competitions, architectural quality, narrative, development strategy

30

Pulkkinen, Katri-Liisa

Is Sustainable Architecture News?

Architect M.Sc., Doctoral Student at Aalto University katri.pulkkinen@aalto.i, p. 040 5895775

Abstract

Sustainable architecture, or sustainability in the context of built environment, is not something that could be solved by experts alone and then implemented on people’s lifestyles, and it is evident that a deep social change is needed in the community to reach longer-term sustainability goals. The paper explores agenda-setting theory of media and the theories of diffusion of innovations and adoption of new ideas to demonstrate why the publicity of sustainable architecture matters in transition from pioneering to mainstream. Public discussion of architectural questions in general has often been regarded as unimportant by architects, which is here suggested to be a problem in the context of sustainability. – The dissertation research of the author analyzes what kind of material is provided for public discussion about sustainable architecture by the leading newspaper in Finland, Helsingin Sanomat. The main part of the research material is collected from the time period of 2007– 2011. It is discussed whether the articles, setting in their part the agenda for public discussion, support the need for change towards more sustainable architecture. The results of the work are also expexted to offer insights for developing the communication between the architectural profession and public media. The research and analysis are based on systems thinking approach, studying both the current functioning systems on the scene and the ways they could be developed over time.

31

Rönn, Magnus

Choosing architects for competitionsReviewers experiences from the selection of design teams in Sweden

Associate professor The School of Architecture and the Built Environment The Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden E-post: magnus.ronn@arch.kth.se

Abstract

This article presents results from a study of prequaliication in architectural competitions. The aim is to develop knowledge of how the organizer appoints candidates to restricted competitions in Sweden. Prequaliication is a selection procedure used early in the competition process to identify suitable candidates for the following design phase. Usually three to six teams are invited to develop design proposals. The overall research question in the study is about how organizers identify architects / design teams for competitions with limited participation.The methodology includes an inventory of competitions, case studies, document review and interviews of key-persons. Ten municipal and governmental competitions have been examined in the study. In ive of these competitions 19 informants have reported their experiences of prequaliication. These key persons responded to an interview guide with questions on the background of the competition, development of the invitation, and the need for information about the candidates, assessment process and experience from the selection of design teams.The invitation emerges during negotiation at the organizing body, which includes discussion with the Swedish Association of Architects. General conditions, submission requirements and criteria for the evaluation of applications by architect irms are part of an established practice. All clients have an assessment procedure made up of two distinct stages. First they check whether applications meet the speciic “must requirements” in the invitation. Thereafter follows an evaluative assessment of the candidate’s professional proile, which is based on the criteria in the invitation. Reference projects and information from the referees are important sources of information in this stage. Decisive in the inal assessment is the organizer’s perception of the candidates’ ability to produce projects of architectural quality, the ability to com-bine creative solutions with functional requirements and aptitude to work with developers and contractors.

Keywords: prequaliication, invitation, selection, architectural competition, organizer.

32

Zriba Souha 1 et Ben Saci A. 2

The analysis of architectural forms using nu-merical modelMorphometric study of the Medina of Gafsa

1 National School of Architecture and Urbanism, Tunis souha.zriba@hotmail.com 2 National School of Architecture of Grenoble, France bensaci@grenoble.archi.fr

Abstract

We are discussing on, the complexity in architecture. Based on a morphometric study of the Medina of Gafsa, this article is suggesting deeper readings and a new knowledge of the produced forms. The frequential analysis of the Medina’s Intra-mural urban forms, using Morphique and other digital

classiication tools, lead to results that help understand how that urban form was structured and whether the islets were the result of aggregation operations or not .The Morphometric approach made us reach two different goals: First, that of identifying the morphic conformation structures of the signiicant tissue, historically speaking besides that of explaining the morphic conformation of the islet itself. Hence, this complex approach permits the binding of the morphometric analysis with historical and cultural data. That method provides us with new perspectives on the morphologic paradigms behind the complex urban tissue of the Medina.This paper aims at exploring the morphometric concepts enabling us to under- stand the inherent structures of the urban forms.

Keywords: Morphometry, conformation, form, energetic descriptor.

33

Svensson, Charlotte

Inside the Jury Room – Strategies of quality assessment in architectural competitions.

PhD Student School of Architecture and Built Environment, the Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Sweden TEL: +46 44-530 75 tloshalott@hotmail.com

Abstract

This paper discusses strategies for evaluating architecture in an early phase. The point of departure is two case studies of jury assessment in architectural competitions, one open and one invited. The practical use of evaluation as part of the design process is set in the context of architectural judgement, decision theory and criticism.In the competition jury’s discussions, the professional evaluation of architecture becomes transparent. In an architectural competition, the evaluation of entries takes place in an early phase of the design process, and

the discussion inluences the inal architectural project. Competition juries consist of both architects and laymen of architecture with the aim to ind one single winner among the submitted entries. This makes the evaluative discussion open, critical and a part of the jury’s knowledge development. The architects must explain their views and point out and mediate the quality of the entries that are hard to see for a layman of architecture.The presentation and comparison of two Swedish jury-situations reveal different strategies of assessment in an illustrative way. The results indicated the differences between the two processes, but also some surprising similarities, for example in the results of the competitions. The juries’ evaluative discussions are further related to theoretical models of qualitative evaluation of architecture and architectural judgement. Two strategies of decision appeared, a rational process of decision-making and one model of assessment by architecture criticism.

Keywords: Evaluation, decision-making theory, design practice, quality assessment, architectural

competitions, case studies

34

Säter, Monica

User Centred Lighting Design Process -about collaboration between architects, interior and lighting designers within the lighting design process

Department of Architecture Chalmers University Of Technology

Abstract

A literature survey was performed with the purpose to collect information about man and light from topics that can be seen around the lighting design process. The result of the survey shows that daylight is fundamental for humans, animals and plants as well, while being equally important as water and air. The review describes lighting design as a process of four clear steps and two types of the process is identiied. Not only daylight but also the architectural light is after year 2000 found related to human basic health and need to be designed close to the individual needs psychologically, physiologically and visually. In order to fulill goals set out for lighting design in an successful way, lighting design need to be performed as a handicraft and in cooperation between the architect, interior designer and lighting designer and be based on knowledge from the medical ield, physiology and photobiology as well as design and technology . Present results indicate that if architects, interior and lighting designers cooperate within the lighting design process, all four steps in the process will be professionally performed. In the same way will a multidisciplinary topic be handled in a multidisciplinary way and an underdeveloped part of the building process inally be developed This will in a better way fulill goals set out on lighting design of visual comfort and light-related public health.

Keywords: User centred lighting design, light-related public health.

Tiitola-Meskanen, Tuuli

TO AFFORD OR NOT TO AFFORD: Integrating multiple perspectives on learning environment design.

Abstract

Children spend many critical years mainly in indoor contexts: in daycare, preschool and school. Our typical descriptive language when we characterize these learning environments focuses mainly on forms, instead of focusing on functionally signiicant properties relative to the users, the children. However, children develop in active interaction with their environment, and a form-oriented description of the setting does not reveal what meaningful functional attributes the environment affords, relative to children of different ages. New emerging perspectives on learning call for new approaches to the design of learning environments. This article presents an attempt to identify meaningful features of early learning environments, referring to the affordance concept. The article is based on my work-in-progress dissertation thesis “To Afford or Not to Afford: Integrating multiple perspectives on early learning environment design”, and also on my study “Leonardo’s Children: Integrating multiple dimensions of early learning”, based on my to-be-published book “Leonardo’s Children”.

Keywords: Early learning environment design, theory of affordances, early learning approaches.

35

Tostrup, Elisabeth

High ideals on a tricky site - The 1939 Competition for the New Government Building in Oslo

The Oslo School of Architecture and Design, Oslo, Norway

Abstract

After the July 22th 2011 terror bombing, the buildings in the Government Quarter in Oslo have been subject to a thorough discussion and evaluation, which not only concern their practical economic value, but also cultural value in a broad sense. Riksantikvaren (The Directorate General for Cultural Heritage) had already prepared a case of listing for preservation when the devastating damages occurred (Fig. 01–02). The modern Government Quarter, and especially høyblokken (the high-rise building housing the Prime Minister’s ofices), is the result of the open architectural competition held in 1939–40. This, in spite of the competition concluding that the site was unsuited for its purpose, and no winner was selected. It took nearly twenty years, and a World War with the country being occupied, before parts of the competition programme was realized with høyblokken, which was inaugurated in 1958. More than half a century has passed until today. Therefore, retrospect conceptions might easily and wrongfully overshadow the facts that were the case with the competition before World War II. Architect Erling Viksjø did not win the competition, and speculations about his acquisition to the later to be Labour Party Prime Minister Einar Gerhardsen in the prison camp at Grini in the outskirts of Oslo with regard to the later commission, is dificult to verify. The inal design of høyblokken was made in the 1950s, after a long process with many instances and alterations involved.1The subject of this text is the 1939 architectural competition; it articulated key ideals of architecture at the time, spearheading a nationwide modernisation project while also containing paradoxes and exaggerations that stood at the root of recurrent problems.

36

Tähtinen, Sari

Interface : Between Perceiving And Receiving? – Embodied Experiencing And Architecture At The Age Of The Digital

Architect, researcher Aalto-university, sari.tahtinen@aalto.i

Abstract

The paper reads Paul Virilio’s text The Lost Dimension in which he describes the inluence of new technologies and the interface on the urban spaces. He points out that with the new tele-technologies there forms a confusion between the perception of spaces and the reception of form-images of these spaces. This leads to problems of interpretation and to a loss of the physical dimensions and reference points. Virilio’s predictions about how the interface would affect the urban spaces have not realised in a way he pronounced them. Yet, I think that his analysis of the interface and how it would affect the urban environment still offers provocative insights. Also, it will perhaps prove fruitful to try to think the reasons why things did not proceed the way he suggested.Virilio’s astute study does not question the audio-visual privilege underlining the presumptions of the advancement of the new technologies. Here, even if he is critical to most of the developments he sees, he nevertheless shares this presumption with those he questions. I suggest that this neglecting of the embodied experiencing has lead him to forget important aspects connect with architecture. The embodied experiencing of architecture is not reducible to the audio-visual reception only. Consequently, from here we might ind another ways to approach the questions of how to work with different interfaces, urban environments, and embodied experiencing so that they could be considered to function conjointly and not in opposition.

Keywords: interface, urban architecture, embodied experiencing, between

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37

Vesikansa, Kristo

The competition for the Dipoli Student Union Building in 1961-62

Architect SAFA PhD student / lecturer, Aalto University, Department of Architecture kristo.vesikansa@aalto.i Inkoonkatu 4-6- B 27 00520 Helsinki Finland tel. +358-50-5859784

Abstract

The Dipoli, a student centre for the Helsinki University of Technology Student Union (TKY), designed by Reima Pietilä and Raili Paatelainen (since 1963 Pietilä), was one of the most original and controversial buildings in Finland in the 1960s. When it was completed in 1966, it was widely criticized for high cost, structural inconsistency, unnecessary individualism, eccentricity and anti-sociality. Especially the young architects of the so-called Constructivist School opposed the organic architecture, which it represented. However, many foreign critics, such as Christian Norberg-Schulz, admired the building.The atmosphere in the Finnish architecture changed radically during the 1960s. When the Dipoli competition was held in 1961-62, Pietilä ́s and Paatelainen ́s winning entry did not raise criticism, at least not in the public. Pietilä later emphasized, that the Dipoli could have been born only in a tolerant atmosphere of the early 1960s. At the time the Finnish architecture was dominated by several conlicting tendencies. The international reputation achieved in the previous decade had both given Finnish architects a lot of self-

conidence and created pressures to design more and more original buildings to maintain foreign interest. New materials and structures opened the way for new means of expression, and sculptural buildings by Alvar Aalto, Le Corbusier, Eero Saarinen, Oscar Niemeyer and many other architects inspired to original experiments. At the same time, the construction industry and the authorities required higher level of standardization, large-scale use of industrial construction and lexible universal layouts. Stylistic diversity of the entries submitted in architectural competitions relected well these tendencies.

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Österlund, Toni

Exploring the design possibilities of emergent algorithms for adaptive urban lighting control

M.Sc. Architect, researcher, University of Oulu, Finland toni.osterlund@oulu.i

Abstract

Algorithm aided design methods in architectural design provide the use of complex adaptive systems that show bottom-up processes where complex global behaviour emerges from local interaction of multitudes of smaller components. Including other systems that display emergent properties, these methods can be categorized as emergent algorithms and they are capable of generating organic patterns, representing the complexity and intricacy of natural systems and displaying high levels of distributed intelligence.This paper explores the use of different emergent algorithms, such as Cellular Automata, Swarming Algorithms and Lindenmayer system, in an adaptive lighting system that reacts to user actions and changes in environmental conditions. The design of this kind of computational model requires new design methods and tools for control in enabling design exploration. A graph-based approach is presented as a possible solution for the difference between the virtual coordinate space and the actual placing of light sources. The graph is used to map the light sources and sensors as a network of interconnected nodes and in deining the virtual coordinate system. The challenges deining the functionality and enabling the design of the emergent methods are explored and possible solutions are discussed.

Keywords: Adaptive Urban Lighting, Emergent Algorithms, Complex Adaptive Systems, Cellular

Automata, Swarm Algorithms, L-Systems, Design tool

39

Östman, Leif

An explorative study of municipal developer competitions in Helsinki

Abstract

This is a presentation of central features of developer competitions, as organized by the Real Estate Department of Helsinki. These are site allocation competitions, where the municipality is selling or leasing plots to developers or contractors and the bidding is based on competing with architectural and urban quality factors. The focus in this paper is on the Finnish context, but the European competition law constitutes the legal framework and thus basic legal principles are applicable in any European Union member state. In these competitions the land owner expects the contractor or developer to create a design team and the land owner receives multiple proposals for a site without really paying for it. The winner gets the site and the contractor is obliged to erect a building according to the proposal. Site allocations are civil law contracts and the seller can include speciications that wouldn’t be possible according to the planning regulations of the Finnish Land Use and Building Act (Ministry of the Environment, 2003, p. 26).It seems necessary to investigate this rather new type of architectural competition as these competitions are often part of large projects of importance both regarding investments and architecture. It also constitutes a new mechanism in the practices of urban planning. As the administration in Helsinki has been the strongest actor and promoter of developer competitions in Finland, I have studied their current procedures as a typical

model for organizing developer competitions. I will present their aims and trace how architectural quality is produced. The Real Estate Department has as one of their main tasks to allocate sites to interested parties, according to politically deined principles (major part in plots for housing agents). In 2011 the amount of sold land was 34,6 million € but Helsinki favors municipal land ownership with 62% of the land still in the hands of the city, producing 188, 9 million € in land rents.This is an explorative study, mainly based on the study of written material, reports and a few interviews with experienced organizers. The aim of the paper is to clarify the concept and map the development, and to discuss possible beneits and problems. The core issue is architectural quality seen from the perspective of professional architects, but I think it is important to try to understand the legal framework, as well as to discuss the relation to aims of urban planning and professional agents.