Atoms, Molecules, Ions, Acids, Bases, Buffers, pH
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Transcript of Atoms, Molecules, Ions, Acids, Bases, Buffers, pH
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Atoms, Molecules, Ions, Acids, Bases, Buffers, pH
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General Chemistry Terms
• See pgs. 26-41
• Chemistry:–Science that deals with structure of matter
–Refers to the physiology side of this class
• Matter: 3 types (solid, liquid and gas)
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Atoms•Atom:
–Smallest stable unit of matter
•Three subatomic particles:–Protons:–Neutrons:–Electrons:
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Atoms (continued)• Can you calculate the number of
protons, neutrons and electrons for ANY element on the periodic table?
• REMEMBER:• Protons = Atomic #• Electrons = # of protons• Neutrons = Atomic Mass # minus
Atomic #• If protons are not equal to electrons the
atom is now known as an ion• Cation = (+) and Anion = (-)
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Chemical Bonds• Remember how to bond various
atoms with other atoms???? • The bonding capability is based
on the Group Number found at the top of each of the columns on the periodic table
• REVIEW the charges associated with each group. Remember that the 8th group is the most STABLE
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Chemical Bonds (continued)
•Three types of chemical bonds:–Ionic bonds: between ions–Covalent bonds: shared electrons
–Hydrogen bonds: between two molecules
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Inorganic Compounds• Nutrients: essential elements and molecules
normally obtained through diet• Metabolites: all molecules that can be processed
and broken down by chemical reactions in our bodies– Organic compounds:
• C and H form basis – Inorganic compounds:
• Usually do NOT contain C and H atoms as primary structure
• Most important in body:– Carbon dioxide (CO2)– Oxygen (O2)– Water (H2O)– Inorganic acids, bases and salts
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Inorganic Compounds (continued)
• Water accounts for most of your body weight.
• Proteins, the key structural and functional components of cells, and nucleic acids, which control cell structure and function, work only in solution with the UNIVERSAL Solvent known as Dihydrogen oxide (water).
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Acid/Base Terminology and the pH (parts per Hydrogen) Scale
• Hydrogen ions (H+) = “Chemical Bad Boy”– Highly reactive
• Break chemical bonds• Change shape of complex molecules• Disrupt cell and tissue functions
– Must be regulated precisely
• pH: concentration of H+ ions in body fluids• pH Scale: 0-14
– Neutral: solution with pH of 7– Acidic: solution with pH below 7– BasicBasic: solution with pH above 7
pH of pure water = 7
pH of blood = 7.35-7.45
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Blood pH• pH of blood = 7.35-7.45• QUICK QUIZ: So is blood neutral, acidic
or basic?– Basic or otherwise known as ALKALINE!
• Large changes in pH of blood can be damaging to cells, tissues and functioning– Acidosis: low blood pH (below 7.35)
• Below 7 = coma
– Alkalosis: high blood pH (above 7.45)• Above 7.8 = uncontrollable, sustained skeletal muscle
contractions
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Acids, Bases and Buffers…oh my!• Acid: “proton donor”
– Solute that releases H+ ions in solution– Lowers pH of solution– Example: HCl – hydrochloric acid; in stomach to
break down food• Base: “proton acceptor”
– Solute that removes H+ ions from solution– Example: NaOH – sodium hydroxide; Drano, lye
• Buffer:– Compounds that stabilize pH of a solution by
removing or replacing H+ ions– Weak acids and bases– Help maintain pH of body fluids within normal limits– Example: Antacid (Alka-Seltzer) – NaHCO3 (sodium
bicarbonate, baking soda)
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BIOCHEMISTRY
Living things are mainly composed of four kinds of MACROMOLECULES: Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Carbohydrates and Lipids.
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PROTEINS• Structurally helps build
certain areas of the body that need extra toughness or strength such as Keratin in nails and hair or cartilage.
• Chemical messengers to keep the brain in contact with the rest of the body.
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NUCLEIC ACIDS• Stores information and considered
the body’s blueprint.
• Comes in two varieties, DNA or RNA
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Carbohydrates• Provide energy storage• Simple carbs are known as
monosaccharides or sugars• Complex carbs are known as
polysaccharides or starches
• Composed of Carbon and Water.
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LIPIDS• Long term storage otherwise known as fat• Composed of fatty acids and glycerol• Saturated fat= has single carbon bonding
•Unsaturated fat=
has double bonded carbons
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THE END