Atom = Smallest unit of matter

Element = Substance made up of only one type of atom (Periodic Table)

Molecule = bonding between atoms of 1 or more elements

Compound = combination of 2 or more elements

Cell = collection of compounds forming a living unit.

ORGANIC compounds contain a carbon-hydrogen bond

ORGANIC compounds contain a carbon-hydrogen bond

INORGANIC compounds do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bonds

INORGANIC compounds do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bonds

lipidlipid

carbohydrate

carbohydrate

protein

protein

nucleic acid

nucleic acid

waterwater

1. most important in living things

2. Where most cellular processes

take place

3. excellent solvent (substances dissolve

in water)

CO2CO2

Monomers vs. Polymers

Monomers:Molecules that may react with similar molecules

to form a chain

Polymers:A chain of many monomers that are chemically

bonded together

Formation of Polymers

Animation

How are polymers formed?

Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation): Two hydrogen atoms

and one oxygen atom are removed from the monomers to form water, and the two monomers are joined

together.

Breakdown of Polymers

Animation

How are polymers broken down?

•Hydolysis- the reverse of dehydration synthesis

(condensation)•Water added to the polymer,

un-linking the chain and breaking it back down to its

original monomer units.

are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C, H,

O)

are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C, H,

O)

Carbohydrates

are made by plants (autotrophs)are made by plants (autotrophs)

are the body’s primary source of energy

are the body’s primary source of energy

come in two basic forms:monosaccharides and

polysaccharides

come in two basic forms:monosaccharides and

polysaccharides

are made of monomers (building blocks) called monosaccharides

are made of monomers (building blocks) called monosaccharides

Glucose Glucose is a is a monosaccharidemonosaccharide

..

Glucose Glucose is a is a monosaccharidemonosaccharide

..C6HH1212OO66

Monosaccharides are also called Monosaccharides are also called simple sugarssimple sugars are easily identified by are easily identified by

their sweet taste.their sweet taste.

Monosaccharides are also called Monosaccharides are also called simple sugarssimple sugars are easily identified by are easily identified by

their sweet taste.their sweet taste.

Other Other monosaccharides:monosaccharides:

fructose fructose (fruit sugar) (fruit sugar) galactose galactose (milk (milk

sugar).sugar).

Other Other monosaccharides:monosaccharides:

fructose fructose (fruit sugar) (fruit sugar) galactose galactose (milk (milk

sugar).sugar).

H

CH2OH

OO

HH

HH OH

OHOH

HHHHH

OH OH

C

C

C

C

C

Note the Note the ring ring shape shape of the molecule.of the molecule.

Note the Note the ring ring shape shape of the molecule.of the molecule.

Polysaccharides Polysaccharides are complex are complex carbohydrates made of carbohydrates made of long chains of long chains of

monosaccharidesmonosaccharides..

Polysaccharides Polysaccharides are complex are complex carbohydrates made of carbohydrates made of long chains of long chains of

monosaccharidesmonosaccharides..Starches Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas) (bread, cereals, and pastas)

and and cellulose cellulose (plant cell walls) are (plant cell walls) are common sources of complex carbs.common sources of complex carbs.

Starches Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas) (bread, cereals, and pastas) and and cellulose cellulose (plant cell walls) are (plant cell walls) are common sources of complex carbs.common sources of complex carbs.

Sucrose (Sucrose (table sugartable sugar) ) is an is an example of a sugar with only two example of a sugar with only two

monosaccharides.monosaccharides.

Sucrose (Sucrose (table sugartable sugar) ) is an is an example of a sugar with only two example of a sugar with only two

monosaccharides.monosaccharides.

O

CH2OH

H OO

HH

HH OH

OHOH

HHHHH

OH

CH2OH

H

HH OH

H

O

OOHHHH

OHOH HH

CH2OH

HOO

HH

HH OH

OHOH

HHHHH

OHC

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

What is the monomer (subunit) for carbohydrates?

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

Name examples of carbohydrates.

monosaccharide

energy storage

glucose, starch, cellulose

function in function in hormones hormones and and cell cell membrane membrane and for and for

energy storageenergy storage

function in function in hormones hormones and and cell cell membrane membrane and for and for

energy storageenergy storage

chemically diverse organic compounds

chemically diverse organic compounds

examples: examples: fats, oils, waxesfats, oils, waxesexamples: examples: fats, oils, waxesfats, oils, waxes

contain contain C, H, OC, H, Ocontain contain C, H, OC, H, O

are are water water insolubleinsoluble

are are water water insolubleinsoluble

classified as classified as saturated saturated or or unsaturatedunsaturated

classified as classified as saturated saturated or or unsaturatedunsaturated

glycerol

also also steroidssteroids also also steroidssteroids

Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape

Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

HOO

C HC

H

C

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H OO

C OO

C

H

H OO C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

HOO

C C

H

C

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

HOO

C C

H

C

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

H

made up ofmade up of

glycerol

glycerol

fatty acids

fatty acids

and

and

What are the molecules that make up lipids?

What are the functions of lipids?

Name examples of lipids.

glycerol and fatty acids

energy storage & makes cell membrane and hormonesbody fat, oils, waxes

EnzymesEnzymes are are proteins which proteins which

function to function to control the rate control the rate

of chemical of chemical reactions.reactions.

EnzymesEnzymes are are proteins which proteins which

function to function to control the rate control the rate

of chemical of chemical reactions.reactions.

complex organic compounds made up of amino acids,

needed for the body to function

properly

complex organic compounds made up of amino acids,

needed for the body to function

properly

examples: examples: muscles, hair, muscles, hair, cartilage, nailscartilage, nails

examples: examples: muscles, hair, muscles, hair, cartilage, nailscartilage, nails

contain C, O, H, N contain C, O, H, N and usually Sand usually S

contain C, O, H, N contain C, O, H, N and usually Sand usually S

image credit: U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program, http://www.ornl.gov/TechResources/Human_Genome/graphics/slides/images/ras.gif

3D protein structure

anan aminoamino groupgroupanan aminoamino groupgroup

are made up ofare made up of

and an and an ““RR ”” group group which which varies in the varies in the

different amino different amino acidsacids

and an and an ““RR ”” group group which which varies in the varies in the

different amino different amino acidsacids

a a carboxylcarboxyl group groupa a carboxylcarboxyl group group

H

H

N C

H

R

O

OH

C

C

H

H H

H

H

N C

H O

OH

C

C

OH

H H

H

H

N C

H O

OH

C

Alanine Serine

What is the monomer (subunit) for protein?

What are the functions of protein?

Name examples of proteins.

amino acids

speed up chemical reactions

muscles, hair, cartilage, nails

image credit: U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program, http://www.ornl.gov/hgmis.

very large linear molecules

very large linear molecules

examples: examples: DNA DNA and and RNARNA

examples: examples: DNA DNA and and RNARNA

contain contain C, H, N, O, PC, H, N, O, Pcontain contain C, H, N, O, PC, H, N, O, P

sugar

phosphate

nitrogen

base

nucleotide

store genetic store genetic information, information, help to help to

make proteinsmake proteins

store genetic store genetic information, information, help to help to

make proteinsmake proteinsmade up of made up of nucleotides nucleotides

containing a containing a sugar, sugar, phosphate and a N-phosphate and a N-

basebase

made up of made up of nucleotides nucleotides

containing a containing a sugar, sugar, phosphate and a N-phosphate and a N-

basebase DNA molecule

sugar

phosphate

nitrogen base

What is the monomer (subunit) for nucleic acids?

What are the functions of nucleic acids?

Name examples of nucleic acid.

nucleotides

store genetic information, help to make proteins

DNA, RNA

What are the compounds in a nucleotide?

sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base