ATMOSPHERIC FALLS (DRY, WET) – INDICATOR OF CLIMATIC-CHEMICAL INTERACTION ASSESSMENT...
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Transcript of ATMOSPHERIC FALLS (DRY, WET) – INDICATOR OF CLIMATIC-CHEMICAL INTERACTION ASSESSMENT...
ATMOSPHERIC ATMOSPHERIC FALLS FALLS (DRY, WET) (DRY, WET) – – INDICATORINDICATOROF OF CLIMATIC-CHEMICALCLIMATIC-CHEMICAL
INTERACTION ASSESSMENTINTERACTION ASSESSMENT
Hydrometeorological Research InstituteHydrometeorological Research InstituteUZHYDROMETUZHYDROMET
Dr. Galina A. TOLKACHEVADr. Galina A. TOLKACHEVAYuliya KovalevskayaYuliya Kovalevskaya
Tatyana SmirnovaTatyana Smirnova
E-mail: sanigmi@ albatros.uzE-mail: sanigmi@ albatros.uz
Objectives of the investigation is as following:Objectives of the investigation is as following:
assessment of atmosphere composition on the assessment of atmosphere composition on the regional level under anthropogenic impact (Aral regional level under anthropogenic impact (Aral crisis)crisis)
selection of indicators of atmosphere pollution by selection of indicators of atmosphere pollution by greenhouse gasesgreenhouse gases
assessment of the role of atmospheric falls (dry, assessment of the role of atmospheric falls (dry, precipitation) as indicators of atmosphere pollution by precipitation) as indicators of atmosphere pollution by greenhouse gases, including troposphere aerosols;greenhouse gases, including troposphere aerosols;
data base creation on chemical composition of data base creation on chemical composition of atmospheric falls (dry, precipitation), anthropogenic atmospheric falls (dry, precipitation), anthropogenic emissions into atmosphere, non-standard information emissions into atmosphere, non-standard information on environmental pollution. on environmental pollution.
TableTable 1 1
Greenhouse gasesGreenhouse gases: : Water vapor, carbon dioxide (carbon Water vapor, carbon dioxide (carbon monoxide precursor), methane, ozone, monoxide precursor), methane, ozone, (nitric oxide precursors, VOC), (nitric oxide precursors, VOC), troposphere aerosols, nitrous oxide, troposphere aerosols, nitrous oxide, halogenated hydrocarbonshalogenated hydrocarbons
Over UzbekistanOver Uzbekistan:: Annual sum emission of carbon dioxide on the data of national cadastre of emission and greenhouse gases discharge ~ 90 million ton.,Aerosol coming into atmosphere just from dried part of the Aral Sea and its area of water – more than 120 million ton annually.
TableTable 22CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ATMOSPHERE
(background, regional)
ATMOSPHERE COMPOSITIONATMOSPHERE COMPOSITION
background background atmosphere atmosphere
composition, %composition, %
regional regional atmosphere atmosphere
compositioncomposition, %, %
oxygenoxygen 20,9920,99 20,9920,99
nitrogennitrogen 78,0378,03 78,0378,03
argonargon 0,940,94 0,940,94
carbonic acid (gas)carbonic acid (gas) 0,30,3 0,350,35
hydrogenhydrogen 0,010,01 0,010,01
water vaporwater vapor От 0,1 до 4От 0,1 до 4 До 4До 4
trace of aerosolstrace of aerosols 0,020,02 0,040,04
tracetrace of another gases of another gases : helium, neon, krypton, xenon: helium, neon, krypton, xenon
Polluting compounds : (SO2, NOX, Polluting compounds : (SO2, NOX, CO, dust, organic compounds, CO, dust, organic compounds, heavy metals)heavy metals)
tracetrace 0,20,2
API < 5 - level of air pollution is lawAPI < 5 - level of air pollution is lawAPI API отот 5 5 додо 6 – higher 6 – higherAPI > 7 - high and very highAPI > 7 - high and very high
SITYSITY Population Population (thousand)(thousand)
AreaArea
SqrSqr..kmkm19931993 19971997 20002000 20012001
TASHKENTTASHKENT 2121,02121,0 259,3259,3 5,325,32 5,655,65 5,925,92 5,955,95
ALMALYKALMALYK 117,1117,1 197,0197,0 6,226,22 6,986,98 5,525,52 5,085,08
ANGRENANGREN 132,81132,81 106,0106,0 5,935,93 3,333,33 3,633,63 4,24,2
CHIRCHIKCHIRCHIK 41,941,9 25,025,0 6,016,01 4,244,24 3,473,47 3,353,35
CHANGES OF ATMOSPHERE POLLUTION INDEX CHANGES OF ATMOSPHERE POLLUTION INDEX ((APIAPI ) OVER TASHKENT AND TASHKENT ) OVER TASHKENT AND TASHKENT
PROVINCEPROVINCE
Proportion of water-soluble mineral Proportion of water-soluble mineral components in dry atmosphere falls components in dry atmosphere falls
at sampling pointat sampling point Chatkal (mineralization 82.5 mg/dm3)
0,0311,01
0,4 1,6
5,73
54,26
12,66
8,37
fluorides
chloride
nitrates
sulphate
hydrocarbonate
calcium
magnesium
natrium+potassium
ammonium
Almalyk(mineralization 192 mg/dm3)
0,546,63
1,557,12
49,95
17,156,75
11,15
fluorides
chloride
nitrates
sulphate
hydrocarbonate
calcium
magnesium
natrium+potassium
Tashkent(mineralization 102 mg/dm3)
14,78
3,37
23,51
23,41
2,58
0,69
2,084,96
1,09
fluorides
chloride
nitrates
sulphate
hydrocarbonate
calcium
magnesium
natrium+potassium
ammonium
Abramov glacier(mineralization 60.9 mg/dm3)
2,65
0,41
18,13
17,26
11,49
12,77
0,77
36,52
chloride
nitrates
sulphate
hydrocarbonate
calcium
magmesium
natrium+potassium
ammonium
Composition and volume of industrial emissionsComposition and volume of industrial emissions over Almalyk and Tashkentover Almalyk and Tashkent
Таблица 4Таблица 4
pollution compoundsAlmalyk Tashkent
Thousandton/year %
Thousandton/year %
Solid matter 4,115 4,11 1,444 11,37Sulphur dioxide 89,571 89,54 0,497 3,91Carbon oxide 4,662 4,66 5,244 41,31Nitric oxide 0,985 0,98 2,349 18,50
Carbohydrates 0,001 0,001 2,292 18,05Volatile organic
compounds0,005 0,005 0,772 6,08
The others 0,7 0,69 0,096 0,76Total 100,039 100 12,694 100
Concentration of particulate particles in air of cities Concentration of particulate particles in air of cities having more than 100 thousand people in 1996 having more than 100 thousand people in 1996
(according Hydrometservice of Uzbekistan data)(according Hydrometservice of Uzbekistan data)
Content of PAH sum in atmospheric air of Content of PAH sum in atmospheric air of industrial cities of Uzbekistanindustrial cities of Uzbekistan
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996годы
нг/м3
Ташкент Чирчик АлмалыкАнгрен Фергана Бекабад
0
100
200
300
400
500
Ташкент Самарканд Андижан Наманган Бухара Фергана Коканд Чирчик Нукус Карши Ангрен Алмалык Навои
мкг/м3
твердые частицы, пыль стандарты ВОЗ стандарты УзбекистанаSolid matter dust Standards WHO Standards of Uzbekistan
mg/m3
TashkentAngren
ChirchikFergana
AlmalykBekabad
ng/m3
Dynamics of flux density changes of sulphates, Dynamics of flux density changes of sulphates,
chlorides, and hydrocarbonates according many chlorides, and hydrocarbonates according many
years data at the stations of Uzbekistanyears data at the stations of Uzbekistan
0306090
120150180210240
Stations
g/m2
hydrocarbonates chloredes sulphates
Muynak Zhaslik Mashikuduk Buzaunbay Nur-Ata Tashkent
Flux densityFlux density
Flux density of falls at FerganaFlux density of falls at Fergana
1990 year
0
20
40
60
80
1 месяц 2 месяц 3 месяц 4 месяц
Кg/hа Плотн. потока/10 HCO3 Cl*10Flux density/ 10 HCO3 Cl * 10
1 month 2 month 3 month 4 month
1993 year
0
200
400
1 месяц 2 месяц 3 месяц 4 месяц 5 месяц 6 месяц 7 месяц
kg/hа
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1992 year
0200400600
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Кg/hа
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Change of total flux density over provincesChange of total flux density over provinces
Change of flux density of fall at the station Abramov glacierChange of flux density of fall at the station Abramov glacier
0
200
400
600800
1000
1200
1400
fluxdensity/10
HCO3 Cl SO4 Ca Mg
kg/hа
1990 1991 1992 1993
0
1000
2000
3000
Karakalpakstan Navoyu
кg/hа
1983 1987 1990 1993 1995
Proportion of carbonic acid forms in accordance Proportion of carbonic acid forms in accordance with pH of water (% mol.)with pH of water (% mol.)
Table Table 44
Form рН
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
[H2 CO3 ] 99.7 97.0 76.7 24.9 3.22 0.32 0.02
[HCO3- ] 0.3 3.0 23.3 74.98 96.7 98.84 71.43 20.0
[CO32- ] 0.03 0.08 3.84 28.55 80.0
4,5
5,5
6,5
7,5
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
рН
Chatkal Tashkent KaynchyAngren Bekabad Tuya-BugyzAlmalyk Chirchik рН
AAnnualnnual mineralization (a) mineralization (a)and and precipitation totalprecipitation total (b) (b)
a
0
100
200
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
mg/dm3
Chatkal Tashkent Kaynchy Angren Bekabad Tuya-Buguz Almalyk Chirchik
б
0200400600800
100012001400
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
мм
Chatkal Tashkent Kaynchy Angren Bekabad Tuya-Buguz Almalyk
Concentration change dynamical of sulphates Concentration change dynamical of sulphates in the precipitationin the precipitation
Concentration change dynamical of Concentration change dynamical of nitratesnitratesin the precipitationin the precipitation
SO42-
0
50
100
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
mg/dm3
Chatkal Tashkent Kaynchy Angren Bekabad Tuya-Bygyz Almalyk Chirchik
NO3-
0
20
40
60
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
mg/dm3
Chatkal Tashkent Kaynchy Angren Bekabad Tuya-Buguz Almalyk Chirchik
Concentration change dynamical of Concentration change dynamical of hydrocarbonateshydrocarbonates
in the sample of precipitationin the sample of precipitation
HCO3-
0
50
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
mg/dm3
Chatkal Tashkent Kaynchy Angren Bekabad Tuya-Buguz Almalyk Chirchik
Cа+2
0
10
20
30
40
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
mg/dm3
Chatkal Tashkent Kaynchy Angren Bekabad Tuya-Buguz Almalyk Chirchik
Мg+2
02468
101214
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
mg/dm3
Chatkal Tashkent Kaynchy Angren Bekabad Tuya-Buguz Almalyk Chirchik
Concentration change dynamical of calcium and Concentration change dynamical of calcium and magnesium in the samples of precipitationmagnesium in the samples of precipitation
PPrimaryrimary compounds composition of compounds composition of precipitation over different districts of precipitation over different districts of
UzbekistanUzbekistan Chatkal biospheric nature reservation
mineralization 25,49 mg/dm3
S04-23%
NO3-16% HCO3-29%
Ca-21%
Mg-6%K-2%Na-3%
Kaynchy
mineralization 100,91 mg/dm3
S04-37%
F-0,1%Na-4% K-1% Mg-5%
Ca-12%
NH4-1%
NO3-15%
HCO3-20%
Cl-5%
Almalyk
mineralization 84,74 mg/dm3
F-1%Na2% K-2%
Cl-3%
NH4-1%
S04-56%
Mg-3%
Ca-12%
HCO3-13%
NO3-7%
Tashkent
mineralization 45,04 mg/dm3
Na-6%
Ca-15%
Mg-4%K-3%F-0,1%S04-17%
NO3-12%
HCO3-35%Cl- 7%
NH4-1%