Atlantic OceanAtlantic, North Atlantic, South Atlantic, AtlanticBasinandAtlanticcoastredirect here. Forotheruses, see Atlantic (disambiguation), North Atlantic (dis-ambiguation), South Atlantic (disambiguation), AtlanticBasin (disambiguation), and Atlantic Coast (disambigua-tion).The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the worldsThe Atlantic Ocean, not including Arctic and Antarctic regionsThisvideowastakenbythecrewofExpedition29onboardtheISS. Thepassstartsfromjust northeast oftheislandofNewfoundland over the North Atlantic Ocean to central Africa,over South Sudan.oceanic divisions, following the Pacic Ocean. Withatotal areaof about 106,400,000squarekilometres(41,100,000 sq mi),[1] it covers approximately 20 percentof the Earths surface and about 29 percent of its watersurface area. The rst part of its name refers to Atlas ofGreek mythology, making the Atlantic the Sea of Atlas.The oldest known mention of Atlantic is in The Histo-ries of Herodotus around 450 BC (Hdt. 1.202.4): At-lantis thalassa(Greek: ; English:Sea of Atlas). The term Ethiopic Ocean, derived fromEthiopia, was applied to the southern Atlantic as lateas the mid-19th century.[2] Before Europeans discoveredother oceans, their term ocean was synonymous withthe waters beyond the Strait of Gibraltar that are nowknown as the Atlantic. The early Greeks believed thisocean to be a gigantic river encircling the world.TheAtlanticOceanoccupiesanelongated, S-shapedbasin extending longitudinally between Eurasia andAfrica to the east, and the Americas to the west. As onecomponent of the interconnected global ocean, it is con-nected in the north to the Arctic Ocean, to the PacicOcean in the southwest, the Indian Ocean in the south-east, and the Southern Ocean in the south (other de-nitions describe the Atlantic as extending southward toAntarctica). The equator subdivides it into the North At-lantic Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean.1 GeographyThe Atlantic Ocean as seen from the western coast of PortugalThe Atlantic Ocean is bounded on the west by North andSouth America. It connects to the Arctic Ocean throughthe Denmark Strait, Greenland Sea, Norwegian Sea andBarents Sea. To the east, the boundaries of the oceanproper are Europe: the Strait of Gibraltar (where it con-nects with the Mediterranean Seaone of its marginalseasand, in turn, the Black Sea, both of which also touchupon Asia) and Africa.Inthesoutheast, theAtlanticmergesintotheIndianOcean. The 20 East meridian, running south from CapeAgulhas to Antarctica denes its border. Some author-12 3 OCEAN FLOORities show it extending south to Antarctica, while oth-ers show it bounded at the 60 parallel by the SouthernOcean.[3]In the southwest, the Drake Passage connects it to the Pa-cic Ocean. The man-made Panama Canal links the At-lantic and Pacic. Besides those mentioned, other largebodies of water adjacent to the Atlantic are the CaribbeanSea, the Gulf of Mexico, Hudson Bay, the Arctic Ocean,the Mediterranean Sea, the North Sea, the Baltic Sea, andthe Celtic Sea.The Atlantic Ocean as seen from Atlantic City, New Jersey.Covering approximately 22% of Earths surface, the At-lantic is second in size to the Pacic. With its adjacentseas, it occupies an area of about 106,400,000 squarekilometres (41,100,000 sq mi);[1] without them, it hasan area of 82,400,000 square kilometres (31,800,000 sqmi). The land that drains into the Atlantic covers fourtimes that of either the Pacic or Indian oceans. The vol-ume of the Atlantic with its adjacent seas is 354,700,000cubic kilometers (85,100,000 cu mi) and without them323,600,000 cubic kilometres (77,640,000 cu mi).The average depth of the Atlantic with its adjacent seas, is3,339 metres (1,826 fathoms; 10,955 ft); without them itis 3,926 metres (2,147 fathoms; 12,881 ft).[4] The great-est depth, Milwaukee Deep with 8,380 metres (4,580fathoms; 27,490 ft), is in the Puerto Rico Trench. TheAtlantics width varies from 1,538 nautical miles (2,848km; 1,770 mi) between Brazil and Sierra Leone to over3,450 nautical miles (6,400 km; 4,000 mi) in the south.2 Cultural signicanceThe Atlantic Ocean was named by the ancient Greeks af-ter either Atlas the Titan or the Atlas Mountains namedfor him;[5][6] both involve the concept of holding up thesky. Transatlantic travel played a major role in the expan-sion of Western civilization into the Americas. It is theAtlantic that separates the "Old World" from the "NewWorld". In modern times, some idioms refer to the oceanin a humorously diminutive way as the Pond, describingMyrtle Beach, South Carolina view of the Atlantic Ocean.both the geographical and cultural divide between NorthAmerica and Europe, in particular between the English-speaking nations of both continents. Many British peo-ple refer to the United States and Canada as across thepond, and vice versa.[7]The Black Atlantic refers to the role of this ocean inshapingblackpeopleshistory, especiallythroughtheAtlantic slave trade. Irish migration to the US is meantwhen the term The Green Atlantic is used. The termRed Atlantic has been used in reference to the Marx-ian concept of an Atlantic working class, as well as to theAtlantic experience of indigenous Americans.[8][9][10]Site of the 1781 shipwreck of the Culloden near Montauk, NewYork.3 Ocean oorThe principal feature of the bathymetry (bottomtopography) is a submarine mountain range called theMid-Atlantic Ridge.[11]It extends from Iceland in thenorth to approximately 58 South latitude, reaching amaximum width of about 860 nautical miles (1,590 km;990 mi).A great rift valley also extends along the ridgeover most of its length. The depth of water at the apex ofthe ridge is less than 2,700 metres (1,500 fathoms; 8,900ft) in most places, while the bottom of the ridge is three3Map that uses color to show ocean depthtimes as deep. Several peaks rise above the water andform islands.[12] The South Atlantic Ocean has an addi-tional submarine ridge, the Walvis Ridge.[13]The Mid-Atlantic Ridge separates the Atlantic Ocean intotwo large troughs with depths from 3,7005,500 me-tres (2,0003,000 fathoms; 12,10018,000 ft). Trans-verse ridges running between the continents and the Mid-AtlanticRidgedividetheoceanoor intonumerousbasins. Some of the larger basins are the Blake, Guiana,North American, Cape Verde, and Canaries basins in theNorth Atlantic. The largest South Atlantic basins are theAngola, Cape, Argentina, and Brazil basins.The deep ocean oor is thought to be fairly at with occa-sional deeps, abyssal plains, trenches, seamounts, basins,plateaus, canyons, and some guyots. Various shelvesalong the margins of the continents constitute about 11%of the bottom topography with few deep channels cutacross the continental rise.Ocean oor trenches and seamounts:Puerto Rico Trench, in the North Atlantic, is thedeepest trenchat 8,605metres (4,705fathoms;28,232 ft)[14]Laurentian Abyss is found o the eastern coast ofCanadaSouth Sandwich Trench reaches a depth of 8,428metres (4,608 fathoms; 27,651 ft)Romanche Trench is located near the equator andreaches a depth of about 7,454 metres (4,076 fath-oms; 24,455 ft).Ocean sediments are composed of:Terrigenous deposits with land origins, consisting ofsand, mud, and rock particles formed by erosion,weathering, and volcanic activity on land washedto sea. These materials are found mostly on thecontinental shelves and are thickest near large rivermouths or o desert coasts.Pelagic deposits, which contain the remains of or-ganisms that sink to the ocean oor, include red claysandGlobigerina, pteropod, andsiliceous oozes.Covering most of the ocean oor and ranging inthickness from 603,300 metres (331,804 fath-oms; 20010,830 ft) they are thickest in the con-vergence belts, notably at the Hamilton Ridge andin upwelling zones.Authigenicdepositsconsist ofsuchmaterialsasmanganese nodules. They occur where sedimenta-tion proceeds slowly or where currents sort the de-posits, such as in the Hewett Curve.4 Water characteristicsThe Atlantic Ocean as seen from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Thisview is from Vista Chinesa.Pathofthethermohalinecirculation. Purplepathsrepresentdeep-water currents, while blue paths represent surface currents.Map of the ve major ocean gyres4 6 HISTORYOn average, the Atlantic is the saltiest major ocean; sur-face water salinity in the open ocean ranges from33 to 37parts per thousand (3.3 3.7%) by mass and varies withlatitude and season.Evaporation, precipitation, river in-ow and sea ice melting inuence surface salinity values.Although the lowest salinity values are just north of theequator (because of heavy tropical rainfall), in general thelowest values are in the high latitudes and along coastswhere large rivers enter. Maximum salinity values occurat about 25 north and south, in subtropical regions withlow rainfall and high evaporation.Surface water temperatures, which vary with latitude,current systems, and season and reect the latitudinal dis-tribution of solar energy, range from below 2 C (28F) to over 30 C (86 F). Maximum temperatures oc-cur north of the equator, and minimum values are foundin the polar regions.In the middle latitudes, the area ofmaximum temperature variations, values may vary by 78 C (1314 F).The Atlantic Ocean consists of four major water masses.The North and South Atlantic central waters make up thesurface. The sub-Antarctic intermediate water extendsto depths of 1,000 metres (550 fathoms; 3,300 ft). TheNorth Atlantic Deep Water reaches depths of as much as4,000 metres (2,200 fathoms; 13,000 ft). The AntarcticBottom Water occupies ocean basins at depths greaterthan 4,000 meters.Within the North Atlantic, ocean currents isolate theSargassoSea, alargeelongatedbodyofwater, withabove average salinity. The Sargasso Sea contains largeamounts of seaweed and is also the spawning ground forboth the European eel and the American eel.The Coriolis eect circulates North Atlantic water in aclockwise direction, whereas South Atlantic water circu-lates counter-clockwise. The south tides in the AtlanticOcean are semi-diurnal; that is, two high tides occur dur-ing each 24 lunar hours. In latitudes above 40 Northsome east-west oscillation occurs.5 ClimateClimate is inuenced by the temperatures of the surfacewaters and water currents as well as winds. Because of theoceans great capacity to store and release heat, maritimeclimates are more moderate and have less extreme sea-sonal variations than inland climates. Precipitation canbe approximated from coastal weather data and air tem-perature from water temperatures.The oceans are the major source of the atmospheric mois-ture that is obtained through evaporation. Climatic zonesvary with latitude; the warmest zones stretch across theAtlantic north of the equator. The coldest zones are inhigh latitudes, with the coldest regions corresponding tothe areas covered by sea ice. Ocean currents inuenceclimate by transporting warm and cold waters to other re-gions. The winds that are cooled or warmed when blow-ing over these currents inuence adjacent land areas.The Gulf Stream and its northern extension towards Eu-rope, the North Atlantic Drift, for example, warms theatmosphere of the British Isles and north-western Europeand inuences weather and climate as far south as thenorthern Mediterranean. The cold water currents con-tribute to heavy fog o the coast of eastern Canada (theGrand Banks of Newfoundland area) and Africas north-western coast. In general, winds transport moisture andair over land areas. Hurricanes develop in the southernpart of the North Atlantic Ocean. More local particularweather examples could be found in examples such as theAzores High, Benguela Current, and Nor'easter.6 HistoryMain category: History of the Atlantic OceanThe Atlantic Ocean appears to be the second youngest ofAnimation showing the separation of Pangaea, which formed theAtlantic Ocean known todaythe ve oceans. It did not exist prior to 130 million yearsago, when the continents that formed fromthe breakup ofthe ancestral super continent Pangaea were drifting apart.The Atlantic has been extensively explored since the ear-liest settlements along its shores.The Norsemen, the Portuguese and the Spanish were therst to explore and to cross it systematically, fromEuropeto the Americas, as well as to its islands and archipelagos,and from the North Atlantic to the South Atlantic. It wasafter the voyages of Christopher Columbus in 1492, forSpain, that the Americas became well known in Europeand European exploration rapidly accelerated, leading tomany new trade routes and the colonization of the Amer-icas.As a result, the Atlantic became and remains the ma-jor artery between Europe and the Americas (known astransatlantic trade). Scientic explorations include theChallenger expedition, the German Meteor expedition,6.1 Notable crossings 5Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observa-tory and the United States Navy Hydrographic Oce.6.1 Notable crossingsRa II, a ship built from papyrus, was successfully sailed acrossthe Atlantic by Thor Heyerdahl proving that it was possible tocross the Atlantic from Africa using such boats in early epochs ofhistory.Around 600 - 400 BC, Hanno the Navigator ex-plored West Africa and possibly reached and crossedthe Gulf of Guinea and the Equator.Around 980 982, Erik the Red discoveredGreenland, geographically and geologically a part ofthe Americas.In the year 1000, the Icelander Leif Ericson was therst European to set foot on North American soil,corresponding to todays Eastern coast of Canada,i.e., the province of Newfoundland and Labrador,including the area of land named "Vinland" by Er-icson. The Norse discovery was documented in the13th century Icelandic Sagas and was corroboratedby recent L'Anse aux Meadows archeological evi-dence.Around 1010, Thornnr Karlsefni led an attemptedNorsemen settlement in North America with 160settlers, but was later driven o by the natives. Hisson Snorri Thornnsson was the rst American born(somewhere between 1010 and 1013) to European(Icelandic) immigrant parents.In 1419 and 1427, Portuguese navigators reachedMadeira and Azores, respectively.From 1415 to 1488, Portuguese navigators exploredthe Western African coast, crossed the Equator, andreached theSouthAtlantic, the Southern Hemi-sphere, and the Cape of Good Hope in the southerntip of Africa, entering the Indian Ocean.In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed on the islandof San Salvador in The Bahamas.From 1496 to 1498 John Cabot made three voy-agestoNorthAmericafromBristol, landinginNewfoundland and/or possibly the Canadian Mar-itimes.In 1500, Pedro lvares Cabral reached Brazil.In 1519 Ferdinand Magellan sailed from Spain tothe South Atlantic, navigating the straits named afterhim and entering the Pacic Ocean.In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verraz-zano, in the service of the King Francis I of France,discovered the United States of America's east coast.In 1534, Jacques Cartier entered the Gulf ofSt. Lawrence and reached the mouth of the St.Lawrence River.In April 1563, Nicolas Barre and 20 other strandedHuguenots were the rst to build a (crude) boat inthe Americas and sail across the Atlantic. Theysailed from Charlesfort, South Carolina to just othe coast of England where they were rescued byan English ship. Though they resorted to canni-balism, seven men survived the voyage, includingBarre.[15][16]In 1764, William Harrison (the son of John Harri-son) sailed aboard HMS Tartar, with the H-4 timepiece. The voyage became the basis for the inven-tion of the global system of Longitude.In 1858, Cyrus West Field laid the rst transatlantictelegraph cable (it quickly failed).In 1865, Brunel's ship the SS Great Eastern laid therst successful transatlantic telegraph cable.In 1870, the small City of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) be-came the rst small lifeboat to cross the Atlanticfrom Cork to Boston with two crew, John CharlesBuckley and Nikola Primorac (di Costa).[17]In 1896, Frank Samuelsen and George Harbo fromNorway became the rst people to ever row acrossthe Atlantic Ocean.On 15 April 1912 the RMS Titanic sank after hittingan iceberg with a loss of more than 1,500 lives.[18]On 7 May 1915 the RMS Lusitania was torpedoeden route to Queenstown, Ireland, at the loss of 1,198passengers.19141918, during the Atlantic U-boat campaign ofWorld War I, more than 2,100 ships were sunk and153 U-boats destroyed.6 8 TERRAINIn1919, the AmericanNC-4became the rstseaplane to cross the Atlantic (though it made a cou-ple of landings on islands and the sea along the way,and taxied several hundred miles).Later in 1919, a British aeroplane piloted by AlcockandBrownmadetherst non-stoptransatlanticight, from Newfoundland to Ireland.In 1921, the British were the rst to cross the NorthAtlantic in an airship.In 1922, Portuguese aviators Sacadura Cabral andGago Coutinho were the First aerial crossing of theSouth Atlantic on a seaplane connecting Lisbon toRio de Janeiro.In May 1927, Charles Nungesser and Franois Coliin their aircraft L'OiseauBlanc (TheWhiteBird)mysteriously disappeared in an attempt to make therst non-stop transatlantic ight from Paris to NewYork.In 1927, Charles Lindbergh made the rst solo non-stop transatlantic ight in an aircraft (between NewYork City and Paris).In 1931, Bert Hinkler made the rst solo non-stoptransatlantic ight across the South Atlantic in anaircraft.In 1932, Amelia Earhart became the rst female tomake a solo ight across the Atlantic from HarbourGrace, Newfoundland to Derry, Northern Ireland.19391945, during World War II, the Battle of theAtlantic resulted in nearly 3,700 ships sunk and 783U-boats destroyed.[19]In 1952, Ann Davison was the rst woman to single-handedly sail the Atlantic Ocean.In 1965, Robert Manry crossed the Atlantic fromtheU.S. to England non-stop in a 13.5-foot (4.1-meter)sailboat named Tinkerbell.[20] Several others alsocrossed the Atlantic in very small sailboats in the1960s, none of them non-stop, though.In 1969 and 1970 Thor Heyerdahllaunched ex-peditions to cross the Atlantic in boats built frompapyrus. He succeeded in crossing the Atlantic fromMorocco to Barbados after a two-month voyage of6,100 kmwith Ra II in 1970, thus conclusively prov-ing that boats such as the Ra could have sailed withthe Canary Current across the Atlantic in prehistorictimes.[21]In 1980, Grard d'Aboville was the rst man to crossthe Atlantic Ocean rowing solo.In 1984, Amyr Klink crossed the south atlantic row-ing solo from Namibia to Brazil in 100 days.In 1984, ve Argentines sail in a 10-meter-long raftmade from tree trunks named Atlantis from CanaryIslands and after 52 days 3,000 miles (4,800 km)journey arrived to Venezuela in an attempt to provetravelers from Africa may have crossed the Atlanticbefore Christopher Columbus.[22][23]In 1994, Guy Delage was the rst man to allegedlyswim across the Atlantic Ocean (with the help of akick board, from Cape Verde to Barbados).In 1998, Benot Lecomte was the rst man to swimacross the northern Atlantic Ocean without a kickboard, stopping for only one week in the Azores.In 1999, after rowing for 81 days and 4,767 kilo-metres (2,962 miles), Tori Murden became the rstwoman to cross the Atlantic Ocean by rowboat alonewhen she reached Guadeloupe from the Canary Is-lands.In 2003 Alan Priddy and three crew members madea record crossing of the North Atlantic in a RIBfromNewfoundland to Scotland, via Greenland and Ice-land, in 103 hours.7 EconomyThe Atlantic has contributed signicantly to the devel-opment andeconomyofsurroundingcountries. Be-sides major transatlantic transportation and communica-tion routes, the Atlantic oers abundant petroleum de-posits in the sedimentary rocks of the continental shelves.The Atlantic hosts the worlds richest shing resources,especially in the waters covering the shelves.The majorsh are cod, haddock, hake, herring, and mackerel.The most productive areas include the Grand Banks ofNewfoundland, the Nova Scotia shelf, Georges Bank oCape Cod, the Bahama Banks, the waters around Iceland,the Irish Sea, the Dogger Bank of the North Sea, and theFalkland Banks. Eel, lobster, and whales appear in greatquantities. Various international treaties attempt to re-duce pollution caused by environmental threats such as oilspills, marine debris, and the incineration of toxic wastesat sea.8 TerrainFrom October to June the surface is usually covered withsea ice in the Labrador Sea, Denmark Strait, and BalticSea. A clockwise warm-water gyre occupies the northernAtlantic, and a counter-clockwise warm-water gyre ap-pears in the southern Atlantic. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge,a rugged north-south centerline for the entire Atlanticbasin, rst discovered by the Challenger Expedition dom-inates the ocean oor. This was formed by the vulcan-7ism that also formed the ocean oor and the islands risingfrom it.TheAtlantichasirregularcoastsindentedbynumer-ous bays, gulfs, and seas. These include the NorwegianSea,Baltic Sea,North Sea,Labrador Sea,Black Sea,Gulf of Saint Lawrence, Bay of Fundy, Gulf of Maine,Mediterranean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea.IslandsincludeNewfoundland(includinghundredsofsurrounding islands), Greenland, Iceland, Faroe Is-lands, Great Britain(includingnumeroussurroundingislands), Ireland, Rockall, Sable Island, Azores, St.PierreandMiquelon, Madeira, Bermuda, CanaryIs-lands, Caribbean, Cape Verde, So Tom and Prncipe,Annobn Province, Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll,Ascension Island,Saint Helena,Trindade and MartimVaz,Tristan da Cunha,Gough Island (Also known asDiegoAlvarez), FalklandIslands, Tierra del Fuego,SouthGeorgia Island, South SandwichIslands, andBouvet Island.8.1 Natural resourcesThe Atlantic harbors petroleumandgas elds, sh,marine mammals (seals and whales), sand and gravel ag-gregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, and pre-cious stones.8.2 Natural hazardsIceberg A22A in the South Atlantic OceanIcebergs are common from February to August in theDavis Strait, Denmark Strait, and the northwestern At-lantic and have been spotted as far south as Bermuda andMadeira. Ships are subject to superstructure icing in theextreme north from October to May. Persistent fog canbe a maritime hazard fromMay to September, as can hur-ricanes north of the equator (May to December).The United States southeast coast has a long history ofshipwrecks due to its many shoals and reefs. The Virginiaand North Carolina coasts were particularly dangerous.The Bermuda Triangle is popularly believed to be the siteof numerous aviation and shipping incidents because ofunexplained and supposedly mysterious causes, but CoastGuard records do not support this belief.Hurricanes are also a natural hazard in the Atlantic, butmainly in the northern part of the ocean, rarely tropicalcyclones form in the southern parts. Hurricanes usuallyform between 1 June and 30 November of every year.9 Current environmental issuesEndangered marine species include the manatee, seals,sea lions, turtles, and whales. Drift net shing can killdolphins, albatrosses and other seabirds (petrels, auks),hastening the sh stock decline and contributing to in-ternational disputes.[24] Municipal pollution comes fromthe eastern United States, southern Brazil, and easternArgentina;oil pollution in the Caribbean Sea, Gulf ofMexico, Lake Maracaibo, Mediterranean Sea, and NorthSea; and industrial waste and municipal sewage pollutionin the Baltic Sea, North Sea, and Mediterranean Sea.In 2005, there was some concern that warm northern Eu-ropean currents were slowing down.[25]On 7 June 2006, Floridas wildlife commission voted totake the manatee o the states endangered species list.Some environmentalists worry that this could erode safe-guards for the popular sea creature.9.1 Marine pollutionMain article: Marine pollutionSee also: Environmental impact of shippingMarine pollution is a generic term for the entry into theocean of potentially hazardous chemicals or particles.The biggest culprits are rivers and with them many agri-culture fertilizer chemicals as well as livestock and humanwaste. The excess of oxygen-depleting chemicals leads tohypoxia and the creation of a dead zone.[26]Marine debris, which is also known as marine litter, de-scribes human-created waste oating in a body of wa-ter.Oceanic debris tends to accumulate at the center ofgyres and coastlines, frequently washing aground whereit is known as beach litter.10 Borderingcountriesandterri-toriesSee also: MacaronesiaThe states (territories in italics) with a coastline on theAtlantic Ocean (excluding the Black, Baltic and Mediter-8 10 BORDERING COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIESranean Seas) are:10.1 Europe Azores (PRT) Belgium Denmark Faroe Islands (DEN) France Germany Guernsey (UK) Iceland Ireland Isle of Man (UK) Jersey (UK) Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain United Kingdom10.2 Africa Angola Benin Bouvet Island (NOR) Cameroon Canary Islands (ESP) Cape Verde Democratic Republic of the Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Madeira (PRT) Mauritania Morocco Namibia Nigeria Republic of the Congo Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha(UK) So Tom and Prncipe Senegal Sierra Leone South Africa Togo Western Sahara (claimed by Morocco) (MAR)10.3 South America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Falkland Islands (UK) French Guiana (FRA) GuyanaLEO TERRRRREOOAAAM PPPITTMG South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands(UK) Suriname Uruguay Venezuela910.4 North and Central America Belize Bermuda (UK) Canada Costa Rica Greenland (DEN) Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Pierre and Miquelon (FRA) United States10.4.1 Caribbean Anguilla (UK) Antigua and Barbuda Aruba (NED) Bahamas Barbados Bonaire (NED) British Virgin Islands (UK) Cayman Islands (UK) Cuba Curaao (NED) Dominica Dominican Republic Guadeloupe (FRA) Grenada Haiti Jamaica Martinique (FRA) Montserrat (UK) Saba (NED) Puerto Rico (USA) Saint Barthlemy (FRA) Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Sint Maarten (NED) Saint Martin (FRA) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius (NED) Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands (UK) United States Virgin Islands (USA)11 Major ports and harboursMain article:List of ports and harbours of the AtlanticOcean12 See alsoOcean HighwaySeven SeasBorders of the oceans#Atlantic OceanGulf Stream shutdownHistory of the Atlantic Ocean articlesShipwrecks in the Atlantic OceanAtlantic hurricanesTerritories of the United States on stamps#Explorers13 References[1] The New Encyclopdia Britannica, Volume 2, Ency-clopdia Britannica, 1974. p. 294[2] GeorgeRipley; CharlesAndersonDana(1873). TheAmericancyclopaedia: apopulardictionaryofgeneralknowledge. Appleton. pp. 69. Retrieved 15 April 2011.[3] Limits of Oceans and Seas. International HydrographicOrganization Special Publication No. 23, 1953.[4] AmandaBriney, Geographyof theWorlds Oceans.About Education. Retrieved 2015-05-22.[5] Merriam-Webster, Merriam-Webster Unabridged,Merriam-Webster.10 15 EXTERNAL LINKS[6] HoughtonMiinHarcourt, AmericanHeritageDictio-nary of the English Language (5th ed.), Houghton MiinHarcourt.[7] Example: BBC Click Episode 4 April 2009[8] David, Armitage. The Red Atlantic. Project MUSE.Retrieved 28 October 2012.[9] http://uncpress.unc.edu/books/11603.html[10] http://web-facstaff.sas.upenn.edu/~{}cavitch/pdf-library/Armitage_ThreeConcepts.pdf[11] Kenneth J. Hs (1992). The Challenger at Sea: A ShipThat Revolutionized Earth Science. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-691-08735-1.[12] Kenneth J. Hs (1987). The Mediterranean Was a Desert:A Voyage of the Glomar Challenger. ISBN 978-0-691-02406-6.[13] National Geographic Atlas of the World: Revised SixthEdition, National Geographic Society, 1992[14] Milwaukee Deep. sea-seek.com[15] http://churchmousec.wordpress.com/2013/08/27/the-huguenot-settlement-in-16th-century-south-carolina[16] http://www.jcs-group.com/oldwest/america/1562ribaut.html[17] William H. Longyard (2003). A speck on the sea: epicvoyages in the most improbable vessels. International Ma-rine/Ragged Mountain Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-07-141306-0.[18] Jill, Lawless (16 October 2008). Last Titanic survivorsells mementos. Associated Press. Retrieved 2015-08-06.[19] IntroductionU-Boat OperationsoftheSecondWorldWarVol 1 by Wynn, Kenneth, 1998 p. 1[20] Tinkerbelle (1967; Harper & Row, New York City, N.Y.)[21] Ryne, Linn. Voyages into History. Retrieved 13 January2008.[22] 5 cross Atlantic in tiny raft. News.google.com. 12 July1984 Retrieved on 27 October 2011.[23] Expedicion Atlantis (Spanish)[24] Problems and Prospects for the Pelagic Driftnet. ani-mallaw.info. Retrieved on 27 October 2011.[25] Atlantic Oceans 'Heat Engine' Chills Down by Christo-pher Joyce. All Things Considered, National Public Ra-dio, 30 November 2005.[26] Sebastian A. Gerlach Marine Pollution, Springer, Berlin(1975)14 BibliographyWinchester, Simon (2010). Atlantic: A Vast Oceanof a Million Stories. HarperCollins UK. ISBN 978-0-00-734137-5.Muchof this articleoriginatedfromthepublicdomain site http://oceanographer.navy.mil/atlantic.html15 External linksAtlantic Ocean entry at The World FactbookOceans at DMOZwww.cartage.org.lbMap of Atlantic Coastof North America fromthe Chesapeake Bay to Florida from 1639 via theWorld Digital LibraryCoordinates: 0N 30W / 0N 30W1116 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses16.1 Text AtlanticOcean Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean?oldid=675722963 Contributors: Paul Drye, TwoOneTwo, VickiRosenzweig, Mav, Bryan Derksen, Jeronimo, Gareth Owen, Andre Engels, Eclecticology, Eob, Scipius, Youssefsan, Danny, Christian List,Tpahl, William Avery, SimonP, Ben-Zin~enwiki, Heron, Montrealais, Olivier, Edward, JohnOwens, Michael Hardy, Dan Koehl, GUllman,Liftarn, Hoshie, Taras, GTBacchus, Alo, Mkweise, Ellywa, Ahoerstemeier, Docu, Angela, Mark Foskey, Tristanb, Jiang, GCarty, John K,EdH, Csernica, BRG, Denny, Lommer, MichaK, Schneelocke, Crusadeonilliteracy, Crissov, David Newton, Haukurth, Miterdale, Ed g2s,Philopp, Jeeves, Lord Emsworth, Francs2000, Donarreiskoer, Robbot, Owain, Alrasheedan, Moondyne, Romanm, Naddy, Mirv, Aca-demic Challenger, Jtts, Caknuck, Hadal, UtherSRG, JesseW, Wikibot, JackofOz, Wereon, Cyrius, MilkMiruku, Adam78, Pstevenson,Giftlite, DocWatson42, MPF, Marnanel, Andy, Jyril, Fudoreaper, Aphaia, Zigger, Tom Radulovich, Wwoods, Everyking, Varlaam, Spice-Man, Waltpohl, Rick Block, Niteowlneils, Beardo, Zoney, Djegan, Mackerm, Chameleon, SWAdair, Edcolins, Golbez, JE, Andycjp, Geni,Knutux, Sonjaaa, Quadell, Beland, OverlordQ, Piotrus, CaribDigita, Hydronses, PFHLai, Icairns, Nickptar, Syvanen, Zeman, Adashiel,Trevor MacInnis, Grstain, D6, Poccil, Jiy, EugeneZelenko, A-giau, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, Vsmith, Florian Blaschke,MeltBanana, LindsayH, Xezbeth, SpookyMulder, Bender235, ESkog, Mashford, Mr. Billion, El C, Gertjan R., McCorrection, Mulder1982,Bletch, Kwamikagami, QuartierLatin1968, Worldtraveller, Tom, Art LaPella, Nickj, Wee Jimmy, Reinyday, Giraedata, Aquillion, Jo-jit fb, Nk, Hajenso, Obradovic Goran, Sam Korn, Caeruleancentaur, Justinc, HasharBot~enwiki, Ranveig, Bobaa904, Jumbuck, StormRider, Bob rulz, Alansohn, Gary, Romalar, Smegpt86, Interiot, Rd232, Plumbago, Ronline, Ciceronl, RoySmith, DLJessup, Mac Davis,TygerDawn, Malo, Jjhake, Snowolf, Marianocecowski, Melaen, Rebroad, RainbowOfLight, LFaraone, Metju~enwiki, Gene Nygaard,Johntex, Ceyockey, Dismas, Felgerkarb, Stemonitis, Thryduulf, Velho, Woohookitty, Natcase, ScottDavis, Rocastelo, Cleonis, BeforeMy Ken, Ratzer, Je3000, Damicatz, Sengkang, BlaiseFEgan, Kralizec!, MechBrowman, Prashanthns, Matilda, Fox Mccloud, Greater-Shrew, Sj, Saperaud~enwiki, Coneslayer, Mayumashu, Koavf, Lugnad, Sdornan, Suirotra, SMC, Vegaswikian, Ligulem, Mm35173, Thewub, Sango123, DirkvdM, Jcmurphy, Thegreatloofa, Mark83, RexNL, Gurch, Quuxplusone, Born2cycle, TeaDrinker, Malhonen, Darranc,Thecurran, Lemuel Gulliver, Snailwalker, Bedford, King of Hearts, Chobot, Cactus.man, Gwernol, Zimbabweed, B.~enwiki, Roboto deAjvol, The Rambling Man, YurikBot, Wavelength, RattusMaximus, RobotE, Sceptre, Hairy Dude, Mahahahaneapneap, RussBot, Pig-man, Qwertzy2, Anomaly1, SpuriousQ, Van der Hoorn, Akamad, Shell Kinney, Gaius Cornelius, CambridgeBayWeather, Rsrikanth05,Ravenous, NawlinWiki, Wiki alf, Robertvan1, RattleMan, The Ogre, NickBush24, Jaxl, Terli, Mconst, SivaKumar, Robchurch, Jo-hantheghost, Zwobot, BOT-Superzerocool, DeadEyeArrow, Bota47, Everyguy, Szhaider, Super jedi droid, Wknight94, TransUtopian,Zzuuzz, Encephalon, Nikkimaria, Closedmouth, Arthur Rubin, Donald Albury, BorgQueen, JoanneB, Silverhelm, Jor70, Orcaborealis,LeonardoRob0t, Paul D. 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