Assimilation Habitat

2

S u s t a i n a b l e A r c h i t e c t u r e

Project period:01.04.2016 - 01.06.2016

Institution:Aalborg University

Department:Architecture, Design and Media Technology

Course:MSc02 Architecture & Design

Architectural Supervisor:Lasse Rohde

Technical Supervisor:Anna Marszal

Project Team:Group 14

We would like to express our thanks to Michael A. Ulfstjerne, Anthropologist PhD, Global Refugee Studies Unit, Aalborg University, for his initial comments on our considerations about refugees and architecture, and inspiration to clarify our concept.

3

Antónia Pohanková

Francesca Terza

Bodil Dalgaard

Jimmi Ørnhøj-Hansen

Marek Podlaha

4

R e a d e r s g u i d e

The report is introducing the development of a sustainable social housing complex in Aalborg.The report is divided into six main chapters that allow the readers to have a full understanding of the design.

01 Prologue The first part of the report is an introduction to inform the readers about the approach to the project.

02 ProgramThe second phase is an excerpt of the analysis of the site to give a better understanding of the project area. De-sign parameters are introduced as subconclusions coming from the analysis.

03 PresentationThe third phase implicates the final design including plans, sections, elevations and details. The technical key elements and sustainable strategies are presented together with the architectural solutions according to the in-tegrated design process.

04 Design processThe fourth phase contains the main steps that led to the final design solutions. The design process is presented as a logical itinerary throughout the project.

05 EpilogueThe epilogue contains a conclusion and critical reflection of the project followed by literature and illustration references.

06 AppendixThe appendix of the report contains the important documentation relating to the project as calculations, tables and softwares results.

5

A b s t r a c t

This project seeks to solve the design for a residential area in Aalborg, Denmark. The design needs to accommodate residents from multiple cultures, both ethnics danes and refugees granted asylum. The concept of the project is to promote integration of the refugees by creating spaces where interaction and social well being is possible and encouraged. The project is elaborated through a visual presentation of the final design pro-posal and documentation of the design process leading to it.

The design is a result of integration of the aesthetic and technical inves-tigations, as well as considerations of the sustainability of the design re-garding environmental, economic and social aspects.

6

To ensure a good process and have control of every step in the design development a meth-odology has been chosen to follow. It was de-cided to use the methodology of “The integrat-ed design process” by Mary- Ann Knudstrup. The integrated design process itself does not ensure that the solution will become aesthet-ic or sustainable. Instead it makes us capable of controlling the many parameters to be con-sidered and implemented in the project, and hereby having the opportunity to make a more holistic sustainable architecture. This is done by achieving better sustainable solutions via the different parameters considered doing the pro-cess [Knudstrup, 2003].

The integrated design process is a transdisci-plinary process where the purpose is to unite ar-chitecture with engineering knowledge so that aesthetics and technique form a symbiosis. The method contains 5 phases, which individ-ually and in union controls the process and im-plement different elements. The phases men-tioned are problem formulation, analysis phase, sketching phase, synthesis phase and presenta-tion phase.

The first phase is the problem formulation. Here the problem/project is being described.The analysis phase is for analyzing all the infor-mation considered to be important. This con-tributes with some specific parameters to keep in mind for the sketching phase. As an example it could be site information such as municipality plans, topography, vegetation, sun, dominant wind direction etc. This phase may also pro-vide information according to special qualities of the area such as the sense of the place. In the analysis phase a room program is made in collaboration with the contractor, to become aware of logistic measures and make a chart of functions.

The passive design strategies should also be investigated to enhance a good foundation for designing a sustainable building with an opti-mal indoor climate in all aspects. These strat-egies are to be developed while considering local climate conditions. The “result” of the analysis should be a statement of aims and a program for the building.

The third phase, the sketching phase, is about combining professional know-how of the archi-tect and the engineer to provide mutual inspira-tion enabling the possibility to meet the design parameters and wishes for the building. In this phase all criterias and targets are considered when developing the project. The precondition for the phase to make it effective is repeatedly making estimates of how every choice would af-fect the final result.

The synthesis phase is the phase of the project where the building finds its final form. Here, all parameters considered work together and in-teract. Also, all elements used should be op-timized and the performance of the building should be calculated and documented – This for an instance would have to be the indoor cli-mate aspects such as thermal climate and atmo-spheric comfort.

The presentation is the final phase presenting all the qualities of the project. The phase is also to emphasize how the design criteria and aims of the project have been fulfilled.

M e t h o d o l o g y

7

1 2 3 4 5

Problemformulation Analysis Sketching Synthesis Presentation

ill.1 Integrated design process

8

P r o l o g u e

IntroductionThe concept of sustainability through history

Sustainability todayThe three pillars of sustainable development

Zero Energy BuildingSuburban housing qualities

Assimilation habitatApproach

Assimilation considerations

T a b l e o f c o n t e n t

P r e s e n t a t i o n

Active and passive strategiesConcept

MasterplanLandscape

Masterplan sectionsSite functions

AccessApartment catalogue

Second north building planFirst south building plan

SectionsElevations

Furnished apartmentsApartment A

Thermal comfort - apartment AApartment B

Thermal comfort - apartment BVentilationDaylight

Construction and structureEnergy frame 202020

DGNB criteria

P r o g r a m

Mapping and development planMain roads

WeatherAnalysis considerations

Design parametresVision

9

D e s i g n p r o c e s s

Design process introductionWorkshop IWorkshop IIWorkshop III

Volumes and roofLandscape

Plans and ventilationCommon areas, staircase

DaylightFacades

Life Cycle Assessment

E p i l o g u e

ConclusionReflection

Literature listIllustrations list

A p p e n d i x

01 - Tables02 - Air change rate calculations

03 - Bsim results04 - Be10 results

05 - Windows06 - Reference pictures

11

P r o l o g u e

IntroductionThe concept of sustainability through history

Sustainability todayThe three pillars of sustainable development

Zero Energy BuildingSuburban housing qualities

Assimilation habitatApproach

Assimilation considerations

12

I n t r o d u c t i o n

The new residential area is located in the craftsmen’s neighbourhood in Aalborg, Denmark. Along the site runs a stream from the southern placed Østerådalen towards the Limfjord to the north. The area is currently occupied by different businesses and industry. The future development includes office buildings and residences. Aalborg is a city in the north of Denmark with 210.000 inhabitant within the municipality. The city has it character from being a small metropol with a high-dense city center with historical buildings and at the same time having the countryside only a few kilometres away.

A. Project site on Håndværkervej 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13.

B. Kennedy Arkaden, the central bus and train station. 1,1 km/ 13 minutes’ walk.

C. Karolinelund, cultural event park. 500 meters / 6 minutes’ walk.

D. Sønderbroskolen, nearest school and kindergarden. 150-200 meters / 2 minutes’ walk.

E. Østeråstien, recreational area and path to Østerådalen. 650 meters / 8 minutes’ walk.

13

E

A

C

D

B

ill.2 Proximity

14

To many people the sustainable architecture movement began in the early seventies as a re-sponse to the oil crisis. But the ideas originated a decade before with the publication of Silent Spring, the Rachel Carson text that for many people initiated the widest modern environ-mental movement.

Still others believe that the roots of sustain-able architecture can be found very much ear-lier, in the vernacular architectural forms spread throughout the world. Most pre-industrial soci-eties tried to balance between the built and the natural environment when settling. However, their focus was not to achieve a sustainable ar-chitecture, they were simply trying to define the conditions of comfort through tools and tech-nologies available at the time – completely dis-regarding of the link between their actions and the global environment.

In 1849, the naturalist Henry David Thoreau pub-lished the text The Civil Disobedience in which appeared, perhaps for the first time, a new sen-sitivity towards nature that somehow denied the anthropocentric view of the Western culture. In the decades after two essential words came to the definition of the concept for sustainability: Ecology and Entropy.

Ecology was coined in 1862 by the physicist R. Clausius to define the dispersion of matter and energy according to the second law of thermo-dynamics. Entropy was coined four years later by zoologist E. Haeckel as part of the theory that everything in nature in interconnected. A vision that further weakened anthropocentrism degrading human to a species among many others, but capable to exert influence on poli-tics, economy, but also art and architecture.

Despite their dependence on the industrial cul-ture, F. L. Wright and Le Corbusier can be con-sidered both proto-ecologists, Wright referring to organic architecture and his desire to build into nature, Le Corbusier to the green city and his desire to build above nature.

The sustainable architecture of the Seventies came as a reaction to the construction industry with realization of the fact that buildings were among the major causes of energy consump-tion. Also the way in which the buildings were constructed caused more pollution and waste, making architecture a determinant actor in the environmental problems faced today. A lever for change came with the international crisis in 1973 during which the Arab oil produc-ing countries imposed an oil embargo against

the United States of America and other coun-tries supporting Israel. The embargo lasted only six months but has severe economic effects for several years to come. It created a ten-year en-ergy crisis that became a stimulus to the con-duct of alternative energy design research.

In the end of 1983 a new organisation arose focusing on environmental and develop-ment problems. The new organization was the Brundtland Commission, or formally known as the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED). The organization aimed to create a united international community with shared sustainability goals. In the published report Our Common Future the WCED define sustainable development as

“… the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their need”.

(Our common future, p.16)

The report states that the three main pillars of sustainable development include economic growth, environmental protection and social equality. [UNEP, 2011]

T h e c o n c e p t o f s u s t a i n a b i l i t y t h r o u g h h i s t o r y

15

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1800 1900 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Num

ber o

f art

icle

s pe

r yea

r

Year

RUDOLF STEINER

FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT

RICHARD NEUTRA

BUCKMINSTER FULLER

LE CORBUSIER

YONA FRIEDMAN

HASSAN FATHY

PAOLO SOLERI

GIANCARLO DE CARLO

CHRISTOPHER ALEXANDER

MICHEAL REYNOLDS

RICHARD STEINSIM VAN DER RYM

BALKRISHNA DOSHI

STEVE BAER

RALPH ESKINE LUCIEN KROLL

JAMES WINESRENZO PIANO

EMILIO AMBASZ

NORMAN FOSTERUGO SASSO

THOMAS HERZOG

BILL DUNSTERGIANCARLO MAZZANTI

WILLIAM McDONOUGH

KEN YEANG

STEPHEN BENISH

HERMANN KAUFMANN

ALEJANDRO ARAVENA

MICHEAL REYNOLDSearthships

ill.3 Bibliographical map

16

Within the last 25 years several methods to as-sessing, rating and certifying the sustainability of buildings has emerged. The BREEAM (Build-ing Research Establishment Environmental As-sessment Methodology), The Green Building Council (In Denmark DGNB) and the LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental De-sign) rating systems are the most used through-out the world.

Architects and engineers continue to work with the challenges of sustainable architecture with both passive and active energy designs. While new projects are build every day, the sustain-able design is still missing a clear identity. In some projects the sustainable solutions be-come the main design parameter, in other it is hidden away – a balance or interlink between the two is rarely reached.

S u s t a i n a b i l i t y t o d a y

On a political level the demands for sustainabil-ity is being challenges as well with a 2020 goal of all new buildings being nearly zero energy. [Politecnico di Torino, 2012]

17

USA

0

South America

3

UK

2 365Europe

646

Africa

0

Middle east

1

India

1

China

1

LEED BREEAMill.4 Projects certified

LEED BREEAM

ill.4 Certified projects

18

Environmental sustainability

Living within the means of our natural resourc-es ensures environmental sustainability. This means that consumption of natural resources such as wood, fuels, water... etc. happens at a sustainable rate. Some resources are more abundant or scarce, and this should be consid-ered along with their damage to environment when extracted, processed or discontinued. Some materials are also more suitable for reuse that others. Pollution should be avoided or at a rate where nature can process it without lasting consequences. Environmental sustainability is often confused with full sustainability, which is a balance of all three pillars: environmental, eco-nomic and social sustainability. [circularecology.com, 2016].

T h r e e p i l l a r s o f s u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t

Economic sustainability

Economic sustainability is sometimes referred to as the business of staying in business. On a small scale the business could be a corpora-tion, on a larger scale, a country. For all cases the essence is to use the resources available efficiently and responsibly. In order to operate sustainable, a consistent production is needed to achieve an operational profit to sustain activ-ities. Supply and demand usually sets the limits for a corporations’ production along with avail-ability of resources. [circularecology.com, 2016].

Social sustainability

Social sustainability occurs when a society, social system or organization actively supports current and future generations to create healthy and liveable communities. Social sustainability can ensure the well-being of an organization, coun-ty or community. [circularecology.com, 2016].In a publication from the Hawke Institute five means to social sustainability are emphasized. 1. Equitable opportunities for all members. 2. Promotion and encouragement of diversity among members. 3. The community promotes interconnectedness on all levels through sys-tems and structures. 4. The community provides democratic processes. 5. A good quality of life is ensured for all members, as individuals, and on group and community level. [McKenzie, 2004].

19

ill.5 Sustainable development

SOCIAL

ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC

equitable

viable

bearable

SUSTAINABLE

20

Zero Energy Buildings is a realistic solution for reduction of energy use in the building sector in the future and now. Off-grid Zero Energy Build-ings are not connected to any energy infrastruc-ture and need electricity storage for periods with peak loads. They have to be self-sufficient and are less commonly built than the Net Zero Energy Buildings. For political sustainability goals they are of very little interest.

The Net Zero Energy Buildings are connected to an energy infrastructure and are energy neu-tral over a year. This mean that they deliver the

Z e r o E n e r g y B u i l d i n g

tion. Net Zero Energy is connected to the grid, therefore the production can be located on the building footprint, close by or even at remote located power facilities. [Bourrelle et al., 2010].

For this project the goal is to reach Net Zero Energy Buildings where the buildings consume the same amount of energy on an annual basis as they produce from renewable energy sources and thereby achieve the zero energy balance. It would be desired to integrate the energy production into the architecture and work with footprint rather than site production.

same amount of energy to the grid as they use, not taking annual, monthly or daily peak peri-ods into account. The Directive on Energy Per-formance of Buildings (European Parliament) has nearly zero energy buildings as the target from 2018 for all public owned or occupied buildings. From 2020 this is the goal for all new buildings. With these objectives nearly ZEB or Net ZEB is the future for Europe.

The Zero Energy Buildings can produce energy on the building footprint or near located instal-lations, that does not require a grid connec-

21

ill.6 Zero energy concepts

Production on building footprint Production on site

Zero Energy Building Net Zero Energy Building

Production off-site

22

As stated in the semester description, the fu-ture of sustainable dwelling lies in high density urban housing developments close to everyday destinations which will result in reduced need for car transportation and, by extension, lower energy use and lower environmental footprint. However, this particular assumption is based only on the environmental aspect of sustainabil-ity. Nevertheless, the social benefits must not be sacrificed in order to achieve sustainability on other levels.

In contrast with the described phenomenon, more than half of the Danes population today lives in detached houses [Statistics Denmark, 2015] and is the most popular of all housing types. In order to not compromise the social needs of the future, the qualities of the more preferred lifestyle must be preserved and ap-plied in the concept of high density housing.

S u b u r b a n h o u s i n g q u a l i t i e s

ten by IFHP in 2007, single-family house offers the biggest potential for change that results in a life-long project that will serve as the family’s memory hall; a quality highly appreciated by the Danish society. [IFHP, 2007].

Lastly, Ærø’s research focuses on assessment of the residential choice by an established lifestyle perspective. This method then results in the notion of one’s desire to escape the increas-ing number of neighbors of a dissimilar social character to move into a location of a similar demographic and socio-economic situation. However, this contradicts with the notion of sus-tainable urban areas that combine various de-mographic groups. [Ærø, 2006].

A question arises. What exactly are the qualities of a suburban lifestyle that people are interest-ed in? This analysis will, therefore, explain the core parameters for people choosing the sub-urbs and will, in extension, set various design parameters for our project.

As described by the collective of Pisman, Al-laert and Lombaerde in 2011, suburban housing is the preferred for a number of reasons. Most importantly, the suburban lifestyle is connected to a higher class status quo, very much like the ideal of American Dream (authors’ comment). Furthermore, suburbs are able to provide the occupant with a larger area for private relax-ation and escape from the hecticity of a city in the form of a garden. Lastly, suburbs exhibit a quitter and safer environment which is a large parameter for choosing housing.According to the report on Danish housing writ-

23

ill.7 Danish dwellings by tenency type, 2004

Coo

per

ativ

esPrivate renting

Social housing

Free

hold

flat

s

Owner-occupieddetached

24

One of the biggest current social issues faced in Europe is the developing migration situation of people from the Middle East, North and Cen-tral Africa. By extension, it is also a sustainability issue as the solution must meet the needs of the present without compromising the future. Based on the statistics made by Amnesty Inter-national in 2015, 35.000 places for humanitari-an admission for Syrian refugees are pledged by Germany and additional 8 700 resettlement places are pledged by the remaining 26 EU countries. Many refugee camps exist around Europe, however, permanent housing for refu-gees with granted asylum is in shortage and no holistic European housing policy exists [IFHP, 2015].

Concerning our conditions, Denmark has grant-ed asylum to fifteen thousand people in 2015

A s s i m i l a t i o n h a b i t a t

economic and social sustainability. It is our be-lief that a collaboration between all professions will be necessary to find this solution and we, as a group of architecture students, would there-fore like to contribute to this research with our particular expertise and professional input.

We will, therefore, design a pilot integration habitat in Aalborg that will serve as a housing development for locals and refugees granted asylum and, by extension, a meeting place for European and minority cultures, their interac-tion and cross-education. Through its design we want to explore the possibility of helping refugees integrate in the local community and helping to span all cultural differences between the occupant groups.

alone based on the government data. These people are then distributed to the different municipalities by the governmental quota and must be provided with a permanent housing with the ability to integrate refugees into the local community as quickly as possible. Based on the government data, 519 asylum holders were allocated to Aalborg in 2015 and addition-al 31 were allocated to Aalborg in January 2016. However, according to IFHP 2015 report, there is a general lack of permanent housing for ref-ugees granted asylum and are often replaced with temporary solutions that don’t encourage integration. [Waters, Jiminéz, 2005].

For these reasons, we see the issue of finding a solution to the aforementioned permanent housing shortage of paramount importance to-day and in the coming generations to ensure

25

12 005 690

741 813

1 639 771 315 881

572 520

8 543 120

37 522

1 979 486

1 387 940

7 784 418

5 852 953837 357

746 260

5 788 875

2 437 7021 492 374 449 632

619 403

405 093177 190

226 943

1 242 514

102 113

4 834 898

1 082 905

136 036

263 126

202 348

806 44134 803

576 883

ill.8 Immigrants in Europe

26

In 2007, during Germany’s presidency of the Eu-ropean Union, the EU Council of Ministers for Urban Development and Territorial Cohesion adopted LEIPZIG CHARTER on Sustainable European Cities. Its goal is to support and ad-just to increasing popularity of city dwellings through two main processes. Firstly, integrated urban development policy approaches should be utilized more. Secondly, special attention should be paid to potentially deprived neigh-borhoods due to change in economic and so-cial structures and globalization. The last close-ly correlates with the ongoing issue of asylum holders’ assimilation and this document will therefore create a base methodology for the refugee integration.

Stated in the LEIPZING CHARTER, the unem-ployment and social exclusion of such areas are the main contributors of destabilization in cit-ies. These issues should therefore be addressed with the policies stated in the charter.

A p p r o a c h

borhoods in the city. [LEIPZIG CHARTER, 2007].After the implementation of all suggested poli-cies, a question arises. How does one measure the degree of reached assimilation? A meth-od for assessing of minority assimilation wide-ly used was described by Mary C. Waters and Tomás R. Jiminéz in 2005.

They claim assimilation is assessed by four main standards. Firstly, socioeconomic status (SES) is defined as educational attainment and occupa-tional specialization among the minority group and equality in earnings among all groups. Sec-ondly, spatial concentration examines dissimi-larity in spatial distribution and of suburbaniza-tion. Thirdly, language assimilation describes the obtainment of local language and abandon-ment of mother tongue. Lastly, intermarriage is the rate of marriages between the original cul-ture and the minority. [Waters, Jiminéz, 2005].

Firstly, well-conceived social housing that is healthy, suitable and affordable is the essential in battling instability. It is believed that thorough and well thought-out development design will result in smaller cost compared to improvement of an already declined design.

It is also crucial to exploit local economic forces and tailor the needs of a particular neighbor-hood to these forces with demand-oriented training and further employment opportunities. In addition to professional training, a proactive education and training focused on children and youth should be explored. Furthermore, active involvement of residents and political represen-tatives is essential in finding common grounds for all groups involved.

In order to prevent seclusion and provide equal opportunities in these areas, mobility and ac-cessibility such as car, pedestrian and cycle traf-fic must be explored to integrate these neigh-

27

Syrians9300

Romanians5100

Indians1900

Afghans3500

Eritreans2800

Iranians4000

Turkish3050

Somalians600

ill.9 Immigrants in Denmark

28

A s s i m i l a t i o n c o n s i d e r a t i o n s

We, as a group of architecture students have a basic understanding for the political and economic issues connected to the current refugee migration, but cannot tackle these aspects of migration as they are not directly linked to our field. We can, however, give our input on the effects of the built environment on the individual and social hab-its and behaviour. Therefore, throughout the Assimilation Habitat project, we attempt to translate how architecture can encourage interaction and assimilation.

As described in the Approach chapter, assimilation is measured by a number of aspects. Within the majority of them, we see the potential of architecture, that encourages interaction, having an effect on minority assimilation. The theme of multicultural interaction must be carefully investigated to avoid a design that is only suited for one user group.

As a result, we will aim to design a residential project which will house approximately seventy-five per-cent of ethnic Danish residents and twenty-five percent of asylum holders. This ratio will offer both groups the possibility of inter-acculturation while preventing any socioeconomic secluding of the area.

Primarily, our main goal with the Assimilation Habitat is to create spaces that will allow for visual and physical interaction on many different levels and many different occasions, while still offering possibil-ities of privacy. All these small interactions between the groups will directly help break the barriers of integration.

Lastly, we believe that all residents of the area should be offered the same quality of housing and there is, therefore, no separation between the housing units occupied by refugees and ethnic Danes. The dis-tribution of the apartments should depend only on the needs and sizes of each household.

29

migration interaction assimilationmigration interaction acculturation

ill.10 Assimilation

31

P r o g r a m

Mapping and development planMain roads

WeatherAnalysis considerations

Design parametresVision

32

Zone 1

Building site

Dwelings

Car parking

Zone 1

Institutions

Industrial buildings

Commercial

Greenary

Water area

Trees

Development areaNetto

Føtex

Sønderbroskolen

Statoil

Stark

Sahva

Auktionshus

Car parking

Institutions

Building site

Dwellings

Commercial

Greenery


Water area

Trees

Development area

The project site is part of a future development area which is currently occupied by different production businesses and industry. The area just south of the site is currently vacated and ready for demolition. Just east of the site is a petrol station at the corner of the intersection with Sønderbro. The site is located along Håndværkervej, which in the development plan is noted for its well-planned greenery with chestnut trees and low bushes. The greenery could be inspiration for

M a p p i n g a n d d e v e l o p m e n t p l a n

site across from the petrol station is a residential city block of about five stories.

The plan for the area development is mostly low dense office buildings or light industry and secondly residential buildings. The exception is an office building up to seven stories at the corner of Øster Allé and Sønderbro. The goal is to create a high-quality, green business area with environmentally friendly city businesses, that are in need of a central location. [Aalborg Kommune, 2016].

the remainder of the development area. Be-sides the greenery along Håndværkervej, the project site is almost completely barren. Along the south of the site runs a stream from west to east. A small path and grass area on each side of the stream serves as dog walking for locals. On the other side of Sønderbro is the local school and its playing fields. There are mostly residential buildings neighbouring it. The near-est grocery stores are located 500 meters (sev-en minutes’ walk) south-east. Neighbouring the

Building site

Dwelings

Car parking

Zone 1

Institutions


Commercial

Greenary

Water area

Trees


Føtex

Sønderbroskolen

Statoil

Stark

Sahva

Auktionshus

33

Building site

Dwelings

Car parking

Zone 1

Institutions


Commercial

Greenary

Water area

Trees


Føtex

Sønderbroskolen

Statoil

Stark

Sahva

Auktionshus

ill.11 Development map

34

M a i n r o a d s

Car routes

Buildings

Water area

Building site

Railway (not in use)

Bicycle fast path

Bus route

The project site is located near the fast bicycle path that connects the city centre to the uni-versity campus in the eastern part of Aalborg. Around two hundred meters further towards east, the bus lines passes by, providing connec-tions to the city centre and university campus every few minutes. Sønderbro and Håndværkervej are both within the city zone and they both have a speed limit of 50 km/h. On Øster Allé the speed limit is a

The railway area in the map is no longer in use and is part of the development plan. The area may become a green connection between Østerådalen to the south and the Karolinelund Park to the north and hereby provide an almost unbroken flow through a big part of the city. [Aalborg Kommune, 2016].

little higher being 60 km/h. The traffic on the two roads is quite frequent meaning that they are a potential source of noise which affect the project site. This is supposed to be taken into consideration when doing the design for the masterplan of the project and hereby avoid the genes that might follow with it.

The adjacent petrol station is also source for noise challenges and to some extent pollution issues in the soil and to the air might occur.

Bicycle fast path

Bus route

Buildings

Car route

Building site


Water area

Bicycle fast path

Bus route

Buildings

Car route

Building site


Water area

35

ill.12 Road mapBicycle fast path

Bus route

Buildings

Car route

Building site


Water area

36

W e a t h e r - s u n p a t h a n d w i n d

The first diagram shows the suns path through-out the year. The sun rises in the north-east in the summer time at 04:25 on the longest day and sets in the north-west at 22:19. In the winter time the sun rises in the south-east at 08:58 on the shortest day and sets at 15:40. At equinox (in the spring and in the fall) the sun rises in the east at 06:54 and sets in the west at 19:54. The important dates are marked in the diagram with darker lines. For the integrated design process, it is relevant to investigate the position of the sun compared to the use of the buildings. For example, it would be desirable to have direct

sun on the outdoor areas when the residents are most likely to be home to enjoy it: after four in the afternoon. It is also necessary that direct sunlight reaches all residential units at some point during the day – every day of the year.

Regarding the wind conditions in Aalborg, the annual wind diagram shows the wind directions and velocity. The most common directions in Aalborg is west-south-west, west and south-west during the year; mostly west and south-west during the summer. The velocity is mea-sured near the airport (Flyvestation Aalborg) at

ten meters height. The average wind velocity in Aalborg is 5,4 m/s, while the Danish overall av-erage is 5,8 m/s.

For the integrated design process, it is rele-vant to consider the direction and velocity of the wind in order to achieve shelter in the out-door areas where it is needed and also in places where shelter is desired, for example near the entrances to the building. The wind can also be used as natural cross ventilation of the apart-ment units and provide a good thermal comfort for the residents. [DMI, 2015].

37

>12 >19 >28 >38 >50 >61

NNNW

WNW

W

WSW

SW

NW

SSWS

NNE

NE

E

ENE

ESE

SE

SSE

>12 >19 >28 >38 >50 >61

km/h

N

330

22:19

300

19:54

W

240

15:40

210

S

150

08:58

120

E

06:54

60

04:25

3010°

20°

30°

40°

50°

60°

70°80°

18

15

12

09

0918

15 12

15

9

ill.13 Sunpath ill.14 Annual wind

912

1215

38

A n a l y s i s c o n s i d e r a t i o n s

According to the site analysis, the plan for the area development is mostly low dense office buildings, light industries and residential buildings. Taking this into account, other public functions should be placed within the masterplan in order to attract people from the city as well. For example a café or shops can be placed in the area. The site area is accessible from Sønderbro, which is relatively noisy due to the traffic and the petrol station. On the other hand, the southern part of the site along the stream is peaceful and quiet, that is why a clear boundary should be defined be-tween the masterplan and the most congested zones in order to avoid the traffic noise and especially to give the site its own identity. Regarding the weather , this is an important design parameter as the site extends mostly in the east-west direction and strong wind is coming from south-west. In fact, because of the longest side of the area facing south, the building should allow the correct passive solar gain within the whole area. Furthermore the wind is to be taken into consideration in order to provide a shelter where it is needed avoiding wind corridors and uncomfotable en-vironments.

39

Including suburban qualities

Sustainability development

Otherconsideration

Interaction between the

residents

Smal

l com

mun

ities

Space encouraging

interaction

Intimate g

reen spaces

Public green spaces

Create a safety feeling

Regular rooms and

living spaces

Easy access to outdoor areasDESIGN

PARAMETRES

No cars in the area

Create a unique

identity

Use o

f neg

ative

spac

esG

rad

ient

s of

priv

acy/

intim

acy

Outdoor expresses environmental sust.Expressing social sust.Integration of energy

production

Easy cleaning and

maintenance

Exploiting wind for cross

ventilation

DG

NB

criterias and LC

AExploiting sun gain

ill.15 Design parametres

Key attributes

Measurements

Visual

trans

paren

cy

40

V i s i o n

The vision of the project is to create a place that enhances sustainability in all envi-ronmental, economic and social manners. It is a wish to improve the integration of refugees into the community and hereby create social sustainability. One of the most important aspects of enhancing integration is a new thinking of how to house and embrace refugees. Therefore a place is needed where one has the opportunities to meet local people and interact with them without being stigmatized. This means that “a great place” is needed. A place that is nice to be in and where different cultures can live aside and together instead of creating cultural and economical segregation and/or dense concentrations of only one ethnic group. To secure a design that sup-ports the wish of a great place, a diagram has been made as a tool to point out focal points.

The diagram shows which parameters are considered to be important for the design of the building complex, and the surrounding landscape. In this way it becomes a tool to support the sociocultural sustainability wanted. The diagram is divided into four subparts in the center, being key attributes. These are the foundation of the vision, and articulate the fundamental basics of needs and wishes for the area. Out-wards the diagram is again segmented into intangibles being the tools to reach the key attributes and these again are separated into measurements, to verify, if the foundation for the tools are in place.

41

Uses

Sociability &

Activities

Comfort

Access & Linkages

usef

ul

fun

activ

e

vital

special

economicsustainable

safe

cleangreenattractive

walkable

sittable

continuity

connected

readable

acce

ssib

lepr

oxim

ity

conv

enie

nt

diverse

neighborly

friendly

interactive

local business

ownership

urban market

shopsand café

no cars

within the area

defined boundarycity/site area

publicpromenade

pedestrian and

cyclists activity

undergroundparking

easy flows

assimilation

evening use

meeting pointswith different

qualities

GREATPLACE

cooperative

welcom

ing

Key attributes

Intangibles

Measurements

ill.16 Vision

43

P r e s e n t a t i o n

Active and passive strategiesConcept

MasterplanLandscape

Masterplan sectionsSite functions

AccessApartment catalogue

Second north building planFirst south building plan

SectionsElevations

Furnished apartmentsApartment A

Thermal comfort - apartment AApartment B

Thermal comfort - apartment BVentilationDaylight

Construction and structureEnergy frame 2020

DGNB criteria

44

Different active and passive sustainable strate-gies have informed and been implemented in the project. The first of these is passive solar heat gain. The building volume has been altered so that the amount of heat gain from the sun has been optimized and hereby it has become possible to decrease the need for heating in the buildings. Another passive strategy implement-ed, which also influences the heat balance, is the use of a great amount of thermal insulation. This gives a low u-value meaning that the heat loss through the envelope will be low.

A c t i v e a n d p a s s i v e s t r a t e g i e s

project. This has been done by securing that all living room-, kitchen- and dining room spaces are cross ventilated. In this way the need for mechanical ventilation has been lowered and therefore also the energy consumption is low-ered.

PV’s are implemented on the roof to exploit the energy from the sun. It becomes possible to have all electricity needed, delivered from the PV’s and hereby be more environmental sus-tainable by reaching a zero energy standard.

Daylight has been a technical factor that has informed the project greatly. There are certain demands for daylight due to the building regu-lations. Caused by a high daylight factor in the apartments, it will be possible to decrease the use of electrical lighting and hereby decrease the total energy use for the building. This is a big part of the environmental sustainability as-pect.

According to ventilation of the apartments, passive strategies have also been applied in the

45

ill.17 Active and passive strategies

46

One dense volume.

Urban avenues divide the volume into 4 smaller volumes and provide main access onto the site.

Suburban streets hold all building entrances and create intimate spaces for interac-tion between neighbors.

Southern façade is shifted to make recreational pockets towards the stream.

Height is adjusted to let in a greater amount of sunlight to the suburban streets and to enhance daylight quality of the northern apartments.

Roof shape is altered to improve efficiency of PV’s and also creates common rooftop terraces.

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

F.

C o n c e p t

47

A. B.

C. D.

E. F.

ill.18 Concept

48

The project site of 9200m2 is divided into four areas that are all tailored to encourage differ-ent levels of interaction. The Urban Avenues, Suburban Streets, Rural Gardens and Market Plaza are named after different typologies that borrowed them their names and, by extension, explain the interaction they offer.

The three Urban Avenues serve as main entranc-es onto and exits from the site for pedestrians and bicycles. In case of need, they also function as service and emergency roads. This fast pace allows for quick, yet mass, interaction between the people housed on the site. To emphasize the motion within this area, the road is divided in a pedestrian-road-pedestrian manner com-mon for this typology.

The three Suburban Streets each lead to the entrances of two facing buildings and create very intimate and easy atmosphere, shared by a limited number of families. This allows for an interaction in the street on a daily basis, leading

M a s t e r p l a n a n d l a n d s c a p e

The scattering of the building volumes acts as a wind barrier, creating calm spaces between the buildings. The heights of the buildings start with two-story apartments by the stream and gradually rise to four-story buildings in the north to exploit direct sunlight for its passive heating capacities. The combination of the average building height of 3,02 floors and the floor-to-area ratio of 126,8% result in dense housing that retains the qualities of intimacy and a human scale of the suburbs.

The rooftops are following the aforementioned gradual sloping of 15° to higher the efficiency of the monocrystalline photovoltaics that are placed on top of them. Furthermore, the roofs-cape is scattered and slightly slanted from the direct south direction in order to direct the cells towards the morning and evening sun when the demand for electricity in a residential complex is the highest. In order to fully exploit the po-tentials of a roof, some areas are used as either private, or common terraces for the residents.

to easy introductions and, over time, creation of close communities. In order to encourage interaction, the streets are narrow, organic and enclosed by uninhabitable greenery to deceler-ate the flow.

The Rural Gardens, situated by the stream on the southern edge, are created by pockets of greenery and recreation. This area is designed to attract residents to spend here their free time with others. A small playground, tables with benches and a promenade offer many activities where all residents can meet on a sunny day.

Lastly, the eastern Market Plaza, containing a multicultural store and a café, is open through an underpass to the north and will attract peo-ple from the neighborhood to encourage in-teraction with people from outside of the site. A small storage area in one of the adjoining buildings will allow for periodical markets that will possibly attract people from the rest of Aal-borg.

49

ill.19 Masterplan 1:1000

N

living room + kitchen37 m²

B115 m² + 20 m² private terrace3 bedrooms

bathr.4 m²

bedroom10 m² bedroom

9,5 m²

bedroom11 m²

terrace20 m²

entrance 4 m²

C115 m² 3 bedrooms

D100 m² 2 bedrooms - edge apartment C

115 m² 3 bedrooms

bedroom11 m²

bathroom4,5 m²

bedroom11 m²


entrance5 m²

living room+ kitchen37 m²

bedroom12 m²

bathroom4 m²

bedroom12 m²

bedroom12 m²

entrance5 m²

bedroom12 m² bedroom

12 m²

bedroom12 m²


bathr.4 m²

entrance5 m²

50

Marketplaza

Urbanavenues

gre

ener

y g

eom

etry

ac

tive

sittab

le

visually invite

communities

randomnessgreenerysharingintim

acy

stay

sittable

continuity

public

greenery

relax

wal

kabl

e

sitt

able

motion

neighborly

shallow

connection

grocery store,café andmarket

stands storageand trash

pedestriansactivity

narrow andshared space

access

pedestrianactivity

streampromenade

playground

pedestrianactivity

transparentground

pedestrians andciclists activity

tri-dividedpavement

LANDSCAPE

geometry

Suburbanstreets

Ruralgardens

flow

Key attributes Intangibles Measurements

Key attributes

Intangibles

Measurements

ill.20 Landscape

51

ill.21 Suburban street

52

ill. 22 Section A-A’ 1:1000

A A’

B

B’ C’

C

ill. 23 Section B-B’ 1:1000

M a s t e r p l a n s e c t i o n s

53

ill. 24 Section C-C’ 1:1000

54

B : 10

A : 11

C : 24

D : 26

E : 19

F : 12

Staircases

Utilities

Café and grocery store

Apartment type : number of units (total 102)

ill.25 Function layout

S i t e f u n c t i o n s

55

DIRECTION SØNDERBRO

Grocery store and café

Access to underground parking

Bicycle parking

Pedestrians

Bicycle, service, refuse and emergency

DIREC

TION

ØSTER A

LLÉ

DIRECTION SØNDERBRO

Grocery store and café

Access to underground parking

Bicycle parking

Pedestrians

Bicycle, service, refuse and emergency

DIREC

TION

ØSTER A

LLÉ

A c c e s s

ill.26 Access

56

A p a r t m e n t c a t a l o g u e

Six apartments designed for the building com-plex vary in order to attract different target groups and ensure the diversity of occupants. Three big three-bedroom apartments of gross area 115m2, 2 smaller apartments from 90-100m2 and one small with only one bedroom of 65m2.

Type A apartment offers open double space (two storeys) and private outside terrace of 20m2 which reminds of suburban qualities. More ur-ban, although still having own private terrace is the B apartment. The other apartments do not have private balconies, on the other hand,

shape without additional corners and access to the bedrooms. The build in wardrobes togeth-er with sliding doors enhance the simplicity and functionality of the space. Rooms are cre-ated according to the structural system which is visible only in the main space of apartments. GL pillars and beams show the sustainability of the building and, furthermore, visually divide the longitudinal space into living room, dining room and kitchen. Wooden elements inside the space create warmth and cosiness relating to the character of suburban housing.

their quality is the access to the common large roof terraces with great views and possibility of interaction. The top apartments with sloping roof have advantage of double space. The part of the apartment on the north allows to create loft solutions for furnishing, such as bed above wardrobe/desk or chilling net (appendix 06).

All of the apartments are designed for cross ventilation of living room and kitchen and there-fore have at least two façades. In addition, it al-lows better daylight condition inside of apart-ments. The central meeting space is living room and kitchen created as a simple rectangular

57

A115 m² + 20 m² private terrace2 floors3 bedrooms


C115 m² 3 bedrooms

D100 m² 2 bedrooms - edge apartment

E90 m² 2 bedrooms

F65 m² 1 bedroom


bedroom12 m² bath-

room4 m²

bedroom12 m²

bedroom12 m²

bedroom11 m²

bathroom4,5 m²

bedroom11 m²


living room+ kitchen37m²

bathroom4 m²

bedroom10 m²

bedroom10 m²

bedroom10 m²

bath-room4 m²

bathroom4 m²

bedroom10 m²

bedroom9,5 m²


bedroom11 m²

terrace20 m²

terrace20m²

bedroom10 m²

bathroom6 m²

living room + dinning room33 m²

kitchen15 m²

bedroom12 m²

bedroom12 m²


ground floor 1st floor

entrance5 m²

entrance4 m²

entrance5 m²

entrance4 m²

ill.27 Apartment catalogue 1:200

58

S e c o n d n o r t h b u i l d i n g p l a n

ill.28 Ground floor 1:200N



bathr.4 m²

bedroom10 m²

bedroom9,5 m²

bedroom11 m²

terrace20 m²

entrance 4 m²

C115 m² 3 bedrooms


C115 m² 3 bedrooms

bedroom11 m²

bathroom4,5 m²

bedroom11 m²


entrance5 m²


bedroom12 m²

bathroom4 m²

bedroom12 m²

bedroom12 m²

entrance5 m²

bedroom12 m²

bedroom12 m²

bedroom12 m²


bathr.4 m²

entrance5 m²

59

ill.29 Typical floor 1:200

N



bathr.4 m²

bedroom10 m²

bedroom9,5 m²

bedroom11 m²

terrace20 m²

entrance 4 m²

C115 m² 3 bedrooms


C115 m² 3 bedrooms

bedroom11 m²

bathroom4,5 m²

bedroom11 m²


entrance5 m²


bedroom12 m²

bathroom4 m²

bedroom12 m²

bedroom12 m²

entrance5 m²

bedroom12 m²

bedroom12 m²

bedroom12 m²


bathr.4 m²

entrance5 m²

N



bathr.4 m²

bedroom10 m²

bedroom9,5 m²

bedroom11 m²

terrace20 m²

entrance 4 m²

C115 m² 3 bedrooms


C115 m² 3 bedrooms

bedroom11 m²

bathroom4,5 m²

bedroom11 m²


entrance5 m²


bedroom12 m²

bathroom4 m²

bedroom12 m²

bedroom12 m²

entrance5 m²

bedroom12 m²

bedroom12 m²

bedroom12 m²


bathr.4 m²

entrance5 m²

60

F i r s t s o u t h b u i l d i n g p l a n

ill.30 Ground floor 1:200N



bathr.4 m²

bedroom10 m²

bedroom9,5 m²

bedroom11 m²

terrace20 m²

entrance 4 m²

C115 m² 3 bedrooms


C115 m² 3 bedrooms

bedroom11 m²

bathroom4,5 m²

bedroom11 m²


entrance5 m²


bedroom12 m²

bathroom4 m²

bedroom12 m²

bedroom12 m²

entrance5 m²

bedroom12 m²

bedroom12 m²

bedroom12 m²


bathr.4 m²

entrance5 m²

61

ill.31 Second floor 1:200N



bathr.4 m²

bedroom10 m²

bedroom9,5 m²

bedroom11 m²

terrace20 m²

entrance 4 m²

C115 m² 3 bedrooms


C115 m² 3 bedrooms

bedroom11 m²

bathroom4,5 m²

bedroom11 m²


entrance5 m²


bedroom12 m²

bathroom4 m²

bedroom12 m²

bedroom12 m²

entrance5 m²

bedroom12 m²

bedroom12 m²

bedroom12 m²


bathr.4 m²

entrance5 m²

bedroom12 m²

bedroom12 m²

bedroom12 m²

bedroom12 m²

bedroom12 m²

bedroom12 m²

C115 m² 3 bedrooms


bedroom12 m²

bath-room4 m²

bedroom12 m²

bedroom12 m²

entrance5 m²

terrace 25 m²


bedroom11 m²

bathroom4,5 m²

bedroom11 m²


entrance5 m²

A115 m² +20 m² private terrace2 �oors3 bedrooms



N

62

S e c t i o n s

ill. 32 Section D-D’ 1:200

63

D

D’

64

ill. 33 Section E-E’ 1:200

65

E

E’

66

In most of the complex, the facades are made of light brick that fits well with the urban pace, while in the suburban street, facades are cov-ered with wood to create a warm and intimate atmosphere, making multicultural interaction between strangers easier.

All windows are vertical, spanning the entire floor height, allowing the light to reach deep

relationship between them. The southern hor-izontal lamellas block high sun, making them ideal for summer protection and the eastern and western vertical lamellas create an ideal shading of the low morning and evening sun, allowing the reach of sunlight only for a short period of time in case of direct sunlight.

into the room and creating large transparency between the inside and outside, resulting in a sense of an open community.

The building is protected from overheating by user-controlled sliding lamellas. This system is relatively simple while offering high perfor-mance and allowing for interaction between the tenants and their building, resulting in a close

E l e v a t i o n s

67

ill. 34 Rural gardens

68

ill.35 North facade 1:200

69

ill.36 South facade 1:200

70

ill. 37 East facade 1:200

71

ill. 38 West facade 1:200

72

F u r n i s h e d a p a r t m e n t s a n d i n d o o r c l i m a t e

The dynamic thermal simulation calculated by BSim software for a critical room/apartment evaluates the fulfilment of the requirements for indoor climate set by the Danish standards. Apartments chosen for the calculation were A type and B type. The thermal zones created in models are bedrooms, master bedroom and living room together with kitchen and entrance area. The systems differ slightly depending on the use of the thermal zone. Ventilation is nat-ural during the summer time and mechanical with recuperation during the winter. It is fully automatic with the possibility of overruling by users. Heating is created for winter period; in-filtration, people load and equipment for all of the time. Four occupants in both cases as well as equipment change according to the week

rooms. Operating temperature of living spaces and kitchen is 20-24°C during most of the year and 21-26°C during the summer (ill. 41,46).

The temperature in living spaces and kitchen in both apartments does not exceed 27°C for more than 100 hours and 28°C for more than 25 hours through the year (ill. 43, 48). The natural cooling by ventilation helps to keep sufficient temperatures. The overheating is also regulat-ed by shading system, adjusted to prevent the excessive heat (for B apartment by overhang of the terrace too). In both of the apartments, the excessive temperatures occur mostly during one-hottest day during year, when the outdoor temperature rises up to 27,5°C (ill. 44, 49).

days and weekends. The materials of the build-ing are specified in construction and structure (page 80). The chosen windows (appendix 05) are suitable for Danish standards.

The fresh air supply is based on hand calcula-tions of sensory air pollution and CO2 level (ap-pendix 03). The air change rate varies during the natural ventilation period due to dynamic climate conditions. The decrease of fresh air supply is visible on the CO2 level (ill. 42, 47) through May although the CO2 level does not exceed the limit of 810ppm.

The rooms where people spend long time, maintain health satisfactory temperatures, taking into account the human activity in the

73

ill. 39 Apartment B, living room

74

A p a r t m e n t A

ill. 40 Floor plan A 1:100

75

Janu

ary

20.5

21

21.5

22

22.5

23

23.5

24

Temp.

Febru

aryMarc

hApri

lMay

June Ju

ly

Augus

t

Septe

mber

Octobe

r

Novem

ber

Decem

ber

Month

Living room

Master bedroom

Bedroom 1

Bedroom 2

1

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

Temp.[°c]

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Hour

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

30

Living room

Outdoortemp.

Master bedroom

Bedroom 1

Bedroom 2

Hours ab

ove 27

c

Living

room

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Hours

Mas

ter bed

room

100

Bedroo

m 1

Bedroo

m 2

Living

room

Mas

ter bed

room

Bedroo

m 1

Bedroo

m 2o

Hours ab

ove 28

co

Limit

Limit

Janu

ary

400450

500

550

600

650

700

750

800Limit, cat. A

Mean CO level - ppm2

Februa

ry

Marc

hApril

May

June Ju

ly

Augus

t

Septem

ber

October

Novem

ber

Decem

ber

Mon

th

Janu

ary

20.5

21

21.5

22

22.5

23

23.5

24

Temp.

Febru

aryMarc

hApri

lMay

June Ju

ly

Augus

t

Septe

mber

Octobe

r

Novem

ber

Decem

ber

Month

Living room

Master bedroom

Bedroom 1

Bedroom 2

1

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

Temp.[°c]

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Hour

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

30

Living room

Outdoortemp.

Master bedroom

Bedroom 1

Bedroom 2

Hours ab

ove 27

c

Living

room

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Hours

Mas

ter bed

room

100

Bedroo

m 1

Bedroo

m 2

Living

room

Mas

ter bed

room

Bedroo

m 1

Bedroo

m 2o

Hours ab

ove 28

co

Limit

Limit

Janu

ary

400450

500

550

600

650

700

750

800Limit, cat. A


Februa

ry

Marc

hApril

May

June Ju

ly

Augus

t

Septem

ber

October

Novem

ber

Decem

ber

Mon

th

T h e r m a l a n d a t m o s p h e r i c c o m f o r t - a p a r t m e n t A

Janu

ary

20.5

21

21.5

22

22.5

23

23.5

24

Temp.

Febru

aryMarc

hApri

lMay

June Ju

ly

Augus

t

Septe

mber

Octobe

r

Novem

ber

Decem

ber

Month

Living room

Master bedroom

Bedroom 1

Bedroom 2

1

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

Temp.[°c]

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Hour

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

30

Living room

Outdoortemp.

Master bedroom

Bedroom 1

Bedroom 2

Hours ab

ove 27

c

Living

room

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Hours

Mas

ter bed

room

100

Bedroo

m 1

Bedroo

m 2

Living

room

Mas

ter bed

room

Bedroo

m 1

Bedroo

m 2o

Hours ab

ove 28

co

Limit

Limit

Janu

ary

400450

500

550

600

650

700

750

800Limit, cat. A


Februa

ry

Marc

hApril

May

June Ju

ly

Augus

t

Septem

ber

October

Novem

ber

Decem

ber

Mon

th

ill. 41 Average temperature ill. 42 CO2 level

ill. 44 Warmest dayill. 43 Overheating

Janu

ary

20.5

21

21.5

22

22.5

23

23.5

24

Temp.

Febru

aryMarc

hApri

lMay

June Ju

ly

Augus

t

Septe

mber

Octobe

r

Novem

ber

Decem

ber

Month

Living room

Master bedroom

Bedroom 1

Bedroom 2

1

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

Temp.[°c]

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Hour

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

30

Living room

Outdoortemp.

Master bedroom

Bedroom 1

Bedroom 2

Hours ab

ove 27

c

Living

room

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Hours

Mas

ter bed

room

100

Bedroo

m 1

Bedroo

m 2

Living

room

Mas

ter bed

room

Bedroo

m 1

Bedroo

m 2o

Hours ab

ove 28

co

Limit

Limit

Janu

ary

400450

500

550

600

650

700

750

800Limit, cat. A


Februa

ry

Marc

hApril

May

June Ju

ly

Augus

t

Septem

ber

October

Novem

ber

Decem

ber

Mon

th

76

A p a r t m e n t B

ill. 45 Floor plan B 1:100

77

T h e r m a l a n d a t m o s p h e r i c c o m f o r t - A p a r t m e n t B

ill. 46 Average temperature ill. 47 CO2 level

ill. 49 Warmest dayill. 48 Overheating

Janu

ary

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

750

800Limit, cat. A


Februa

ry

Marc

hApril

May

June Ju

ly

Augus

t

Septem

ber

October

Novem

ber

Decem

ber

Mon

th

Living room

Master bedroom

Bedroom 1

Bedroom 2

Hours ab

ove 27

°c

Living

room

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Hours

Mas

ter bed

room

100

Bedroo

m 1

Bedroo

m 2

Living

room

Mas

ter bed

room

Bedroo

m 1

Bedroo

m 2

Hours ab

ove 28

°c

Limit

Limit

Janu

ary

20.5

21

21.5

22

22.5

23

23.5

24

Temp.[°c]

Februa

ry

Marc

hApril

May

June Ju

ly

Augus

t

Septem

ber

October

Novem

ber

Decem

ber

Mon

th

24.5

1

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

Temp.[°c]

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Hou

r13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

30

Living room

Outdoortemp.

Master bedroom

Bedroom 1

Bedroom 2

Janu

ary

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

750

800Limit, cat. A


Februa

ry

Marc

hApril

May

June Ju

ly

Augus

t

Septem

ber

October

Novem

ber

Decem

ber

Mon

th

Living room

Master bedroom

Bedroom 1

Bedroom 2

Hours ab

ove 27

°c

Living

room

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Hours

Mas

ter bed

room

100

Bedroo

m 1

Bedroo

m 2

Living

room

Mas

ter bed

room

Bedroo

m 1

Bedroo

m 2

Hours ab

ove 28

°c

Limit

Limit

Janu

ary

20.5

21

21.5

22

22.5

23

23.5

24

Temp.[°c]

Februa

ry

Marc

hApril

May

June Ju

ly

Augus

t

Septem

ber

October

Novem

ber

Decem

ber

Mon

th

24.5

1

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

Temp.[°c]

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Hou

r13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

30

Living room

Outdoortemp.

Master bedroom

Bedroom 1

Bedroom 2

Janu

ary

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

750

800Limit, cat. A


Februa

ry

Marc

hApril

May

June Ju

ly

Augus

t

Septem

ber

October

Novem

ber

Decem

ber

Mon

th

Living room

Master bedroom

Bedroom 1

Bedroom 2

Hours ab

ove 27

°c

Living

room

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Hours

Mas

ter bed

room

100

Bedroo

m 1

Bedroo

m 2

Living

room

Mas

ter bed

room

Bedroo

m 1

Bedroo

m 2

Hours ab

ove 28

°c

Limit

Limit

Janu

ary

20.5

21

21.5

22

22.5

23

23.5

24

Temp.[°c]

Februa

ry

Marc

hApril

May

June Ju

ly

Augus

t

Septem

ber

October

Novem

ber

Decem

ber

Mon

th

24.5

1

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

Temp.[°c]

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Hou

r13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

30

Living room

Outdoortemp.

Master bedroom

Bedroom 1

Bedroom 2

Janu

ary

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

750

800Limit, cat. A


Februa

ry

Marc

hApril

May

June Ju

ly

Augus

t

Septem

ber

October

Novem

ber

Decem

ber

Mon

th

Living room

Master bedroom

Bedroom 1

Bedroom 2

Hours ab

ove 27

°c

Living

room

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Hours

Mas

ter bed

room

100

Bedroo

m 1

Bedroo

m 2

Living

room

Mas

ter bed

room

Bedroo

m 1

Bedroo

m 2

Hours ab

ove 28

°c

Limit

Limit

Janu

ary

20.5

21

21.5

22

22.5

23

23.5

24

Temp.[°c]

Februa

ry

Marc

hApril

May

June Ju

ly

Augus

t

Septem

ber

October

Novem

ber

Decem

ber

Mon

th

24.5

1

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

Temp.[°c]

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Hou

r13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

30

Living room

Outdoortemp.

Master bedroom

Bedroom 1

Bedroom 2

78

The layouts of all the apartments are designed for the best possible natural ventilation. Common spaces of the apartments (living room, dining room and kitchen) are always cross ventilated. The maximum room depth allowed for cross ventilation is 13m, the designed depth is 9,5m. The dimensions of window openings are calculated (appendix 01) according to the wind dominant direction (west and south-west) and average wind speed 4m/s during the period of natural ventilation (from mid-May until the September). The coefficients used are for low-rise buildings with length to width ratio 2:1 surrounded with obstacles equal to the height of the building. The air change rate required for living room and kitchen (appendix 02) was crucial in order to achieve sufficient air quality. Room depthW ≤ 5H W ≤ 13 m

V e n t i l a t i o n

All bedrooms are designed for single-sided ventilation with maximum room depth of 4,5m and height 2,5m. Room depthW ≤ 2 (2,5)H W ≤ 5 (6,25) mThe window opening suitable for single-sided ventilation needs to be at least 1,5m high. In case of the windows on ground level, two openings in window were designed to guarantee the safety (appendix 01). Ther-mal buoyancy performs properly most of the time, with the exception of outside temperature of 21-23 degrees that is too similar to indoor temperature. [Hyldgård, 2001].

ill. 50 Cross ventilation ill. 51 Single-sided ventilation

79

D a y l i g h t

Living room, apartment A Typical bedroomWindow along the longest side

Typical living room Typical bedroomWIndow along the shortest side

ill. 52 Daylight

10 %

0 %

5 %

80

The structural system of the apartment buildings is a frame made of GL columns (250x250mm), GL beams (220x80mm) and CLT desks (80mm thick) used for floor. The rigidity of the structure is ensured by CLT walls for elevator shafts.

All components of the structure are renewable, biodegradable and recyclable. The stored car-bon dioxide results to smaller environmental footprint than other materials. The energy re-quired to produce its equivalent in either steel

C o n s t r u c t i o n a n d s t r u c t u r e

Skeleton structure endorses flexibility and adaptability of the buildings (DGNB criteria ECO2.1). The majority of internal partition walls are not load bearing and can be reused as they are made of wood composites.

The insulation used for external and partition walls is made of wood (fiberboards). Its dry man-ufacturing requires low energy demand and no waste during production. The fiberboards are completely recyclable with no harmful additives.

or concrete is a fraction, while also being stron-ger by weight than either material. In addition, glulam buildings are warmer in winter, cooler in summer, and are generally quieter. Wood, as a light material, does not reflect sound, but it is excellent for sound absorption, thereby, it pre-vents echo and noise. Glulam and CLT compo-nents are inherently fire resistant. In case of fire, a carbonized layer forms around the load car-rying center and protects the component from burn-off.

81

ill. 53 Construction details

ground floor typical floor roof

external wall partition wall - acoustic, instalations partition wall

wood floor 20mmseparation layeranhydrid layer (floor heating) 60mmseparation layerthermal insulation (Gutex thermosafe) 100,160mmwater proofingconcrete desk 150mm

wood floor 20mmseparation layeranhydrid layer (floor heating) 60mmseparation layerinsulation (Gutex thermosafe) 40mmCLT desk 80mmGL beam 220x80mm(plasterboard ceiling 12,5mm)

solar cellscross and counter battensthermal insulation (Gutex multiplex top) 100mmthermal insulation (Gutex thermosafe) 240mm + I timber studsvapor barrierCLT desk 80mmGL beam 220x80mm(plasterboard ceiling 12,5mm)

finishing layerfiber reinforced plasterboard 10mmfiber reinforced plasterboard 12,5mminsulation (Gutex thermosafe) 60mmdeep timber uprights 60mmair layerdeep timber uprights 60mminsulation (Gutex thermosafe) 60mmfiber reinforced plasterboard 12,5mmfiber reinforced plasterboard 10mmfinishing layer

finishing layerfiber reinforced plasterboard 10mmfiber reinforced plasterboard 12,5mminsulation (Gutex thermosafe) 60mmdeep timber uprights 100mmfiber reinforced plasterboard 12,5mmfinishing layer

bricks/wooden claddingventilated layer (cladding structure)insulation (Gutex multitherm) 120mminsulation (Gutex thermosafe) 220mm + I timber studtsvapor barrierfiber reinforced plasterboard 12,5mmfinishing layer

U = 0,12 W/m²K

U = 0,15 W/m²K

U = 0,12 W/m²K

82

The Energy Use of the buildings is calculated in Be10 for the 2020 energy frame. The calculation is done for two buildings on the site, the first one from west on the south side and the second one from west on the north side.

The buildings differ most significantly in number of storeys, the southern has 2-3 floors, while the northern has 3-4 floors. Secondly the southern building is quite exposed to the sun during the day as there are no close neighbouring build-ings to the south. The northern building has less solar gain as it is shaded from the south during the day from the south.

E n e r g y f r a m e 2 0 2 0

For the southern building there is an overpro-duction from the photovoltaics compared to the demands. Energy need: 19,9 kWh/m² per year + (1,8 · 21 kWh/m² per year) = 37,8 kWh/m² per yearProduction: 1,8 · 51,2 kWh/m² per year = 92,16 kWh/m² per year

For the northern building the production meets the demands. Energy need: 19,8 kWh/m² per year + (1,8 · 22,07 kWh/m² per year) = 59,53 kWh/m² per yearProduction: 1,8 · 34,7 kWh/m² per year = 62,46 kWh/m² per year

The 2020 Energy Frame has an energy require-ment of less than 20 kWh/m² per year. At the same time the user related energy use cannot exceed 1725 kWh/year per apartment. As the buildings are designed to meet a net zero energy balance annually it should produce enough to meet both the buildings energy use and the users’ energy use.

The Be10 calculations resulted in energy re-quirements for the buildings just under the frame with values of 19,9 and 19,8 kWh/m² per year.The users’ energy demand results in 21 and 22,07 kWh/m² per year for the two buildings.

83

Cont. t

o ene

rgy

requir

emen

tHea

t

El. fo

r ope

ration

Exce

ssive

in ro

oms

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Net req

uirem

ents

Room

heati

ng

Domes

tic ho

t wate

r

Coolin

g

Venti

lators

Total

el. c

onsu

mption

2

Energ

y fram

e 202

0

2020

kWh/m annual

Cont. t

o ene

rgy

requir

emen

tHea

t

El. fo

r ope

ration

Exce

ssive

in ro

oms

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Net req

uirem

ents

Room

heati

ng

Domes

tic ho

t wate

r

Coolin

g

Venti

lators

Total

el. c

onsu

mption

2

Energ

y fram

e 202

0

2020

kWh/m annual

ill. 54 First south block keynumbers ill. 55 Second north block keynumbers

84

Environmental criteria

ENV1.1 (LCA) Environmental effectsThe environmental impact from construction and operation investigated for global warming potential and ozone depletion potential.

ENV2.1 (LCA) Primary energy useThe primary energy use of the building will be affected by a high efficiency of the design as well as use of renewable energy sources.

Economic criteria

ECO1.1 Building related lifespan costs (LCC)The cost of the building investigated for the construction cost related to the occupants: supply, disposal, cleaning, energy consump-tion, operation etc., and dismantle and disposal costs.

ECO2.1 Flexibility and adaptabilitySpace efficiency factor calculated by the usable floor area divided by the gross floor area. Avail-able building depth and room ceiling height increase flexibility and adaptability. The verti-cal accesses are calculated by gross floor area divided by the number of central access point. The floor plans should be regular and logical. The structural system should allow for changes in the partitions without intervening with floor and ceiling. The building services should allow for flexibility, for example for the ventilation-, cooling-, heating- and water systems.

D G N B c r i t e r i a

Technical criteria

TEC1.3 Building Envelope QualityThe reduction of energy demand, and high thermal comfort require a high quality facade. The most significant are U value of building components, thermal bridges, air tightness of windows, air exchange rate.

TEC1.5 Cleaning and maintenanceThe easy-to-clean surfaces together with easy access allow to clean building components properly. The evaluation is divided to three parts:1. Load-bearing structures require easy access.2. External no-load-bearing structures are clas-sified in terms of accessibility. It requires easy access without any aids for at least 5% of exter-nal glazing area.3. Internal non-load-bearing structures de-scribes a tolerance towards light soiling of floors, dimensions of soil capture zone at build-ing entrances.

Secondary DGNB criteria

SOC1.6 Quality of outdoor spacesSOC2.3 Condition for cyclistsTEC1.1 Fire safetyTEC1.3 Quality of climate screen.

Social criteria

SOC1.1 Thermal comfortThe operational temperature should be be-tween 20 (21)-25˚C and radiant temperature asymmetry should be avoided.

SOC1.2 Indoor air qualityThe VOC concentrations should be low and the ventilation rates documented (categories).

SOC1.4 Visual comfort There should be sufficient daylight into the apartments and view to the outside.

SOC1.7 Safety and securityThe paths and areas surrounding the buildings should be sufficiently illuminated. There should be connecting path from the building to bicycle and car park. The building should be designed with evacuation plans, smoke detection sys-tems, escape routes, operating instructions for ventilation and air-conditioning systems.

SOC2.1 Accessibility, Design for all (knock-out criteria)The building should be designed after the building regulations as a minimum for accessi-bility to secure barrier free access.

SOC3.3 Plan dispositionThe design should include common areas with multi functionality and supplementing offers such as grocery store, gastronomy etc.

85

ENV 2.1 (LCA) Primary Energy UseEnergy Frame 2020 Net Zero Energy by Photo Voltaics

SOC 1.4 Visual comfortDaylight and sunlight in apartments Visual connection to outside

SOC 2.1 AccessibilityBarrier free access to the building Barrier free access to apartments with elevator

SOC 1.6 Quality of outdoor spacesRecreational areas enhance possiblity for interaction and communication and thereby the quality of living

SOC 3.3 Plan dispositionCommon areas for interaction

ECO 2.1 Flexibility and adaptabilityFrom family apartment to open-plan office

ill. 56 Working with DGNB

ENV 2.1 (LCA) Primary Energy UseEnergy Frame 2020 Net Zero Energy by Photo Voltaics

SOC 1.4 Visual comfortDaylight and sunlight in apartments Visual connection to outside

SOC 2.1 AccessibilityBarrier free access to the building Barrier free access to apartments with elevator

SOC 1.6 Quality of outdoor spacesRecreational areas enhance possiblity for interaction and communication and thereby the quality of living

SOC 3.3 Plan dispositionCommon areas for interaction

ECO 2.1 Flexibility and adaptabilityFrom family apartment to open-plan office

87

D e s i g n p r o c e s s

Design process introductionWorkshop IWorkshop IIWorkshop III

Volumes and roofLandscape

Plans and ventilationCommon areas, staircase

DaylightFacades

Life Cycle Assessment

88

D e s i g n p r o c e s s i n t r o d u c t i o n

The design development is an integrated process where different considerations and aesthetic and technical aspects are included. As mentioned in the methodology chapter the integrated design process works by moving back and forward between the different aspects and phases. However, in the following chapter the design pro-cess is divided into different topics to enable an overview of the work on the design. While the process has not been linear or reduced to one topic at the time, the pre-sentation is made to simplify the investigations made throughout the project.

The design development is presented through sketches, plans, sections, models, computer simulations and calculations.

89

ill.57 Sketch

90

During the first workshop some possible ben-eficial relationships between building mass, building typology, orientation and local climate have been explored through model making in scale. The workshop focused on building den-sity, access to the site, buildings and individual apartments, daylight conditions, relation to the urban context, creation of public and private spaces, thus considering relationships between building form, organization, movement of peo-ple and perception of space.

W o r k s h o p I - C l i m a t e , v o l u m e , o r i e n t a t i o n a n d a c c e s s

tains. The different aspects were to inform the project so that the foundation for a zero energy building was made also taking into account so-cial sustainability due to access, light and cre-ation of space. During the studies a basic idea of the masterplan was found. It became a hy-brid between all of the investigated areas. This masterplan was then to be evolved a lot further.

As seen on the sketches on the right page sun and wind were of a great accelerator in the workshop to enhance the possibility to use the climate in an optimal way according to build-ing energy consumption and to make a local climate likeable to live and stay in. Another im-portant factor was the relation to the context. It was a wish not to make a building that would look alien like compared to the context even though the purpose of the building is another than what the existing build environment con-

91

ill. 59 Sun and wind

ill. 61 Masterplan models

ill. 58 Sketched sections

ill. 60 Modular system sketch

92

In the second workshop being about daylight and dwelling investigations were made on how to distribute light into the apartments. This was done by making a lightbox that approximately simulated the width and half the depth of the apartments we were working on at that point. The lightbox were tested with a lot of different window geometries and this led to several con-siderations about atmosphere, daylight, spatial quality, privacy and publicity.

All pictures and studies were taken with indi-rect light so it was easier to see how the light diffused in the lightbox. The direct light would

Daylight of course also had a main focus in the workshop so it was analyzed visually how well the light entered the room and how deep it entered. Since daylight is measured with an overcast sky the indirect light conditions were optimal on a very basic level to be calculated further in 3D to get exact measurements for the windows.

The newfound knowledge about light and the way it penetrates the room would afterwards become a strong tool to develop a plan solu-tion for the dwellings and it had a strong influ-ence on the following design process.

have given a sharper edge to the shadows but also reflections would be harder to spot.

A certain atmosphere is wanted for a certain room and therefore it was important to find out how different windows would affect the way that the light colors the room, casts shadows and makes a kind of zoning of the room. This combined with the functionality of the window according to for example providing privacy in some parts, and openness in others made it possible to understand the full potential of the specific window layout.

W o r k s h o p I I - D a y l i g h t a n d d w e l l i n g s

93

ill. 62 Experimental daylight models

94

W o r k s h o p I I I - M a t e r i a l s

The material workshop being the third and last workshop was a catalyst for which materials could work well with the overall idea of the proj-ect. One of the main focuses of the project has been to make a connection between an urban and a suburban feeling. Therefore it was neces-sary to find a way to differ between these two atmospheres. This means that the workshop was used to investigate which materials would provide the atmosphere wanted and how could

they affect the spatial qualities, the flow and the perception of the living space. The two different atmospheres being the urban and the suburban are separated due to having urban avenues cut-ting through the site in several places and hav-ing more suburban feel courtyards in each of the segments created by the avenues.

The suburban feel was further explored in the façade of the buildings. The idea was that we

wanted to make it possible to point out your own home as easy in the apartment building as you would be able to do it in the suburbs, give or take. The way to make this segmentation of the façade was to try and make a change hor-izontally in the façade material for each time a new apartment was behind the façade. In that way one would be able to recognize his or her apartment due to the material and the place-ment of this.

95

Facades

ill. 63 Facade models

96

The volumes of the building complex have been altered several times from the first idea to the final result. At the starting point they were equally tall buildings arranged in a net system. In the next step the building mass arranged to the south were lowered (A). This was done to enhance the possibility of passive heat gain in the apartments to the north. Also it lets more sun into the four central courtyards.

Afterwards the meeting between the build-ings placed to the south and those to the north were modulated. Instead of having a big step

ture instead. This provides angles more suitable for installation of the PVs (C). The volumes to the south will make a little more shadow north-wards and slightly lower the gains from the sun.

Anyways, the effect of the PVs are increased significantly and the solution will therefore be a more effective one than with flat roofs accord-ing to energy consumption. The extra volume added will be exploited inside, so that it is not only open space.

up in the height of the buildings the volumes closest to the center were given a height in be-tween the tall and low volumes (B). This made a staircase effect and hereby the FAR was raised while the solar potential in the courtyards and the northern apartments were retained. The volumes ended out being from 2 to 5 storeys providing space for both one and two storey apartments and roof terraces.

The flat roof is not very suitable according to the installation angle of the PV-panels. This has been solved by making an edging roof struc-

V o l u m e s a n d r o o f

97

A.

B.

C.

ill. 64 Volume sketches

98

When developing the surroundings for the building volumes, the focus became the dif-ference between them: they should each offer something new to the users and define borders between the spaces.

The urban avenues were introduced connect-ing Håndværkervej and the buildings. The idea was to move people further into the site before leading them into the buildings, so they could greet neighbours from the other smaller com-munities within the site. The urban avenues should have the properties of a regular street with a “fast” lane and sidewalks, strict geometry and high street lamps. The avenues should also secure access for garbage trucks and emergen-cy vehicles as well as bikes.

be allowed for them to leave their mark on the space.

The rural garden is the area near the stream which should still be walkable in its full length as it is the end of a long path system. There should be more uncontrolled greenery with tall grass and open spaces. The gravel path along the stream should be replaced by a wooden promenade that is connected to the urban ave-nues by stairs, to slow the pace from the street towards the stream.

The market plaza was introduced to link the site with the surrounding neighbourhood by inviting locals onto the site with an event. The event de-veloped to a grocery store, a café and a weekly outdoor market. All three should be managed by residents of the area and inspired by the cul-tures represented there. The plaza should have a green profile for the residents while still pro-viding ground for the market stands.

The suburban streets are a slower past than the market plaza and the suburban street: here you get off you bike before going to park it and the area is intended for the residents to meet each other. This is done by working with narrow paths and intimate spaces. This is intended as the front yard for the residents – and it should

L a n d s c a p e

99

ill. 66 Urban avenues ill. 67 Market plaza sketches 1

ill. 65 Complex landscape

ill. 68 Market plaza sketches 2

100

When developing the plans for the apartments a number of considerations where included in the design. The opportunity for cross ventila-tion was among the most prioritised. Therefore, the design investigations include apartments where kitchen and living room are one large space located between two opposite facades. A huge importance was given also to the reg-ularity of all rooms to enable a better flow and easier and more flexible furnishing. To ensure easy and comfortable use of the apartments,

the apartments which ended up with big space use in relation to the apartment area. Therefore, the apartment’s entrance requires a small area with cabinets for clothes, shoes, etc. The bath-rooms were usually placed near the entrance area. When the elevator shaft is adjoining an apartment, the bathrooms and entrance area is located around the shaft to minimise the wall area between the shaft and living rooms in or-der to reduce noise and vibrations.

several layouts were created with different pri-vacy considerations. Furthermore, the studies of the refugee’s cultures showed a similarity of using a central common space to be the living room and dining room. Together with the Dan-ish character of living in open-space housing it led to the development of central space for liv-ing room and kitchen.

Another consideration in order to provide sub-urban quality of living was adding the utility to

P l a n s a n d v e n t i l a t i o n

101

ill. 69 Single apartments

ill. 70 Apartments with staircase

ill. 71 Block of apartments

102

C o m m o n a r e a s , s t a i r c a s e

Along with the development of the apartment plans studies was done for the access to the housing units. The Danish building regulations were the main consideration when drawing the stairs and elevators. The values most taken into consideration is 1,4 m deep x 1,1 m wide mini-mum for inside dimensions of elevators, access spaces 1,5 m wide leading to stairs and in front of elevators, 1,0 m wide stairs with a maximum inclination of 40˚. Another consideration in the design development is that the staircases could be used for common area where interaction be-tween neighbours happen on a daily basis. The design should encourage this interaction.

Design suggestions A-B-C are located towards one façade, while D-E is located between two facades. Thereby there is a significant differ-ence between the suggestions in terms of day-

Design D has no corners on the stairway and some transparency through the building. The access to the stairway is very direct, however the access to the elevator is further from the front door and very difficult to exit if reversing. There is no real common area, but rather an unused area which takes in light. On the other hand, it could be added to an apartment.

Design E occupies the most space with the ad-vantage of bright common area. The stairway is straight and easy accessible. The elevator is closer to the front door and it requires only a 90 degree turn when exiting. It offers a great trans-parency in the building which could increase the feeling of safety. This design was chosen for the further development of apartment plans.Picture F shows a section of common areas and staircase.

light and transparency – which will also effect the feeling of safety.

Design A has a very narrow common area for interaction with no possibility of seats, but the access to both the stairway and elevator is very straight forward. It has an undefined space which could be added to an apartment.

Design B has no common space. Furthermore, a fragmented stairway causing several corners with very little view ahead. This may affect the feeling of safety. The access to stairway and el-evator is straight forward.

Design C has the largest common area, which on the ground floor functions as an entrance area. The stairway is the same as suggestion B with several corners and little view ahead.

103

A. B. C.

D. E. F.

ill. 72 Common space, staircases

104

In addition to the daylight and dwelling work-shop it was decided to make an extra minor in-vestigation into the field of daylight. Therefore a catalogue was made. The catalogue contains a variety of different window layouts sorted by 4 different, window to floor ratios. Due to this it became possible to compare the performances with each other. This was mainly done for day-light purposes but also for the sake of indoor climate.

By using the catalogue and the daylight work-shop it became possible to make a choice of

will make a good foundation according to the objective of achieving a specific daylight factor, meet the functional needs such as privacy and view and at last the heat gains and losses could easier be controlled and therefore it is made easier to meet the demands of thermal indoor climate in a more controlled way.

The last aspect of the investigations is aesthet-ics. The technical aspects had to make a sym-biosis with the aesthetics of the façade, so that the aesthetics did not suffer due to the imple-mentation of technical aspects.

window layout informed by daylight amount, vi-sual aspects, privacy and thermal climate. So in-stead of choosing a window only because of its daylight potential it became possible to choose it due to different parameters - this meaning that a window did not necessarily have to per-form the best in all aspects but should instead be an allround well performing window layout that did not have any bad “scores”.

Even though a minimum performance is, of course, needed in all aspects. In this way it is made sure that the window, or windows, chosen

D a y l i g h t

105

ill. 73 Daylight investigations

15 %

20 %

30 %

40 %

2,6 m

Type 1 Type 2

3,5 m

4,0 m

Type 3 Type 4 Type 5 Type 6 Type 7

?

2,6 m

Type 1 Type 2

3,5 m

4,0 m

Type 3 Type 4 Type 5 Type 6 Type 7

?

10 %

0 %

5 %

106

During the design process and development of the façade, many considerations were taken into account for the choice of material. Some of the most important ones when working with sustainable architecture were the five aspects of the Life Cycle Assessment: resource, manu-facturing, distribution, use and end of life. How-ever, sustainable architecture should consider other qualities as well.

The façade design includes two main materials which both performs well in LCA and the dif-ference between them should emphasise the qualities of the spaces created. The materials are bricks and wood cladding.

Brick excel in its long life span and very low maintenance, even when considering its high embodied energy and non-renewability. Fur-thermore, it is a material with a long tradition

ance between the architectural expression, day-light factor, passive solar gain and heat losses. The choice of shading was affected by the abil-ity to open completely to allow for high pas-sive solar gain and a desire for simplicity of construction. An exterior sliding shading is the best solution for these parameters while offer-ing better protection against overheating than an interior shading. The angle of the western and eastern vertical shading was investigated in relation to daylight. Two shading models were created: one with the lamellas perpendicular to the window and one with the lamellas slanted towards south while keeping the shading an-gle the same. The slanted lamellas offer more protection against sunlight, but also reduce the daylight significantly. Based on the calculations, perpendicular lamellas are sufficient to reduce overheating and at the same time offer more daylight and less view obstruction.

in Aalborg and also in the area surrounding the site. The wooden cladding, on the other hand, has a shorter life span and often requires higher maintenance. It has, however, a very low em-bodied energy and its sensory properties pos-itively affect the human perception as being warm and intimate, which can emphasise the qualities of the suburban streets.

The investigations of the windows revolved around daylight simulation, where the reach of light deep into the rooms was explored (ill. 75). Vertical windows reaching from the floor to the ceiling allowed the light to travel deep into the rooms. At the same time, it gives opportunity for more transparency between inside and outside: a quality sought out throughout the project in relation to the overall concept of interaction. The dimensions of the windows is the result of an iterative process of finding a functioning bal-

F a c a d e s

107

ill. 75 Daylight simulations

ill. 74 Facade sketches

108

L i f e C y c l e A s s e s s m e n t

In order to compare different materials for the construction the Life Cycle Assessment have been investigated for both the floor slabs and the external walls. The LCA investigates the production of the material, construction of the built, use/maintenance, end-of-life/demolition and reuse/recycle. The LCA is a calculation of a buildings potential environmental impact and resource consumption through its life cycle. The results are presented through three values. Two of them are the impact directly on the envi-

ronment – the ozone layer and the greenhouse effect. The last one is the energy consumption. For both the external walls and the floor slabs, the calculations are made for one square me-ter. The three external walls investigated have the same U-value, while the three floor slabs can carry the same loads.

The calculations are also made for two assump-tions of the buildings life cycle: 80 years and 120 years. It is fair to assume that a residential build-ing’s life cycle will be the latter.

Based on the LCA and aesthetic considerations it was chosen to work with a timber frame construc-tion and external walls with wooden cladding. The timber construction will be visible within the build-ing and contribute to the perception of the spaces. The timber frame allows for more flexibility in the building, if renovated or in case of a new use for the building, doors can be moved or walls removed more easily than for example a concrete construc-tion. [Marsh et al., 2014].

109

51,2

62,0

37,7 32,7

46,7

34,7

45,1 36,2

1,3

0,3 0,2

0,9

1,6 1,1

1,3 0,9

0,6 0,3

0,10,1

5,1

5,9

4,3 3,8

4,7

3,5

4,1

7,4

5,4 4,7

6,0

3,6

80 years 120 years 80 years 120 years 80 years 120 years

EXTERNAL WALLS

Primary Energy ConsumptionkWh/m year

Green house effectkg CO /m year

Depletion of ozone layerg R11/m year

U = 0,12 W/m K2

2

22 2μ

ConcreteInsulationBrickwork

ConcreteInsulationWooden cladding

Wood frame, glue laminatedInsulationWooden cladding

FLOOR SLABS

Concrete, hollow coreInsulationWooden floor

Steel frameInsulationWooden floor

Wood frame, glue laminatedInsulationWooden floor

28,6

34,2 29,0

23,4

ill. 76 LCA diagram

111

E p i l o g u e

ConclusionsReflection

Literature listIllustrations list

112

C o n c l u s i o n s

The Assimilation Habitat project seeks to enhance social, economic and environ-mental sustainability. Successful integration of refugees can be promoted through interaction between the residents of the site and secure diversity to prevent seclu-sion. The design focuses on this interaction by creating spaces for social encounters and social well-being. Another focus of the design is the DGNB criteria and work with the Building Energy Frame and Building Simulation tools to secure an all-round sustainable design meeting zero energy standard.

113

R e f l e c t i o n

The project began with our assumptions and ideas of social sustainable architecture and investigations into this. We received some comments on our consideration by Anthropologist Michael Ulfstjerne, who has experience with this subject. However, even with our investigations and the qualified comments, we are not sociologists, nor have researched the topic of refugees or integration to a truly fulfilling extent. This would require far more research and a deeper knowledge of sociology and its methods. We have therefore decided to focus on integration of asylum holders and have not specified ethnicity or family constellations.

One of the goals for the design is the 2020 Energy Frame which is reached by re-ducing the energy demand of the building by working with the buildings envelope, solar gains etc. and produce enough energy to reach the net zero energy balance using photovoltaics integrated into the roofs. For one of the buildings investigated in be10 there is a large overproduction of electricity compared to the demand of the building. This could be transferred to the more consuming buildings within the project: to the grocery store or the café, or it could be used to power the night-time lighting on the site. It could also be reduced to meet the demand by decreasing the area of photo voltaic.

The most relevant DGNB criteria for this assignment was selected based on the initial program and collaboration with the other design parameters. These was then used as considerations when developing the design. The presentation demonstrates how some of them have been integrated into the project and have been used to solve the design. However, only a few is elaborated on in the report, and the remainder, while still included in the design, is put aside. The DGNB criteria could have been introduced before the work with other analysis and be further integrated into the other design parameters. Thereby the difference between the DGNB goals and the danish building regulations could have been explored into detail.

In this project several aspects was investigated into detail, rather than having a wid-er focus trying to include all possible considerations. This approach was chosen to focus the work in the project and solve the assignment given in the semester de-scription as thorough as possible, however, another approach could also be used to acheive a well conceived design.

114

Aalborg Kommune, 2016. Kommuneplanrammer, [online] Available at: <http://www.aalborgkom-muneplan.dk/kommuneplanrammer/midtbyen/aal-borg-midtby/11h1.aspx> [Accessed 25 March 2016]

Adams W.M., 2006. The Future of Sustainability: Re-thinking Environment and Development in the Twenty- first Century. [pdf] Available at: <http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/iucn_future_of_sus-tanability.pdf > [Accessed 22 March 2016]

Ærø T., 2006. Residential Choice from a Lifestyle Per-spective. [pdf] Available at:<http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14036090600773139> [Ac-cessed 31 March 2016]

Amnesty International, 2015. Syria’s refugee crisis in numbers. [online] Available at: < https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/09/syrias-refu-gee-crisis-in-numbers/> [Accessed 22 March 2016]

Anon., 2015. Sustainability and sustainable devel-opment, <http://www.circularecology.com/sustain-ability-and-sustainable-development.html#.VyxAT-lh96M8> [Accessed 23 March 2016]Bourrelle et al., A Review of definitions and calcula-tions methodologies, 2010

Cappelen J., Jørgensen B., Tecknical report 99-13, observed wind speed and directions in Denmark, DNI, Copenhagen 1999

Circular Ecology, 2016, Sustainability and sustain-able development, [online] available at http://www.circularecology.com/sustainability-and-sustain-

ningsdele - vejledning til værktøj til brug tidligt i designprocessen. [pdf] Available at: <http://www.sbi.dk/miljo-og-energi/beredygtighedsvurdering/lca-profiler-for-bygningsdele/lca-profiler-for-byg-ninger-og-bygningsdele/at_download/file> [Ac-cessed 26 April 2016]

McKenzie S., 2004. Social Sustainability: Towards Some Definition [pdf] Available at: <http://w3.uni-sa.edu.au/hawkeinstitute/publications/downloads/wp27.pdf> [Accessed 29 March 2016]

Pisman A., Allaert G. and Lombaerde P., 2011. Ur-ban and Suburban Lifestyles and Residential Prefer-ences in a Highly Urbanized Society. [pdf] Available at: < https://belgeo.revues.org/6394> [Accessed 30 March 2016]

Politecnico di Torino, 2012. L’idea di sostenibilità in architettura, pdf] Available at: <http://areeweb.poli-to.it/didattica/dottoratoprogettazione/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Michela-Penna.pdf> [Accessed 38 March 2016]

Rouabhi S., Volkery A., Green economy and sustain-able development, UNEP, Rome, 2011

Statistics Denmark, 2015. Occupants of Dwellings. [online] Available at: https://www.dst.dk/en/Statis-tik/emner/boligforhold/beboere> [Accessed 30 March 2016]

WCED, 1987, Our Common Future, [pdf] available at http://www.un-documents.net/our-common-future.pdf, visited 16.04.2016

able-development.html#.V0eDcWh96M9, visited at 16.4.2016

DMI, 2016, Vejr- og klimadata årsoversigt 2015 [pdf] available at http://www.dmi.dk/uploads/tx_dmidata-store/webservice/1/_/1/3/2/20151231_1.pdf, visited 1.4.2016

Hyldgård C.E., Grundlæggende klimateknik og byg-ningsfysik (GKB). Aalborg University, 2001

IFHP, 2015. Housing Refugees Report; Part of the IFHP Refugee Housing Programme [pdf] Available at: <http://www.ifhp.org/sites/default/files/staff/IFHP%20Housing%20Refugees%20Report%20-%20final.pdf > [Accessed 22 March 2016]

Informal EU Council of Ministers for Urban Develop-ment and Territorial Cohesion, 2007. LEIPZIG CHAR-TER on Sustainable European Cities. [pdf] Available at: <http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/archive/themes/urban/leipzig_charter.pdf> [Accessed 22 March 2016]

Jiminéz T.R ., Waters M.C., 2005. Assessing Im-migrant Assimilation: New Empirical and The-oretical Challenges [pdf] Available at: <http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100026> [Accessed 22 March 2016]

Knudstrup M.A., The Integrated Design Process (IDP) – a more holistic approach to sustainable archi-tecture, 2003

Marsh R., 2014. LCA profiler for bygninger og byg-

L i t e r a t u r e l i s t

115

ill.1 Integreted design processill.2 Proximityill.3 Bibliographical mapill.4 Certified projectsill.5 Sustainable developmentill.6 Zero energy conceptsill.7 Danish dwelling by tenency type, 2004ill.8 Immigrants in Europeill.9 Immigrants in Denmarkill.10. Assimilationill.11 Development mapill.12 Road mapill.13 Sunpathill.14 Annual windill.15 Design parametresill.16 Visionill 17 Active and passive strategiesill.18 Conceptill.19 Masterplanill.20 Landscape diagramill.21 Suburban streetill.22 Section A-Aíll.23 Section B-Bíll.24 Section C-Cíll.25 Function layoutill.26 Accessill.27 Apartment catalogueill.28 Ground floorill.29 Typical floorill.30 Ground floorill.31 Second floorill.32 Section D-D´

ill.65 Complex landscapeill.66 Urban avenuesill.67 Market plaza sketches 1ill.68 Market plaza sketches 2ill.69 Single apartmentsill.70 Apartments with staircaseill.71 Block of apartmentsill.72 Common spaces, staircasesill.73 Daylight investigationsill.74 Facade sketchesill.75 Daylight simulationsill.76 LCA diagram

ill.33 Section E-Eíll.34 Rural gardensill.35 North facadeill.36 South facadeill.37 East facadeill.38 West facadeill.39 Apartment B, living roomill.40 Floor plan Aill.41 Average temperatureill.42 CO2 levelill.43 Overheatingill.44 Warmest dayill.45 Floor plan Bill.46 Average temperatureill.47 CO2 levelill.48 Overheatingill.49 Warmest dayill.50 Cross ventilationill.51 Single-sided ventilationill.52 Daylightill.53 Construction detailsill.54 First south block keynumbersill.55 Second north block keynumbersill.56 Working with DGNBill.57 Sketchill.58 Sketched sectionsill.59 Sun and windill.60 Modular system sketchill.61 Masterplan modelsill.62 Experimental daylight modelsill.63 Facade modelsill.64 Volume sketches

I l l u s t r a t i o n l i s t

117

A p p e n d i x

01 - Tables02 - Air change rate calculations

03 - Bsim results04 - Be10 results

05 - Windows06 - Reference pictures

118

A p p e n d i x 0 1 - T a b l e s

Thermal buoyancy

Cross ventilation

119

Living room

Air change rate / sensory air pollution for living room (4 people inside)

Pollution: 4 person 1 olf/person materials 0.1 olf/m2

𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 = 4 ∗ 1 + 0.1 ∗ 24.024 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 = 6,4 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 Air flow supply:

𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 + 10𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙

c – experienced air quality (dp) / 1.4 dp (cf. Fig. 1.18, GKB) ci – experienced air quality outdoors (dp) / 0.05 dp (cf. Table. 1.7, GKB) q – pollution load (olf) Vl – necessary air flow supply (l/s)

1.4 = 0.05 + 106,4𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙

𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 47,41𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

= 1,52 ℎ−1

Air change rate / CO2 level

Pollution: 4 person 10 l/min*person With 0.04 concentration 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 = 0.04 ∗ 4 ∗ 10 = 1,6 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.096 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3/ℎ Air change rate:

𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 =𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉

+ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 c – maximum CO2 level (ppm) / ci+500pm (DS/EN 15251) ci – outdoors CO2 level (ppm) / 350ppm n- air change (h-1) V – room volume (m3)

850 = 1 000 0000.096𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ∗ 112

+ 350

𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 1,71 ℎ−1

The requirements for air change rate / CO2 level is higher and the value 1,71 h-1 is therefore taken into account.

Living room

Air change rate / sensory air pollution for living room (4 people inside)

Pollution: 4 person 1 olf/person materials 0.1 olf/m2

𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 = 4 ∗ 1 + 0.1 ∗ 24.024 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 = 6,4 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 Air flow supply:

𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 + 10𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙

c – experienced air quality (dp) / 1.4 dp (cf. Fig. 1.18, GKB) ci – experienced air quality outdoors (dp) / 0.05 dp (cf. Table. 1.7, GKB) q – pollution load (olf) Vl – necessary air flow supply (l/s)

1.4 = 0.05 + 106,4𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙

𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 47,41𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

= 1,52 ℎ−1


Pollution: 4 person 10 l/min*person With 0.04 concentration 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 = 0.04 ∗ 4 ∗ 10 = 1,6 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.096 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3/ℎ Air change rate:

𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 =𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉


850 = 1 000 0000.096𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ∗ 112

+ 350

𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 1,71 ℎ−1

The requirements for air change rate / CO2 level is higher and the value 1,71 h-1 is therefore taken into account. The requirements for air change rate / CO2 level is higher and the value 1,71 h-1 is therefore taken into account.

Bedroom


Pollution: 1 person 10 l/min*person With 0.04 concentration 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 = 0.04 ∗ 1 ∗ 10 = 0,4𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0,024 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3/ℎ Air change rate:

𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 =𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚


850 = 1 000 0000,024𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ∗ 30,8

+ 350

𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 1,35 ℎ−1

Master bedroom





850 = 1 000 0000,048𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ∗ 30,8

+ 350

𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 2,82 ℎ−1

Bedroom





850 = 1 000 0000,024𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ∗ 30,8

+ 350

𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 1,35 ℎ−1

Master bedroom





850 = 1 000 0000,048𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ∗ 30,8

+ 350

𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 2,82 ℎ−1

A p p e n d i x 0 2 - A i r c h a n g e r a t e c a l c u l a t i o n s

120

A p p e n d i x 0 3 - B s i m r e s u l t sApartment A

121

Apartment B

122

A p p e n d i x 0 4 - B e 1 0 r e s u l t s

First south-west block keynumbers

Energy Frame 2020 19,9 kWh/m² per year

User related energy use:1725 kWh per year per apartment1725 · 7 apartments / 561,3 m² = 21 kWh/m² per year

Energy production from photo voltaics:A: Total area of modules = 336 m²B: Module efficiency standard monocrystalline = 12 %C: A·B/100 = 40,32 kWpeakD: Evaluation system factor average system with standard effi-ciency inverter, integrated = 0,65 E: Solar radiation intensity 15 %, South = 1097 kWh/m²Annual yield to grid: C · D · E40,32 kW · 0,65 · 1097 kWh/m² = 28.750 kWh/m² per year

Production per housing m²:28,750 kWh/m² per year / 561,3 m² = 51,2 kWh/m² per year

Energy need: 19,9 kWh/m² per year + (1,8 · 21 kWh/m² per year) = 37,8 kWh/m² per yearProduction:1,8 · 51,2 kWh/m² per year = 92,16 kWh/m² per year

123

Second north-west block keynumbers

Energy Frame 2020 19,8 kWh/m² per year

User related energy use:1725 kWh per year per apartment1725 · 13 apartments / 1016 m² = 22,07 kWh/m² per year

Energy production from photo voltaics:A: Total area of modules = 412 m²B: Module efficiency standard monocrystalline = 12 %C: A·B/100 = 49,44 kWpeakD: Evaluation system factor average system with standard effi-ciency inverter, integrated = 0,65 E: Solar radiation intensity 15 %, South = 1097 kWh/m²Annual yield to grid: C · D · E49,44 kW · 0,65 · 1097 kWh/m² = 35.253 kWh/m² per year

Production per housing m²:35.253 kWh/m² per year / 1016 m² = 34,7 kWh/m² per year

Energy need: 19,8 kWh/m² per year + (1,8 · 22,07 kWh/m² per year) = 59,53 kWh/m² per yearProduction:1,8 · 34,7 kWh/m² per year = 62,46 kWh/m² per year

124

A p p e n d i x 0 5 - W i n d o w s

125

A p p e n d i x 0 6 - R e f e r e n c e p i c t u r e s

Urban street Common space, staircase Chilling net

Assimilation Habitat

Documents

Transcript of Assimilation Habitat