Assignment of Multiple Choice Questions Psychology)
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1 AN ASSIGNMENT ON MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (PSYCHOLOGY) SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY Mr. JAI KISHAN ANU NAIN (Lecturer) Roll No. – 16
Transcript of Assignment of Multiple Choice Questions Psychology)
1
AN
ASSIGNMENT
ON
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
(PSYCHOLOGY)
SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
Mr. JAI KISHAN ANU NAIN
(Lecturer) Roll No. – 16 Class 7TH Sem.
INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES
2
(KUK)
CONTENTS
Chapter No. Title Page No.
1 Personality 3-12
2 Motivation & Emotion 13-22
3 Perception 23-33
4 Learning 34-44
5 Sensation 45-56
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CHAPTER -1PERSONALITY
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Personality
1. Id is to "Just do it" as superego is toa. "Wait till later."b. "Do your own thing."c. "Don't do it."d. "Oh, sit on it."
ANSWER: C
2. The unconscious containsa. material that can easily be brought to awareness.b. everything we are aware of at a given moment.c. repressed memories and emotions.d. thoughts, perceptions, and memories.
ANSWER: C
3. The concept of traits is used to account for personal characteristics that area. biologically determined.b. relatively permanent and enduring.c. situation specific.d. shared by a group.
ANSWER: B
4. Which of the following is an unconscious personality structure made up of biological urges seeking fulfillment?a. Egob. Idc. Superegod. Subconscious
ANSWER: B
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5.
To understand personality, trait theorists attempt toa. create traits that fit people.b. increase the number of basic traits that have been identified.c. classify traits and discover how they are related to behavior.d. reduce the common traits to measures of temperament.
ANSWER: C
6. According to Freud, the energy from life instincts that drives personality is called thea. ego.b. libido.c. life force.d. eros.
ANSWER: B
7.
According to Freud, the id is governed by thea. pleasure principle.b. reality principle.c. ego ideal.d. creature comfort principle.
ANSWER: A
8. In the Freudian view of personality, which system is totally unconscious and dominated by biological instincts?a. Idb. Egoc. Superegod. Libido
ANSWER: A
9. __________ theory maximized and __________ theory minimized the role of the unconscious.a. Trait; humanisticb. Psychoanalytic; behaviouristc. Psychoanalytic; humanisticd. Trait; behaviourist
ANSWER: B
10. According to Freud, the ego is governed by thea. pleasure principle.b. reality principle.
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c. ego ideal.d. partial ego principle.
ANSWER: B
11. The five-factor model of personality includesa. social interactionism.b. conscientiousness.c. sense of humour.d. neuroticism.
ANSWER: B
12. What do psychologists mean by the term trait-situation interaction?a. Situations change traits.b. Situations create new traits.c. Traits determine situations.d. Situations affect how traits are exhibited.
ANSWER: D 13. An adjective checklist would most likely be used by a
a. psychodynamic therapist.b. behaviourist.c. humanistic therapist.d. trait theorist.
ANSWER: D
14. Psychologists who believe that people grow and develop throughout their lives and that people are inherently good area. psychoanalysts.b. radical behaviourists.c. social learning theorists.d. humanists.
ANSWER: D
15. According to the humanists, __________ occurs when people are free from dependence on external authority or on other people.a. Autonomyb. Spontaneityc. peak experienced. task cantering
ANSWER: A
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16. A psychiatrist who explains pathological behavior as a conflict between underlying psychological forces is using the __________ model.a. Psychoanalyticb. Behaviouralc. Medicald. Humanistic
ANSWER: A
17. The part of the mind that is beyond awareness is called thea. unconscious.b. conscious.c. post conscious.d. preconscious.
ANSWER: A
18. The __________ contains material of which you may be unaware but that can easily be
brought to awareness.a. Subconsciousb. Preconsciousc. Unconsciousd. Conscious
ANSWER: B
19. According to Freud, the key to mental health isa. an overpowering superego.b. an unrestrained id.c. dominance of the pleasure principle.d. balance among mental processes.
ANSWER: D
20. If you know the personality of an identical twin, you can expect the personality of the other twin to bea. unrelated.b. similar.c. identical.d. conflicting.
ANSWER: B
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21. We each have a perception of our own personality traits. This perception strongly influences our behavior. Psychologists call this perceptiona. self-evaluation.b. inner concept.c. self-concept.d. self-esteem.
ANSWER: C
22. A key element of Carl Rogers' personality theory is the concept ofa. meta-needs.b. the self or self-image.c. self-reinforcement.d. the pleasure principle.
ANSWER: B
23. Between the ages of 1 and 3 years, the child is said to go through the __________ stage.a. Phallicb. Latencyc. Anald. Genital
ANSWER: C
24. Which theory of personality was developed by Sigmund Freud?a. Psychoanalyticb. Behaviouristicc. Humanisticd. Psychosocial
ANSWER: A
25. Jung believed that there are basic universal concepts in all people regardless of culture
calleda. persona.b. collective consciousness.c. archetypes.d. mandalas.
ANSWER: C
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26. If self-esteem is too high, the person may bea. boring.b. ineffective.c. dull.d. arrogant.
ANSWER: D
27. Behaviourists are to the external environment as humanists are toa. stress.b. personal growth.c. humankind.d. internal conflicts.
ANSWER: B
28. The term personality refers toa. the hereditary aspects of one's emotional nature.b. unique and enduring behavior patterns.c. favourable and unfavourable personal characteristics.d. charisma, character, or temperament.
ANSWER: B
29. __________ theories stress private, subjective experience and personal growth.a. Traitb. Humanisticc. Behaviouristicd. Psychodynamic
ANSWER:
30. During the first year of life, the child is said to go through the __________ stage.a. Oralb. Analc. Genitald. Phallic
ANSWER: A
31. If you were asked to describe the personality of your best friend, and you said she was optimistic, reserved, and friendly, you would be using the __________ approach.a. Psychodynamicb. Analyticalc. Humanistic
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d. Trait
ANSWER: D
32. The halo effect refers toa. the technique in which the frequency of various behaviors is recorded.b. the use of ambiguous or unstructured stimuli.c. the process of admitting experience into consciousness.d. the tendency to generalize a favourable or unfavourable first
impression to unrelated details of personality.
ANSWER: D
33. According to Rogers, the __________ self represents a much idealized self-image.a. Phenomenalb. Incongruentc. Archetypald. Ideal
ANSWER: D
34. In Freudian theory, the __________ is the "executive" structure that is directed by the reality principle.a. Idb. Egoc. Superegod. Libido
ANSWER: B
35. According to Freud, the Oedipus and Electra conflicts occur during the
a. anal stage.b. oral stage.c. phallic stage.d. genital stage.
ANSWER: C
36. Characteristics that are shared by most members of a culture are termeda. cardinal traits.b. ethnic traits.c. general traits.d. common traits.
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ANSWER: D
37. In Adler's view, the main striving of personality is fora. dominance.b. sophistication.c. instincts.d. superiority.
ANSWER: D
38. Classifying people as having either a Type A or Type B personality has been used to predicta. competency as a parent.b. chances of suffering a heart attack.c. success in education.d. chances of developing a serious mental illness.
ANSWER: B
39. Rogers calls the image of the person you would like to be thea. ego ideal.b. self archetype.c. ideal self.d. reinforced self.
ANSWER: C
40. Which personality theories attempt to explain behavior by focusing on the inner workings of the personality including internal conflicts?a. Traitb. Behaviouristicc. Psychodynamicd. Humanistic
ANSWER: C
41. Delaying action until it is appropriate describes the ego's use of thea. pleasure principle.b. morality principle.c. ego ideal.d. reality principle.
ANSWER: D
42. The psychological situation, expectancy, and reinforcement value are important concepts ina. social learning theory.
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b. Gestalt theories.c. radical behaviourism.d. instrumental conditioning.
ANSWER: A
43. __________ theorists believe humans have free will.a. Humanisticb. Behaviouristicc. Psychoanalyticd. Trait
ANSWER: A
44. In psychoanalytic theory, conscious control is experienced by thea. pleasure principle.b. id.c. ego.d. libido.
ANSWER: C
45. Temperament refers toa. charisma or character.b. unique and enduring behavior patterns.c. learned traits of emotional response.d. hereditary emotional traits.
ANSWER: D
46. Freud called an unresolved conflict caused by over-indulgence or frustration a(n)a. fixation.b. retentiveness.c. in congruency.d. expressiveness.
ANSWER: A
47. The messy and disorderly person is described by Freud as beinga. orally retentive.b. anally retentive.c. a phallic personality.d. anally expulsive.
ANSWER: D
48. __________ traits are personality traits the comprise a person's unique individual qualities.
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a. Centralb. Secondaryc. Cardinald. Individual
ANSWER: D
49. Which personality theorist strongly rejected Sigmund Freud's claim that males are dominant or superior to females?a. Alfred Adlerb. Karen Horneyc. Carl Jungd. Erich Fromm
ANSWER: B
50. At what age does personality become quite stable?a. 20b. 30c. 40d. 50
ANSWER: B
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CHAPTER -2MOTIVATION
&EMOTION
Motivation and Emotion
1. You and a friend play three hours of racquetball. Afterwards, you are most likely to prefera. plain water.b. a slightly salty liquid.c. a beverage containing some alcohol.
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d. milk.
ANSWER: B
2. Which is a cause of anorexia?a. sibling rivalryb. an overly realistic view of normal sizec. food allergiesd. Perfectionism
ANSWER: D
3. People from different cultures can recognize which facial expressions?a. Fearb. Angerc. Disgustd. all of these
ANSWER: D
4. Kinesics refers to the study ofa. body language.b. emotional expression.c. ANS arousal during emotional states.d. emotional expression in animals and humans.
ANSWER: A
5. Stimulus motives area. needs that are learned, such as the needs for power or for
achievement.b. innate but not necessary for survival.c. not innate but necessary for survival.d. innate and necessary for survival.
ANSWER: B
6. The polygraph or "lie detector" primarily measures which component of emotion?
a. Attribution
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b. emotional expressionc. physiological arousald. vocal modulation
ANSWER: C
7. The chief antidote for test anxiety isa. Over preparation.b. thought suppression.c. regression.d. discussing the problem with your professor.
ANSWER: A
8. The most universally recognized facial expression isa. pursed lips.b. smiling.c. sticking out your tongue.d. raising your eyebrows.
ANSWER: B
9. Intrinsic motivation occurs whena. obligations or approval are factors.b. there is no obvious external reward for one's behavior.c. there are obvious external factors controlling behavior.d. extrinsic motivation is also high.
ANSWER: B
10. A competitive diver approaches the end of the board with rapidly beating heart and a dry mouth, a result of increaseda. adrenaline.b. amines.c. cortisone.d. endorphins.
ANSWER: A
11. If a food causes sickness, or simply precedes sickness caused by something else, a learned __________ may result.a. psychosomatic illnessb. taste aversionc. anorexiad. specific hunger
ANSWER: B
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12. The hypothalamus has __________ hunger center(s).a. no control overb. total control overc. the most direct control overd. one
ANSWER: C
13. When a polygraph operator asks a subject, "Have you ever lied to your parents?" he or she is usinga. a control question.b. a critical question.c. deception.d. an irrelevant question.
ANSWER: A
14. A person got very sick after eating a cheese Danish. It is likely that the person willa. eventually eat another cheese Danish.b. eat another kind of Danish.c. never eat another cheese Danish.d. only eat cheese Danishes from now on.
ANSWER: C
15. Which of the following is the correct sequence for the motivational process?a. reinforcement - need - behavioural responseb. need - drive - behavioural responsec. drive - behavioural response - needd. behavioural response - drive - need
ANSWER: B
16. Push is to pull as __________ is to __________.a. goal; needb. response; needc. episodic; cyclicd. need; goal
ANSWER: D
17. The most critical physiological factor controlling hunger is thea. level of blood sugar.b. presence of stomach contractions.c. taste of food.d. presence of weakness or fatigue.
ANSWER: A
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18. Researchers are certain that facial expressions of __________ are recognized by people of all cultures, but they are not so certain that facial expressions of __________ are universal.a. fear; interestb. sadness; surprisec. anger; contemptd. disgust; horror
ANSWER: B
19. The maintenance of steady states of temperature and blood pressure are examples ofa. thermo stasis.b. homeostasis.c. intrinsic motivation.d. biological rhythm.
ANSWER: B
20. Unlearned biological motives necessary for survival are termeda. primary motives.b. secondary motives.c. drives.d. stimulus motives.
ANSWER: A
21. Which theory of emotion holds the view that bodily changes PRECEDE emotion and that we experience an emotion AFTER our body reacts?a. the common sense theoryb. the Cannon-Bard theoryc. attribution theoryd. the James-Lange theory
ANSWER: D
22. Sensory distortions and disturbed thinking reported by people who have undergone sensory deprivation support the __________ theory of motivation.a. drive reductionb. arousalc. episodicd. opponent-process
ANSWER: B
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23. Which of the following is a secondary motive?a. curiosityb. the desire for moneyc. physical contactd. thirst
ANSWER: B
24. What is the correct order of needs in Maslow's hierarchy?a. physiological; esteem; safety; self-actualization; love and belongingb. self-actualization; physiological; safety; love and belonging; esteemc. physiological; safety; love and belonging; esteem; self-actualizationd. self-actualization; safety; love and belonging; esteem; physiological
ANSWER: C
25. Motivation is the process of initiating, __________, and directing activities of the organisma. supplyingb. sustainingc. surveyingd. suspending
ANSWER: B
26. According to Maslow's theory, the basic needs includea. physiological needs, safety, and security.b. safety, love, and belonging.c. physiological needs and belonging.d. security and esteem.
ANSWER: A
27. The question "Is your address (person's address)?" asked during the administration of a lie detector test, is a (n) __________ question.a. controlb. criticalc. relevantd. irrelevant
ANSWER: D
28. Which theory holds that we are afraid because we run or are angry because we strike?a. attributionb. James-Lange
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c. Cannon-Bardd. cognitive
ANSWER: B
29. People who have had their stomachs surgically removeda. report they still have hunger pangs.b. may fail to eat regularly.c. must be force fed.d. still experience hunger.
ANSWER: D
30. At the top of Maslow's hierarchy of motives area. love and belonging.b. esteem and self-esteem.c. self-actualization.d. safety and security.
ANSWER: C
31. If an overweight adult was overfed as a child, as an adult he or she will have __________ fat cells.a. largerb. more and largerc. mored. the same number of
ANSWER: B
32. Moodsa. are the most extreme forms of various emotions?b. are subtle emotional undercurrents.c. reflect base physiological changes.d. reflect only positive emotions.
ANSWER: B
33. You are feeling happy and sad at the same time. Research into brain activity would indicate that processing is primarily occurring ina. the midbrain.b. the left hemisphere.c. the right hemisphere.d. both hemispheres.
ANSWER: D
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34. If your body is dehydrated, but you are not thirsty, we would say that you havea. a drive but not a need.b. a need but not a drive.c. both a drive and a need.d. neither a need nor a drive.
ANSWER: B
35. Which of the following can alter the body's set point?a. over feeding in childhoodb. external eating cuesc. severe dietingd. low self-esteem
ANSWER: A
36. A part of the nervous system that prepares the body for emergencies is the __________ division.a. parasympatheticb. sympatheticc. somaticd. adaptive
ANSWER: B
37. The __________ describes the relationship between arousal level, task difficulty, and efficiency of performance.a. arousal theoryb. drive reduction theoryc. Yerkes-Dodson Lawd. inverted-U function
ANSWER: C
38. Secondary motives area. needs that are learned, such as the needs for power or for
achievement.b. innate but not necessary for survival.c. not innate but necessary for survival.d. innate and necessary for survival.
ANSWER: A
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39. Which of the following is a primary motive?a. curiosityb. the desire for moneyc. physical contactd. thirst
ANSWER: D
40. Electrically stimulating the lateral hypothalamus will cause a rat toa. start eating.b. stop eating.c. start drinking.d. stop drinking.
ANSWER: A
41. The body structure most closely associated with thirst is thea. pancreas.b. pituitary gland.c. hypothalamus.d. limbic system.
ANSWER: C
42. The most appropriate name for the polygraph isa. lie detector.b. arousal recorder.c. mind reader.d. guilt meter.
ANSWER: B
43. Extrinsic motivation stems froma. obvious external factors.b. intrinsic motivation.c. primary drives.d. self-actualization.
ANSWER: A
44. People with weight problems are more likely to eat when experiencing the emotion ofa. anxiety.b. anger.c. sadness.d. any of these
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ANSWER: D
45. The question, "Did you rob the liquor store?" asked during the administration of a lie detector test, is a (n) __________ question.a. controlb. deceptivec. relevantd. irrelevant
ANSWER: C
46. Which of the following statements about the sex drive is TRUE?
a. Most psychologists believe that sex is a primary motive because it is necessary for individual survival.
b. Normal male animals are always ready to mate.c. Normal female animals are always ready to mate.d. The sex drive is considered a primary motive because it is primarily
homeostatic in nature.
ANSWER: B
47. Buford complains that he can play his tuba beautifully at home, but each time he tries to play at the local talent show he sounds like a bull elk in rutting season. His problem is explained bya. the Yerkes-Dodson Law.b. the effects of homeostasis.c. habituation.d. biorhythms.
ANSWER: A
48. Which is a cause of anorexia?a. sibling rivalryb. an overly realistic view of normal sizec. food allergiesd. perfectionism
ANSWER: D
49. At the highest levels of arousal,a. the individual becomes emotional, frenzied, and disorganized.
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b. only biological needs can be met.c. performance on the most complex tasks improves.d. intellectual products exhibit great creativity.
ANSWER: A
50. According to the Cannon-Bard theory,a. the thalamus plays a central role in producing emotions.b. the cerebellum must give the go-ahead for emotion.c. activity in the occipital and parietal lobes happens simultaneously to
produce emotion.d. the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work in
concert.
ANSWER: A
CHAPTER -3PERCEPTION
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Perception
1. Internal standards used to judge stimuli are referred to asa. adaptation level.b. context.c. intuition.d. frames of reference.
ANSWER: D
2. Illusions area. distortions of existing stimuli.b. the same as hallucinations.c. the result of innate mechanisms.d. not based on external reality.
ANSWER: A
3. An industrial psychologist interested in human factors would most likely participate ina. the collection of bio data.b. vocational interest testing.c. an assessment center evaluation.d. machine design.
ANSWER: D
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4. The fact that we can walk and chew gum at the same time illustrates that
a. our attention depends on different motor systems.b. we use selective attention.c. we use divided attention.d. we use sequential attention.
ANSWER: C
5. You are sitting in the pit area at the Indianapolis 500. You closely watch one of the cars whiz around on the track in front of the seething mass of humanity crammed into the stands. You have organized this visual scene such that the race car is __________ and the people and the stands are __________.a. figure; groundb. ground; figurec. figure; common regiond. common region; camouflage
ANSWER: A
6. The fact that objects that are near each other tend to be grouped together is known as
a. closure.b. continuation.c. similarity.d. nearness.
ANSWER: D
7. The underlying mechanism for perceptual expectancies isa. a misleading perception that distorts or misjudges a stimulus.b. top-down processing.c. the organization of perception by beginning with low-level features.d. bottom-up processing.
ANSWER: B
8. Which of the following is considered a monocular cue for depth?a. convergenceb. accommodationc. depth perspectived. singularity
ANSWER: A
9. Inductive reasoning goes from the specific to the general. Which of the following is
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analogous to inductive reasoning?a. top-down processingb. bottom-up processingc. perceptual expectanciesd. illusions
ANSWER: B
10. The tendency to group together objects that are the same size, shape, colour, or form is known asa. closure.b. continuation.c. similarity.d. nearness.
ANSWER: C
11. As a door opens toward you, you perceive it as a rectangular door rather than going
through actual image changes on the retina (from rectangular to trapezoid). This is an example ofa. perceptual closure.b. shape constancy.c. ambiguous stimuli.d. retinal disparity.
ANSWER: B
12. Closure, nearness, similarity, and continuation are categories ofa. perceptual (Gestalt) organization.b. cognitive style.c. cognitive organization.d. perceptual integration.
ANSWER: A
13. A man 6 feet in height will look "tall" when surrounded by others of average height, and "short" among a group of professional basketball players. This is an example ofa. inverted vision.b. active movement.c. adaptation level.d. context.
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ANSWER: D
14. The tendency to fill in gaps in the perception of a figure is calleda. sensory completion.b. closure.c. figure-ground.d. continuation.
ANSWER: B
15. A 70-year-old man defines middle age as 50 years of age. A 10-year-old child defines middle age as 35 years of age. Their estimates differ because ofa. selective attention.b. perceptual constancy.c. perceptual defense.d. their frame of reference.
ANSWER: D
16. The organizational principle demonstrated by the stimuli below is known as
XOXOXXOXOXXOXOXXOXOXXOXOXa. continuity.b. figure-ground.c. similarity.d. nearness.
ANSWER: C
17. You observe two cars of identical make and model. Although one roars away and its image on your retina is changed, you still perceive the cars as identical. This phenomenon isa. size constancy.b. shape constancy.c. concept constancy.d. form constancy.
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ANSWER: A
18. Attention is aroused bya. subtle differences in stimuli.b. bright stimuli.c. contrast or change in stimulation.d. subliminal stimuli.
ANSWER: C
19. Decreased perceptual response to a repeated stimulus is calleda. habituation.b. selective attention.c. divided attention.d. hallucination.
ANSWER: A
20. Interposition is the pictorial depth cue more commonly known asa. relative motion.b. overlap.c. linear perspective.d. motion parallax.
ANSWER: B
21. The purported ability to perceive events at a distance or through physical barriers is termeda. clairvoyance.b. telepathy.c. precognition.d. Psychokinesis.
ANSWER: A
22. A cheetah scrambling up a rocky slope in Montana is likely to be perceived as a mountain lion becausea. perception is guided by expectations.b. figure and ground have been confused.c. contiguity is a powerful influence on perception.d. the setting provides an ideal camouflage.
ANSWER: A
23. A white shirt reflects more light outdoors than in a dimly lit room; however, it is seen as
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being equally bright in both places. This demonstrates the role of __________ in perception.a. brightness constancyb. lightness constancyc. brightness parallaxd. visual system limitations
ANSWER: A
24. The most basic source of normal depth perception and stereoscopic vision isa. accommodation.b. convergence.c. retinal disparity.d. linear perspective.
ANSWER: C
25. __________ processing is like putting together a picture puzzle you've never seen before.a. Bottom-upb. Top-downc. Left-rightd. Selective
ANSWER: A
26. You call the Psychic Hotline and talk with a real, live psychic. He tells you about future events in your life that he claims to "see." The psychic would possess which psi ability?a. telepathyb. precognitionc. clairvoyanced. Psychokinesis
ANSWER: B
27. The tendency to complete a figure is calleda. continuation.b. similarity.c. continuity.d. closure.
ANSWER: D
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28. The bodily depth cue generated by changes in the shape of the lens is calleda. retinal disparity.b. aerial perspective.c. accommodation.d. convergence.
ANSWER: C
29. The moon illusion is best explained bya. the effects of depth cues on apparent distance.b. the perceptual closure effect.c. magnification caused by the denser atmosphere along the horizon.d. convergence.
ANSWER: A
30. A "guess" about what a sensation represents that is held until more information is available is referred to as aa. cognitive style.b. perceptual hypothesis.c. sensory hypothesis.d. perceptual closure.
ANSWER: B
31. Parapsychology isa. a pseudo psychology dealing with the prediction of the future.b. the study of psychic phenomena or psi events.c. limited to the study of extrasensory perception.d. a non-scientific field concerned with clairvoyance, magic, and
witchcraft.
ANSWER: B
32. Which of the following illustrates the principle of contiguity?a. the "false dawn" before a sunriseb. the shadows cast on a cloudy dayc. a person "lip-syncing" to a recordd. a darker balloon seen as farther away than a lighter one
ANSWER: C
33. A widespread increase in the reported sightings of UFOs following newspaper reports of similar sightings may be attributed toa. perceptual defense.b. coordinated perceptual set.c. mass hallucination.d. perceptual expectancy.
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ANSWER: D
34. The fact that many people are unconcerned about the gradual depletion of the ozone can be attributed to the __________.a. Pygmalion effectb. size-distance invariancec. boiled frog syndromed. habituation effect
ANSWER: C
35. The information surrounding a stimulus is known as thea. adaptation level.b. context.c. aura.d. internal frame of reference.
ANSWER: B
36. The stimuli below are seen as one group of circlesand one group of squares due to the organizational principle of
a. similarity.b. nearness.c. closure.d. continuity.
ANSWER: A
37. Illusions differ from hallucinations in thata. illusions are based on perceptions that have no external reality.b. hallucinations are simply misjudgements of sensory information.c. illusions are based on perceptual learning.d. hallucinations are the result of past experience.
ANSWER: C
38. Assembling sensations into usable patterns is calleda. attention.b. evaluation.c. habituation.d. perception.
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ANSWER: D
39. The __________ believe that depth perception is learned.a. nativistsb. empiricistsc. humanistsd. structuralisms
ANSWER: B
40. Figure and ground can be switched ina. shape perception.b. depth perception.c. reversible figures.d. nonlinear figures.
ANSWER: C
41. Even though the retinal image of an object may change drastically, the object appears unchanged. This is the principle underlyinga. perceptual closure.b. shape constancy.c. ambiguous stimuli.d. retinal disparity.
ANSWER: B
42. An ability to "read" another person's mind is termeda. clairvoyance.b. telepathy.c. precognition.d. Psychokinesis.
ANSWER: B
43. The stimuli below are organized as three columns rather thansix columns because of the organizational principle of
XX XX XXXX XX XXXX XX XXXX XX XXXX XX XXa. similarity.
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b. nearness.c. closure.d. continuity.
ANSWER: B
44. Features of the environment, or messages from the body, that supply information about distance and space are calleda. sensations.b. depth cues.c. muscular cues.d. size-distance phenomena.
ANSWER: B
45. Which of the following is a monocular depth cue?a. linear perspectiveb. retinal disparityc. convergenced. divergence
ANSWER: A
46. Sensations are organized into meaningful perceptions bya. perceptual constancies.b. localization of meaning.c. perceptual grouping (Gestalt) principles.d. sensory adaptation.
ANSWER: C
47. The __________ believe that depth perception is inborn.a. nativistsb. empiricistsc. humanistsd. behaviourists
ANSWER: A
48. Cross-cultural experiences suggest that pictorial cues for depth perception are
a. universal.b. learned.c. irrelevant.d. illusions.
ANSWER: B
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49. The purported ability to predict future events is calleda. clairvoyance.b. precognition.c. Psychokinesis.d. telepathy.
ANSWER: B
50. In making a charcoal pencil drawing, which pictorial depth cue could you most effectively use?a. accommodationb. retinal fusionc. convergenced. light and shadow
ANSWER: D
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CHAPTER-4LEARNING
Learning
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1. In __________ reinforcement, the reinforcer follows every correct response.a. Intermittentb. Partialc. Negatived. Continuous
ANSWER: D
2. In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, salivation was thea. conditioned response.b. unconditioned stimulus.c. conditioned stimulus.d. unconditioned response.
ANSWER: D 3.
In Thorndike's law of effect, events critical for conditioninga. occur after the response.b. occur before the response.c. occur simultaneously with the response.d. are unrelated to the response except during extinction.
ANSWER: A
4. If you have a snake phobia because you once heard a loud noise while looking at a snake, for you a snake is a(n)a. US.b. CS.c. UR.d. CR.
ANSWER: B
5. A series of responses that gradually approach a desired pattern of behavior are calleda. adaptations.b. gradients.c. successive approximations.d. conditioning trials.
ANSWER: C
6. If the conditioned stimulus is presented many times without reinforcement, we can
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expecta. an increase in stimulus generalization.b. the strength of the UR to increase.c. an increase in response generalization.d. extinction to occur.
ANSWER: D
7. A child has learned to avoid a furry, black cat. However, she still plays with her grandmother's short-haired tabby. Her response demonstratesa. negative transfer.b. extinction.c. discrimination.d. successive approximation.
ANSWER: C
8. Punishment is most effective in suppressing behavior when it isa. immediate, consistent, and intense.b. delayed, consistent, and mild.c. immediate, consistent, and mild.d. delayed, inconsistent, and intense.
ANSWER: A
9. The greatest degree of resistance to extinction is typically caused by a __________ schedule of reinforcement.a. variable intervalb. variable ratioc. fixed intervald. fixed ratio
ANSWER: A
10. In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the conditioned stimulus was thea. food.b. bell.c. salivation to the food.d. salivation to the bell.
ANSWER: B
11. Ivan Pavlov has been credited with the initial discovery ofa. operant conditioning.b. reinforcement.c. classical conditioning.d. vicarious conditioning.
ANSWER: C
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12. In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the bell (prior to conditioning) was thea. neutral stimulus.b. unconditioned stimulus.c. conditioned stimulus.d. unconditioned response.
ANSWER: A
13. Reinforcement in operant conditioning is most effective when it isa. response contingent.b. stimulus contingent.c. US-CS contingent.d. NS-CS contingent.
ANSWER: A
14. After pairing the CS and US in a series of conditioning trials, the organism learns to respond to the CS alone. This response is then calleda. unconditioned stimulus.b. conditioned stimulus.c. unconditioned response.d. conditioned response.
ANSWER: D
15. Jimmy helps his father put away the dishes after dinner. Jimmy's father wants to increase the probability of this behavior and will be most successful by praising Jimmya. after all the dishes are put away.b. at bedtime.c. the next morning at breakfast.d. the next time they are putting away dishes.
ANSWER: A
16. After a response has been extinguished, it will often reappear after a short time has passed. This is calleda. adaptiveness.b. expectation checking.c. extinction recovery.d. spontaneous recovery.
ANSWER: D
17. The first grade teacher gives students stickers when they perform well. If they earn five
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stickers in one day they are exempt from homework. The stickers in this example could also be calleda. tokens.b. primary reinforcers.c. generalized reinforcers.d. prepotent responses.
ANSWER: A
18. A student does a good job on math problems for homework, and the teacher awards a sticker. This demonstrates the use ofa. extinction.b. reinforcement.c. spontaneous recovery.d. antecedents.
ANSWER: B
19. In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the bell (during and after conditioning) was thea. conditioned response.b. unconditioned stimulus.c. conditioned stimulus.d. unconditioned response.
ANSWER: C
20. One difference between classical and operant conditioning is thata. animals learn only by operant conditioning.b. operant conditioning involves learning in which antecedent events are
associated with one another.c. classical conditioning involves learning in which antecedent events
are associated with one another.d. operant conditioning occurs when a response is not affected by
consequences.
ANSWER: C
21. In classical conditioning, events critical to the learning occur __________ the response.a. beforeb. afterc. simultaneously withd. in a manner unrelated to
ANSWER: A
A punisher can be
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22. a. the onset of an unpleasant event.b. the removal of a positive state of affairs.c. any consequence that reduces the occurrence of a behavior.d. a positive reinforcer.
ANSWER: C
23. In a study of punishment, shock is administered to a hamster through a wire grid on the bottom of the cage. To the researcher's surprise, the hamster learns to roll on its back when shocked so that its fur insulates it from the shock. The hamster's response demonstratesa. positive reinforcement.b. negative reinforcement.c. discovery learning.d. cognitive learning.
ANSWER: B
24. Becoming addicted to gambling is related to the effects ofa. shaping.b. vicarious classical conditioning.c. unconditioned emotional reflexes.d. partial reinforcement.
ANSWER: D
25. A dog that gets rewarded for the first bark it makes in each ten minute period is being reinforced on a __________ schedule of reinforcement.a. continuousb. fixed intervalc. variable intervald. fixed ratio
ANSWER: B
26. In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, food was thea. conditioned response.b. unconditioned stimulus.c. conditioned stimulus.d. unconditioned response.
ANSWER: B
27. To strengthen the connection between the CS and the CR, the CS must
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a. generalize to the UR.b. precede the US.c. be identical to the US.d. be followed by the UR.
ANSWER: B
28. Which of the following statements about punishment is FALSE?a. Punishment teaches new responses.b. Punishment temporarily suppresses a response.c. Punishment may permanently suppress a response.d. Punishment applies an aversive event.
ANSWER: A
29. Operant conditioning was studied bya. Pavlov.b. Maslow.c. Freud.d. Skinner.
ANSWER: D
30. Using poker chips to reinforce mental patients for healthy behavior would be an example of usinga. negative reinforcement.b. classical conditioning.c. extinction.d. tokens.
ANSWER: D
31. A neutral stimulus is one thata. leads to an increase of the UR.b. leads to a decrease of the UR.c. depends on the size of the UR.d. does not evoke the UR.
ANSWER: D
32. Which of the following might serve as a secondary reinforcer?a. sexb. gradesc. foodd. a pain-relieving drug
ANSWER: B
33. For conditioning to occur, the proper order of events is
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a. US-UR-CR.b. CS-CR-UR.c. CS-US-UR.d. UR-US-CR.
ANSWER: C
34. A team coach who benches a player for poor performance is usinga. aversive conditioning.b. modeling.c. negative reinforcement.d. punishment.
ANSWER: D
35. For the connection between the CS and the CR to be strengthened, the CS musta. generalize to the UR.b. precede the US.c. be identical to the US.d. be followed by the UR.
ANSWER: B
36. In a classic experiment, "Little Albert," a very young boy, was conditioned to be afraid of a rat. He also became fearful of white furry rabbits and bearded men. This is an example ofa. spontaneous recovery.b. higher order conditioning.c. extinction.d. stimulus generalization.
ANSWER: D
37. The most basic form of learning that is not heavily dependent on higher order intellectual processes is known asa. symbolic interaction.b. information processing.c. reductionism.d. conditioning.
ANSWER: D
38. Which of the following best describes punishment?
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a. addition of a positive eventb. addition of an aversive eventc. declining response frequencyd. withdrawal of a negative event
ANSWER: B
39. Negative reinforcement __________ responding; punishment __________ responding.a. increases; increasesb. decreases; decreasesc. increases; decreasesd. decreases; increases
ANSWER: C
40. __________ occurs when making a response removes an unpleasant event.a. Positive reinforcementb. Negative reinforcementc. Extinctiond. Punishment
ANSWER: B
41. To shape the behavior of their students, teachers employa. tertiary reinforcers.b. secondary reinforcers.c. negative reinforcers.d. vicarious conditioning.
ANSWER: B
42. Increased feedbacka. sometimes improves learning and performance.b. has no effect on learning and performance.c. almost always improves learning and performance.d. is not as effective as computer-assisted learning.
ANSWER: C
43. The schedule of reinforcement in which a set number of responses must be made for
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each reward is calleda. fixed ratio.b. fixed interval.c. variable ratio.d. variable interval.
ANSWER: A
44. The fact that responses become more resistant to extinction, after partial reinforcement, is calleda. the stimulus generalization effect.b. the partial reinforcement effect.c. the Skinner effect.d. the resistance effect.
ANSWER: B
45. If you slow down every time you see a police car, your slowing down is probably due toa. positive reinforcement.b. negative reinforcement.c. punishment.d. extinction.
ANSWER: B
46. Your niece has a temper tantrum in the store when she is shopping. If you buy her a toy you area. being practical.b. being kind.c. encouraging more tantrums.d. discouraging more destructive behaviors.
ANSWER: C
47. Negative reinforcement and punishmenta. have opposite effects on behavior.b. are different terms for the same procedure.c. have the same effect on behavior.d. are not very effective in changing behavior.
ANSWER: A
Secondary reinforcers are
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48. a. almost never effective.b. much more effective than primary reinforcers.c. innate.d. learned.
ANSWER: D
49. Which form of learning would most likely be studied in a Skinner box?a. classical conditioningb. vicarious conditioningc. operant conditioningd. conditioned emotional responses
ANSWER: C
50. A child bitten by a white dog is not afraid of black dogs. This is an example ofa. discrimination.b. spontaneous recovery.c. shaping.d. generalization.
ANSWER: A
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CHAPTER-5SENSATION
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Sensation
1. In bright light, the iris __________ and the pupil __________ to control the amount of
light entering the eye.a. expands; constrictsb. constricts; expandsc. focuses; constrictsd. constricts; focuses
ANSWER: A
2. Information picked up by the body's receptor cells is termeda. cognitionb. perception.c. adaptation.d. sensation.
ANSWER: D
3. The function of the lens is toa. locate an image.b. focus an image on the retina.c. combine the location and projection on the blind spot.d. project an image on the cornea.
ANSWER: B
4. Hearing aids are of no use to an individual with __________ deafness.a. ossicleb. nervec. conductiond. auditory
ANSWER: B
5. Seeing out of the corner of your eye, often important in sports activities and driving, is calleda. tunnel vision.b. peripheral vision.c. astigmatism.d. feature detection.
ANSWER: B
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6. Brain cells that analyze incoming sensory information into lines, angles, shading, and
movement are calleda. sight cells.b. second stage sensors.c. feature detectors.d. vision neurons.
ANSWER: C
7. Which would represent the greatest loss to a professional wine taster or chef?a. vestibular lossb. injury to the pinnac. olfactory lossd. injury to the cochlea
ANSWER: C
8. Photoreceptors are the __________ sensitive cells that line the retina.a. wide bandb. narrow bandc. combinationd. light
ANSWER: D
9. In order for a frog's visual "bug-detector" to work, the bug must be
a. colored.b. coming closer to the frog.c. stationary.d. moving.
ANSWER: D
10. Which sensory receptor is found in greatest numbers in the skin?a. touch receptorsb. warmth receptorsc. pressure receptorsd. pain receptors
ANSWER: D
11. Frequency is to __________ as amplitude is to __________.
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a. compression; rarefactionb. rarefaction; compressionc. pitch; loudnessd. loudness; pitch
ANSWER: C
12. The process where the lens of the eye changes shape is called
a. accommodation.b. plasticity.c. adaptation.d. regulation.
ANSWER: A
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13. The iris controls the
a. thickness of the lens.b. size of the pupil.c. flexibility of the cornea.d. distance between the lens and retina.
ANSWER: B
14. Brain cells that analyze incoming sensory information into lines, angles, shading and movement are calleda. sight cells.b. second stage sensors.c. feature detectors.d. vision neurons.
ANSWER: C
15. The psychological dimension corresponding to the amplitude of light waves isa. hue.b. brightness.c. transparency.d. timbre.
ANSWER: B
16. Sense receptors are biological transducers, which means that theya. select from a broad range of stimulation.b. analyze the environment into important features.c. convert one form of energy to another.d. detect only a limited range of energies.
ANSWER: C
17. Which theory of hearing explains the perception of higher sounds?
a. toneb. placec. frequencyd. auditory
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ANSWER: B
18. The part of the eye where the optic nerve leaves the eye is called thea. lens.b. retina.c. blind spot.d. pupil.
ANSWER: C
19. The minimum amount of energy needed for a sensation to occur is called
a. the absolute threshold.b. a transducer.c. data reduction.d. minimal level.
ANSWER: A
20. Which of the following is a skin sensation?
a. oomamib. olfactionc. paind. gravity
ANSWER: C
21. The conversion of electromagnetic energy into a neural impulse involves
a. feature analysis.b. phosphenes.c. transduction.d. localization of function.
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ANSWER: C
22. Sense organs in the joints and muscles contribute to our __________ sense.
a. skinb. kinestheticc. pressured. temperature
ANSWER: B
23. The part of the eye that focuses the image is called the
a. lens.b. retina.c. iris.d. pupil.
ANSWER: A
24. The scientific term for farsightedness isa. hyperopia.b. myopia.c. retinitis.d. astigmatism.
ANSWER: A
25. Olfaction is another name for the sense ofa. taste.b. smell.c. hearing.d. vision.
ANSWER: B
26. Which of the following body areas is most sensitive to pain?
a. the buttocksb. the cheekc. the thumb padd. behind the knee
ANSWER: B
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27. The final step (within the ear) required to convert vibrations into sound sensations is
movement of thea. hair cells.b. cochlea.c. pinna.d. ossicles.
ANSWER: A
28. When you were in seventh grade, you had to get glasses because you could not see the board at school. Your vision problem is calleda. hyperopia.b. astigmatism.c. presbyopia.d. myopia.
ANSWER: D
29. A popular theory of olfaction which states that odors are related to the shapes of chemical molecules is the __________ theory.a. flavor/fragranceb. placec. lock and keyd. frequency
ANSWER: C
30. Which theory of hearing explains the perception of lower sounds?a. toneb. placec. frequencyd. auditory
ANSWER: C
31. Film is to camera as __________ is to eye.a. retinab. irisc. lensd. pupil
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ANSWER: A
32. A "silent" dog whistle takes advantage of a characteristic of sensory systems known as
a. the absolute threshold.b. the difference threshold.c. perceptual defense.d. a just noticeable difference.
ANSWER: A
33. Skin senses, kinesthetic senses, and vestibular senses comprise which sense system?a. perceptual feedback systemb. somesthetic sense systemc. signal balance systemd. motion sense system
ANSWER: B
34. __________ is concerned with relating changes in physical stimuli to corresponding
psychological sensations.a. Physiological psychologyb. Psychokinesisc. Psychophysicsd. Psychometry
ANSWER: C
35. Black and white vision with greatest sensitivity under low levels of illumination describes the function ofa. the cones.b. the visual pigments.c. the rods.d. the phosphenes.
ANSWER: C
36. The fact that we see negative afterimages supports which theory of colour vision?a. opponent-processb. dichromaticc. image formationd. both opponent-process and dichromatic
ANSWER: A
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37. Sensory adaptation is normally most rapid for the sense of
a. vision.b. olfaction.c. taste.d. kinaesthesia.
ANSWER: B
38. The external, or visible, part of the ear is called the
a. cochlea.b. pinna.c. inner ear.d. tympanic membrane.
ANSWER: B
39. Localization of function means that
a. sense organs respond to only one form of stimulation.b. specific areas of the brain are specialized to interpret input from
particular sense organs.c. each sense system has the means of detecting, encoding, and
interpreting sensory information in a particular sense organ.d. the nature of one's experience of a stimulus depends entirely on where
it is located in the visual field.
ANSWER: B
40. The cones of the retinaa. are densely packed in the periphery of the retina.b. are specialized for black, white, and gray sensations.c. function best in bright light.d. are responsible for night vision.
ANSWER: C
41. The sensation you experience ultimately depends on which of the following?a. the nature of the sensory receptors activatedb. the particular processes involved in transductionc. the particular area of the brain that is activatedd. the pathways travelled by nerve impulses from sensory receptors
ANSWER: C
42. The frequency of a sound determines itsa. hue.b. intensity.c. amplitude.
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d. pitch.
ANSWER: D
43. Dichromatic theory states that there are three kinds of __________ in the eye.a. rodsb. iopolar cellsc. ganglion cellsd. cones
ANSWER: D
44. The Ishihara testa. is a test for colour deficiencies.b. consists of colored chips that must be placed in a row.c. is scored as incorrect if you see dots and figures.d. is the only means of assessing true colour blindness.
ANSWER: A
45. The idea that the amount of change in a stimulus necessary to produce a JND is a constant proportion of the stimulus intensity is calleda. James' law.b. the all-or-none principle.c. the law of diminishing returns.d. Weber's law.
ANSWER: D
46. Neural circuits of many sensory systemsa. respond to specific stimulus patterns.b. respond to the whole visual field.c. respond primarily to stationary objects.d. develop only after birth.
ANSWER: A
47. A researcher presents two lights of varying brightness to a subject who is asked to respond "same" or "different" by comparing their intensities. The researcher is seeking thea. just noticeable difference.b. absolute threshold.c. subliminal threshold.d. minimal threshold.
ANSWER: A
48. Seeing out of the corner of your eye, often important in sports activities and driving, is calleda. tunnel vision.
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b. peripheral vision.c. astigmatism.d. feature detection.
ANSWER: B
49.
Difference thresholdsa. occur when we can first detect some stimulus.b. occur when we can detect the change in the intensity of a
stimulus.c. depend on the energy necessary to stimulate a sensory receptor.d. are measured in Judgmental Normal Differences.
ANSWER: B
50. It is now believed that subliminal advertising
a. is a powerful influence and should be legally controlled.b. is effective only when used in wide-screen movies.c. is successful because the stimuli used register unconsciously.d. has a weak effect, if any at all.
ANSWER: D
