ASSEMENT OF THE ORPHAN CARE Programme, …...Despite its rapid economic growth and high per capita...

Assessment of the Orphan Care Programme, Botswana

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Ministry of Local Government and Rural DevelopmentDepartment of Social Protection

Programme, Botswana ASSEMENT OF THE ORPHAN CARE


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Assessment of the Orphan Care Programme, Botswana1999-2015


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List Of Contents LIST OF FIGURES 4

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 6

MAP OF BOTSWANA 7

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8

1.0 BACKGROUND 15 1.1 Introduction 15 1.2 Countryprofile 15 1.3 Socialprotectionmeasures 16 1.4 HIV/AIDShistoryandprospective 16 1.4.1HistoryofHIV/AIDSsituationinBotswana 16 1.4.2HIVinterventionsinBotswana 17 1.4.3Challenges 18 1.5 ThenationalOVCprogramme 18

2.0 OBJECTIVES OF THE ASSESSMENT 22 2.1 OverallObjective 22 2.2 Sepcificobjectives 22 2.3 Limitationsofthisassessment 22

3.0 Methodological approach 23 3.1 Compositionofmethods 23 3.1.1Deskreview 23 3.1.2Semi-openinterviews 23 3.1.3ParticpatoryImpactAssessment 24 3.2 Distributionandrepresentativenessofparticipants 24 3.3 Datavalidation 25 3.3.1Triangulation 25 4.0 FINDINGS 26 4.1 Organisationofthechapter 26 4.2 ExperienceswithIn-kindsupport 26 4.2.1StakeholderexperienceswithIn-kindsupport 26 4.2.2LGexperienceswithIn-kindsupport 28 4.2.3Findings,conslusionsansrecommendations 30 4.3 Experienceswithchilddevelopmentsupport 31 4.3.1Stakeholderexperienceswithchilddevelopmentsupport 31 4.3.2 LGexperienceswithchilddevelopmentsupport 32 4.3.3 Findings,conslusionsansrecommendations 33 4.4 Organisationalandinstitutionalcapacity 34 4.4.1 Stakeholderexperienceswithorganisationalandinstitutionalcapacity 34 4.4.2 LGexperienceswithorganisationalandinstitutionalcapacity 35 4.4.3Findings,conslusionsansrecommendations 36 4.5 Otherfindings 37 4.5.1Experiencesofpartnerministries 37 4.5.2 NGOcapacity 37 4.5.3RoleandrelevanceofAdultBasicEducationProgramme 38 4.6 Relevanceoftheprogramme 38


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4.6.1 Question1:Programmeconsistencywithpolicyandprogrammeframework 38 4.6.1.1AnalysisofconsistencywithChildren’sAct 39 4.6.1.2 AnalysisofconsistencywithNationalGuidelinesonOVC,2008 42 4.6.1.3 AnalysisofcoherencewithNationalActionPlanonOVC,2010-2016 42 4.6.1.4 Findings,conclusionsandrecommendationsonprogrammecoherence 43 4.6.2Question2:Analysisofprogrammecompliancewithlessonslearnt 44 4.6.2.1 Findings,conclusionsandrecommendationsoncompliance 45 4.6.3 Question3:Theprogramme’scoherencewithcurrent/on-goinginitiatives. 45 4.6.3.1 Findings,conclusionsandrecommendationsoncoherence 47 4.6.4Question4,12and14:Analysisofqualityofprogrammedesign 47 4.6.4.1Findings,conclusionsandrecommendationsonprogrammedesign 51 4.6.5Question5,68,11and13:Analysisofrelevanceofprogrammecontent 52 4.6.5.1Findings,conclusionsandrecommendationsonrelevance 53 4.6.6 Question9and10:Analysisofrelevanceandinvolvementofstakeholders 54 4.6.6.1Findings,conclusionsandrecommendationsoninvolvement 54 4.7 Effectiveness 55 4.7.1Question15:Analysisofachievements 55 4.7.1.1Findings,conclusionsandrecommendationsonachievements 56 4.7.2 Question16:Analysisofeffectofunintendedresults 57 4.7.2.1Findings,conclusionsandrecommendationsonunintendedresults 57 4.7.3Question17:Analysisofshortcomingsandpossibleeffectofthese.. 58 4.7.3.1Findings,conclusionsandrecommendationsoneffectofshortcomings 58 4.8 Efficiency 59 4.8.1 Question18and21:Analysisofjustificationandadequacyofexpenditures 59 4.8.1.1 Findings,conclusionsandrecommendationsonexpenditures 60 4.8.2 Question19and20:Qualityanduseofmonitoring. 61 4.8.2.1Findings,conclusionsandrecommendationsonmonitoring 61 4.8.3 Question21:Analysisofnetworkingopportunities 62 4.8.3.1Findings,conclusionsandrecommendationsonnetworking 62 4.9 Impact 63 4.9.1Question24:Analysisofextentofachievements 63 4.9.1.1Findings,conclusionsandrecommendationsonimpact 64 4.9.2Question25:Analysisofeffectoftheprogramme. 64 4.9.2.1Findings,conclusionsandrecommendations 65 4.10 Sustainability 66

5.0 OVERALL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 67 5.1 SWOTanalysis 67 5.2 KeyrecommendationsonPolicyandLegalFramework 68 5.3 KeyrecommendationsonProgrammeDesignandAdministration 69 5.4 PossiblecashtransferasOVCsupport 70 ANNEX 1 Termsofreference 72ANNEX 2 Listofpeoplemet 79ANNEX 3 Datacollectiontools 82ANNEX 4 Findings 86 Annex 4A InterviewwithLG 87Annex 4B InterviewwithNGOs 96Annec 4C PIAfindings 99


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List Of Tables3.1 Exampleofsemi-openquestionnaire 233.2 Distributionoftypesofparticipants 254.1 PositivestakeholderexperienceswithIn-kindsupport 264.2 PositiveeffectofIn-kindsupport 274.3 NegativestakeholderexperienceswithIn-kindsupport 284.4 NegativeeffectofIn-kindsupport 284.5 PositiveLGexperienceswithIn-kindsupport 294.6 NegativeLGexperienceswithLGsupport 294.7 PositivestakeholderexperienceswithChildDevelopmentsupport 314.8 NegativestakeholderexperienceswithChilddevelopmentsupport 324.9 PositiveLGexperienceswithChildDevelopmentsupport 334.10 NegativeLGexperienceswithChildDevelopmentsupport 334.11 Negativestakeholderexperienceswithprogrammeadministration 344.12 PositiveLGexperienceswithprogrammeadministration 354.13 NegativeLGexperienceswithprogrammeadministration 354.14 PositiveLGexperienceswithChildren’sActandotherlegislativedocuments 394.15 NegativeLGexperienceswithChildren’sActandotherlegislativedocuments 394.16 Listingofoverallachievements 554.17 Listingofoutcomes 565.1 SWOTanalysis 67


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List Of AcronymsABEP AdultBasicEducationProgrammeBWP BotswanaPulaCBO Community-basedorganisationCRC ChildRight’sConvention(UN)CSO CivilSocietyOrganisationsDAC DistrictAidsCommitteeDCPC DistrictChildProtectionCommitteeDOSET DepartmentofOut-of-SchoolEducationandTrainingDSP DepartmentofSocialprotection(ofMinistryofLocalGovernment)FBO Faith-BasedorganisationGDP GrossDomesticProduct HIV/AIDS humanimmunodeficiencyvirus/acquiredimmunodeficiencysyndromeLG LocalGovernmentM&E MonitoringandEvaluationNDP NationalDevelopmentPlanNGO Non-governmentalorganisationOECD/DAC OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment/DevelopmentAssistanceCommitteeOVC OrphanedandVulnerableChildrenMoESD MinistryofEducationandSkillsDevelopmentMoH MinistryofHealthMLGRD MinistryofLocalGovernmentandRuralDevelopmentPIA ParticipatoryImpactAssessmentPSS Psycho-SocialSupportSW SocialWorkerRBM Results-basedManagementSTPA ShortTermPlanofActionSWOT Strengths,Weaknesses,OpportunityandThreatanalysisTOR TermsofReferenceTVET TechnicalVocationalEducationandTrainingUNICEF UnitedNation’sChildren’sFundUSD USdollarsVCPC VillageChildProtectionCommittee


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Map Of Botswana


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Executive Summary

Introduction1

Prior to1999, theGovernmentofBotswanarecognisedtheneedtocoordinateandstandardisethecareandsupportofOVC.ThenumberoforphansinBotswanaincreasednoticeablysincetheonsetoftheHIV/AIDSpandemicposingachallengefortheircareandsupport.

In1999,theShortTermPlanofAction(STPA)fortheCareofOrphansinBotswanawasdevelopedbasedonthefindingsofaneedsassessment.TheoverallgoaloftheSTPAisto‘improvethesocio-economicconditionsoforphansbywayofinvestinginhumancapital,withinthebroadercontextofsustainablehumandevelopment’(MinistryofLocalGovernment1999).

In2008, theNationalGuidelineson theCareofOrphansandVulnerableChildrenwereadopted. In2009, theNational Assembly adopted theChildren’s Act. Togetherwith National Plan of Action forOrphansandVulnerableChildren2010-2016thesedocumentsprovideabroadframeworksupportingandguiding stakeholders in theplanninganddeliveryofcomprehensive,high-quality services toallorphansandvulnerablechildren.

Since theorphancareprogrammehadbeen running for 17 years,MLGRDandUNICEFcame toacommonunderstandingthatacomprehensiveassessmentoftheprogrammewasneededasitcouldprovideinputstotheongoingformulationoftheNDP11andVision2016review,aswellasidentifyareasofrelevanceforcompletionofthedraftOVCPolicyandOVCPlanofAction.Theoverallobjectivewas:

To assess whether the programme has been able to deliver on its objectives as well as its impact both on the beneficiaries and on the national policy context, and whether the outcomes / outputs / targets envisaged have been realised

TheassessmentshouldconsiderthefiveOECDcriteria2.

Social Protection Measures3

Despite its rapid economicgrowthandhighper capita income level, the Botswana is still plaguedbymanydevelopmentproblemscommontolow-incomecountries.Inequalityisveryhigh,withapercapitaconsumptionGiniof0.49in2009/10.Despitetherelativelyhighaverageincomepercapita,highinequalityexplainswhyin2009/2010,19.3percentofthepopulationarepoor,and16percentofthepopulationhaveconsumptionbelowthefoodcomponentofabsolutepoverty.

Torespondtotheseeconomicandsocialchallenges,Botswanahasputinplaceamatureandcomplexsocialprotectionsystem(seeTable1).BotswanaisoneofthefewcountriesinAfricathatfullyfundsthesocialprotectionprogramsoutofownresources,anddedicatealargepartofitsGDPtothisendeavour.Duringthe2012/13fiscalyear,socialprotectionspendingaccountedforabout4.4percentofGDP,orP5,347million.

While Botswanahasmany socialprotectionprogrammes, someof themare rather small relative tothe targetgroup they try tocoveror to thenumberofpoorpeople,which limits theireffectiveness.Moreover,itlacksalast-resortanti-povertyprogramthatwouldprotectallindividualsagainstabsolutepoverty.

1 BasedonTORinformation 2 OECDcriteriainclude:Relevance,effectiveness,efficiency,impactandsustainability.TORinannex1. 3 WorldBank:BotswanaSocialProtectionAssessment,2013


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Thefocusonprogrammesservingvulnerableindividualsislikelytoleadtooverlappingassistanceforsomefamilies,whileotherswouldnotbecoveredatall.Inparticular,mostfamilieswithorphansarelikelytobecovered.

Peopleincludedinthesocialprotectionprogrammesinvolve:

• PoorFamilieswithOrphansandVulnerableChildren• ChildrenOutofSchool• JoblessYouths• WorkingPoorandPoorUnemployed• TheDisabledandPoorElderly• PeopleLivingwithHIV

However,governmentallysupportedsocialprotectionmeasuresareonlyaffordableifemploymentis relativelyhighand taxedallowing forbothcontribution towardsownprotectionand towardsprotectionofthosewhoareunabletocontribute.

OECDhasoutlinedanumberofcriteria,whichneedtobeinplacetohavehigheremploymentrateandimplicitlyarelevantandaffordablenationalsocialprotectionsystem.

Theserecommendationsconcerninghigheremploymentcomprise:

• The Government has been closely engaged in improving the business climate for both foreign and domestic investors. However, the supporting legislation and measures are generally little known both nationally and internationally; • Channels for public-private dialogue on investment policy could be rendered more efficient; and • A labour force with specific and specialised skills will also be crucial in order to diversify the economy away from mining and attract investment into the services sectors.

Inshort,effectiveandrelevantsocialprotectionstartswithgeneratingnationalincome.Anumberofsocialprotectionandpro-poorsupportiveprogrammesareon-going5.

HIV/AIDS CONTEXT

Botswanawasthefirstsub-SaharanAfricancountrytoprovideuniversalfreeantiretroviraltreatmenttopeople livingwithHIV, pavingapath formanyother countries in the region to follow. New infections have decreased significantly from 15,000 in 2005 to 9,100 in 2013. The impactof thetreatmentprogrammehasbeenwidespread.Inshortastatus from 20136:

• 320,000peoplelivingwithAids • 21.9%adultHIVprevalence • 9.100newcases • 5.800AIDS-relateddeaths • 67,000–120,000childrenorphanedduetoAids

4OECDInvestmentPolicyReviews:Botswana20135Thisiselaboratedinsection4.6.3ofthisreport 6http://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-around-world/sub-saharan-africa/botswana


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The number of Aids-related orphans deviate significantly depending on the source7. However, thenumberoforphansishigh,soisthenumberofpeoplelivingwithAidsandtheannualnewcases,whichindicatesthattheneedforeffectiveandefficientorphancarewillbevastforatleastanothertwentyyearsshallamajorpartofanewgenerationnotbelost.

Itwas thus relevant toassess thecurrent interventionsandmakeuseofmodernapproaches in thenationalsupportofOVC.

National Response

TheOVCprogrammeisanHIVandAIDSmitigationprogrammethroughwhichthegovernment,ledbyMinistryofLocalGovernmentandRuralDevelopment,providescareandsupporttoorphans.AspartoftheFamilyCareModelBotswanasoughttointegratebothCommunityHomeBasedCareandOrphanCareprogrammesintoafamilyfocusedsupportsystem.

TheoverallgoaloftheOVCprogrammeis:

To improve the quality of life of orphans and vulnerable children by ensuring that they receive optimal care and support

767,000children:http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/botswana120,000children:www.unicef.org/infobycountry/botswana_statistics.html8http://www.gov.bw/Global/NACA%20Ministry/Orphans%20and%20Vulnerable%20Children%20(OVC).pdf

Currently,thereare35,076 registered orphans assistedwithvariousserviceslikefoodbasketsonmonthlybasisaswellaspsychosocial,educationalandhealthsupport.Furthermore,inthefinancialyear2013/14acumulativenumberof 2,149 orphans and vulnerable children had been assisted to access tertiary educationthroughtheOVCSpecialDispensationonpost-secondaryeducationsupport.

Thebudgetfor2014-15wasBWP368,000,000.00(approximatelyUSD34,800,000)orclose to an average of USD 1,000 per orphan.

Government’s support to orphans is complemented by active participation of relatives and non-governmentorganisationstovarieddegreesthroughoutthecountry.

Assessment Methodology

Thedatacollectioncomprised:

a) Deskreview b) Semi-openinterviewswithimplementers:centralandlocalgovernmentstaff,NGOs andothers c) Participatoryimpactassessment(PIA)involving9differentgroupsofbeneficiaries

Overalltheassessmentaimedatdeterminingthepositiveandnegativeimplementerandbeneficiaryexperienceswith theOCP support. The LG staff gave views on theoperational frame for theOCPincludingexistingpolicies/strategies,programmedesignandfocus,capacitiesacrossallstakeholders,while the beneficiaries gave their view on the most positive and negative experiences with theprogrammeandtheeffectthishashadontheirlives.

Theuseofthreemethodsallowedfordatatriangulation.


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Themain limitation ofthisassessmentwasthemissingvalidstatisticsforthe17yearsofimplementation.Further,thefewavailablestatisticshadnotbeenverified.

Conclusionsare thusmadebasedon the limited,butquitewelldistributed,numberofdataprovidersinvolvedinthisassessment.ThishasresultedinuseofdatafromarangeofOVCactorsinBotswanaandlessuseofGovernmentofBotswanadata.

Findings

Thefindingsencompassthreelevels:

• Therelevanceandqualityof service delivery and administration; • Thenational support policies, plans and guidelines, and • Programme performanceagainstthefiveOECDcriteria.

On service delivery thefindingsweregroupedinto: • In-kindsupport(fooddistribution,clothesandotheritems) • Developmentsupport(psycho-socialsupportandeducation) • Administrativeissues(timeliness,relevanceetc.)

The typeof supportwas found relevantbyall stakeholders. Foodand school inputshavemadeOVCattendschoolonsameconditionsasanyotherchild,whichwasgreatlyappreciated.

Shortcomingswere recorded inpriceof foodsupplyandclothing for thechildrenand indeliveringasplannedat localgovernment levelmainlydueto insufficientfunds,recentreduction instaffingasnewstaffisnotrecruitedandlackofsufficientlytrainedstaff.Thelatterwithspecialreferencetopsycho-socialsupport,whichcannotbeprovidedbyuntrainedsocialworkers.Inshort,theadministrationhassufferedfromlackofcapacitywithregardtoknowledge,skills,numberofstaffandequipment,e.g.laptopsandmeansoftransportation.Finally,flagshipprojectsseemtobegivenpriority.SocialworkershaveexperiencedthathavetodiverttimeandresourcestotheseinsteadoftotheOVCprogramme.

At policy level thegovernmental staff found that theShort Term Plan of Action (STPA) for the Care of Orphans in Botswana National Guidelines on the Care of Orphans and Vulnerable Children, the Children’s Act together with National Plan of Action for Orphans and Vulnerable Children 2010-2016areallrelevantandwell-intended,butlackdetailedguidelineonmodeofoperationateachlevelofstakeholderandabudgetmatchingtheguidelines.Further,itwasfoundthatnationalchildrelatedActs,plansandguidelinesarenotharmonisedmakingitdifficultforinvolvedstafftopractiseaccordingly.

Finally, therearenoconsequencesofnot following theActornotabidingbynationalguidelines. ThisconcernskeyactorssuchassocialworkersandMagistrates.

Turning to the OECD criteria, the relevance of theOVCprogrammeisunquestionablehavingthehighHIV/AIDSprevalenceinmindattheoutsetoftheprogramme–andthecontinuedhighnumberoforphanedandvulnerablechildren,whowillneedsupporttoavoidlifelonggovernmentdependency.Thecontentisstillrelevantandappreciatedbythebeneficiaries,butcannotstandalone.Theapproachandadministrationoftheprogramme,however,donotsupporttheintentionsafterthe17yearsofimplementation.The legislation, whichwasmeant to supportOVC, is not aligned and do for example have differentdefinitionsofachild.However,Children’sActandLandAllocationPolicyhaveprovedusefulforsupportingtheOVC.

Thegovernmentdesiretoattendtothisgroupofchildrendoesnottallywiththeavailablecapacitywith


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regard to institutionalandorganisational capacity, knowledge/skills and infrastructure togetherwithresourceallocations.

Withregardto effectiveness theIn-kindservicedeliveryandeducationhavebeendeliveredwithvariousdegreesofsatisfactionastimelinesswasaproblematallvisitedsites–butoveralltoclientsatisfaction.Theengagement inpsycho-socialsupporthasvariedbutgenerallybeenminimal,whichsignificantlyreduceeffectivenessandefficiencyoftheIn-kindsupport.Thisshows,amongothers,in(i)inadequatechoiceofcaregiverswhoareunabletoprovidecareasitisstipulatedinChildren’sAct,and(ii)childaggressionsagainstthecaregiverasthegriefisnotprofessionallyaddressedwhichinsomecasesresultinchildrentakingtothestreets.

Achievements with regard to institutional capacity across all levels of planned implementers wererandomandgrosslybelowtheplannedachievements.Thelesserinvolvementatcommunityandotherlocalactorshasnegativelyaffectedtheprogrammeimpact.

ThelevelofefficiencyisunknownasOVCdisappearfromtheSWsupportattheageof18.Itwasstatedbysocialworkers(statisticsnotavailable),though,thatmanyOVChaveturnedtodestitutesupportattheageof18.Theultimateeffectofthesupportisunknown.

It is noticeable, though, that over 2,000OVC enrolled into tertiary education although the level ofgraduationisunknown.

However,theoveralllackofhouseholdvisits,whichshouldestablishcurrentneedstogetherwiththelackaplanforgraduationfromtheOVCsupport,planningoffinancialcapacitatingofcaregiversandOVCisassumedtomakeefficiencybeunnecessarylow.

Theimpact/effectofIn-kindsupportandeducationonthewell-beingofthechildrenwassignificantlypositive,whereforelatesupporthasanoftendevastatingeffect.Thementionedimpactsindicatethatalastingpositiveimpactisathand.

The lack of potential impact is partly answered under the effectiveness and efficiency findings.Regrettably,thelackofregularandrigorousmonitoringmaymakenoticeableresultgounnoticed.

The sustainability wasratedasminimalbygovernmentimplementers.ThistallieswellwiththerecordedhighandcontinueddependencyongovernmentalinputsfrombothOVCandtheircaregivers.

Conclusions

Theconclusionwillbemadeinaccordancewiththeabovegroupingoffindings.

TheIn-kindservice deliveryandsupportofeducationandhealthhaveoverallworkedwell,albeitattimeswithsomedelays.Thissupporthasmadechildrenfeelthattheyhavenormallives.However,theoverallabsentorscarcepsycho-socialsupporthasnegativelyaffectedgriefrecoveryandunderstandingoftheadequacyofhouseholdrulesandnorms.WherethePSSsupportwasgivenwithweeksoftheparentalloss,thechildrenhavemovedonwithnoticeablyfewerchallenges.

The rigid In-kind support in combination with lack of household visits has resulted in continuedgovernmentaldependency.


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Theexistenceofnationalpolicies,plansandguidelinesonOVCishighlytreasuredamongimplementersandbeneficiariesastheyhaveprovedveryhelpful.Nonetheless,thelackofharmonisationofnationalpolicies,plansandguidelinessupportingOVChasmadeitdifficulttohaveacoordinatedmodeofservicedelivery,bothamongsocialworkers,butalsoamonglegislatorsandMagistrates-asituationwhichnegativelyaffectsthequalityandjusticeofthehandlingofOVC,theirfamiliesandcaregivers.

OntheOECD criteria,therelevance withregardtoprogrammedesignandexistenceisobvious,whiletheapproachcreatingdependencymayfacechallengeswithaforeseendeclineinnationalincomefromminingoverthenext10years.

Further, the huge discrepancy between goals and objectives, and resources allocated for theimplementationmakessustainabilitybecomechallenging.

Effectivenessdependsonarelevantprogrammedesign.Theimplementershavestruggledtodeliverasintendeddespiteshortageofmanpowerandotherresources.Insufficientresourcesadverselyaffecteffectivenessastimeperhouseholdisinsufficient,transportationforhouseholdvisitsandpsycho-socialcounsellingnotavailableandknowledgeandskillsnotfullyrelevantfortheplannedservicedeliveries.

Withregardtoefficiency thelackofanM&Esystemhasmadeitimpossibletohaveevidence-basedannual planning and budgeting. It has thereby unintentionally affected the efficiency of servicedelivery. Finally, lack of data – and thus knowledge - impedes request for assistance to improvecapacitiesandfillgapsasbothareundefined.

Some capacity could have been added if networkingwithCSOs, otherministries and authoritiesinsteadofworkinginisolation.

On impact theIn-kindsupportandsupportofeducationhasmade2,149OVCcontinuetotertiaryeducationwithequalopportunitiesforemployment.

TheinstitutionalcapacityacrossalllevelsofimplementerstodelivertheplannedOVCsupporthasnotmatchedtheaspirationsexpressedinthenationalplansandguidelines.

Noneoftheprogrammeactivitiesaimat sustainability,butratheratdependency.TheSTAP,though,aimsatsocio-economicdevelopmentoftheOVC.ThecontinuedandsureIn-kindsupporthashadtheoppositeeffect.ThelackofdevelopmentactivitiesintermsofsupportofprofitableandsustainableIGAs,accesstoconditionalgrantsor loansandotherdevelopmentmeasureskeepOVCandtheircaregiversdependentongovernmentalsupport.

Recommendations

The recommendationsbelowarekey recommendations,which shouldbeviewed in tandemwithdetailedrecommendationsmadeinchapter4.Keyrecommendationsaredividedintorespectively(i)PolicyandLegalFrameworkand(ii)ProgrammeDesignandAdministration.Therecommendationsarementionedinrandomorder.

KeyrecommendationsforPolicyandLegalFrameworkinclude:

a) Revisionandharmonisationofallchild-relatednationaldocuments; b) Abidancebylaws,rulesandregulationsmustapplyforallandwithimmediate(2016) effect.Non-abidanceshouldhaveconsequencesforall;


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c) Immediateandcontinuedcapacitybuildingofpeople(politicians,policeofficers, magistratesandotherkeyactorsinhandlingandsupportofOVC),systems andinstitutionsisurgentlyrecommended; d) ExtendtheperiodofthecurrentActionPlanonOVCtillend2018andstart implementingtheactivitiesasdescribedintheNationalActionPlan2010-2016.

KeyrecommendationsforProgramme Design and Administration include:

a) PilotingandlaterfullscaleintroductionofcaregiverIGAstogetherwithadequate trainingandloanorconditionalgrantfacilities; b) Pilotingofdifferenttypesofshelter–andsubsequentroleoutwithatleastoneshelterin eachdistrict; c) Purposefulnetworkingacrossalllevelsofwork; d) Informationaboutalternativeeducationopportunitiestobeknownamongpotential users; e) RevivalofthelocalOVCsupportsystemdescribedinNationalActionPlan; f) DevelopmentofRBMapproachfordevelopmentofTheoryofChange-based programmedocument; g) Developmentofsimple,butmoredetailedcomputerised,mobile-basedM&Esystem combinedwithdevelopmentoftoolsandnecessarycapacitydevelopmentasdefined byOECD/DACreflectingtheplansofthenationalstrategy2018-2023.


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1. BACKGROUND

1.1 INTRODUCTION

This background chapter attempts to provide a picture of the context in which the OVCprogrammehasoperatedandinwhichtheOVCandtheirfamilieslive.ThisisdonetobeabletodrawonwidercontextualfactorswhendescribingthesituationofOVCandtheirlivingconditionsandwhenproposingrecommendations.

The background includes briefs on the national economic status and prospects, HIV/AIDSprevalenceanddevelopment,historyanddevelopmentoftheOVCCareProgramme,andthepoliciessupportingtheprogrammeinterventions.

1.2 COUNTRY PROFILE

More than four decades of uninterrupted civilian leadership, progressive social policies, andsignificantcapitalinvestmenthavecreatedoneofthemoststableeconomiesinAfrica.Mineralextraction,principallydiamondmining,dominateseconomicactivity,thoughtourismisagrowingsectorduetothecountry’sconservationpracticesandextensivenaturepreserves.

Botswanahasoneoftheworld’shighestknownratesofHIV/,butalsohasoneofAfrica’smostprogressiveandcomprehensiveprogramsfordealingwiththedisease.

Botswanahasapopulationof2,155,784peopleandapopulationdensityof3,579indicatingthatvastareasareunpopulatedandinthecaseofBotswanatoalargeextentusedforcattlegrazing.Accordingtoofficialgovernmentstatistics,unemploymentreached17.8%in2009,butunofficialestimatesrunmuchhigher.

Botswanahasmaintainedoneoftheworld’shighesteconomicgrowthratessinceindependencein1966.However,economicgrowthwasnegativein2009,withtheindustrialsectorshrinkingby30%,aftertheglobalcrisisreduceddemandforBotswana’sdiamonds.Althoughtheeconomyrecoveredin2010,GDPgrowthhasagainslowed.Throughfiscaldisciplineandsoundmanagement,Botswanatransformeditselffromoneofthepoorestcountries intheworldtoamiddle-incomecountrywithapercapitaGDPof$16,400in2013.TwomajorinvestmentservicesrankBotswanaasthebestcreditriskinAfrica.Diamondmininghasfuelledmuchoftheexpansionandcurrentlyaccountsformorethanone-thirdofGDP,70-80%ofexportearnings,andaboutone-thirdofthegovernment’srevenues.Botswana’sheavyrelianceonasingleexportcommoditywasacriticalfactorinthesharpeconomiccontractionof2009.Tourism,financialservices,subsistencefarming,andcattlerearingareotherkeysectors.Amajorinternationaldiamondcompanysigneda10-yeardealwithBotswanain2012tomoveitsroughstonesortingandtradingdivisionfromLondontoGaboronebytheendof2013.DespitethesemeasuresmoststonesortingandcuttingisdoneoutsideBotswana.

Botswana’sgrowthprospectslookbroadlyfavourable.Growthwillprimarilybedrivenbythenon-mining sectors including tradeand tourism,aswellas financialandgovernment services. Still,the uncertain external environment, particularly thepotential slowdown in emergingmarkets,exposesBotswana’snarrowexportbasetosignificantdownsiderisks.

9WorldBank,2013


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1.3 SOCIAL PROTECTION MEASURES10

Despite its rapid economic growthand highper capita income level, the Botswana is still plaguedbymanydevelopmentproblemscommontolow-incomecountries.Inequalityisveryhigh,withapercapitaconsumptionGiniof0.49in2009/10.Despitetherelativelyhighaverageincomepercapita,highinequalityexplainswhyin2009/2010,19.3percentofthepopulationarepoor,and16percentofthepopulationhaveconsumptionbelowthefoodcomponentofabsolutepoverty.

Torespondtotheseeconomicandsocialchallenges,Botswanahasputinplaceamatureandcomplexsocialprotectionsystem(seeTable1).BotswanaisoneofthefewcountriesinAfricathatfullyfundsthesocialprotectionprogramsoutofownresources,anddedicatealargepartofitsGDPtothisendeavour.Duringthe2012/13fiscalyear,socialprotectionspendingaccountedforabout4.4percentofGDP,orBWP5,347million.

While Botswanahasmany social protectionprogrammes, someof themare rather small relative tothe targetgroup they try tocoveror to thenumberofpoorpeople,which limits theireffectiveness.Moreover,itlacksalast-resortanti-povertyprogramthatwouldprotectallindividualsagainstabsolutepoverty.

Peopleincludedinthesocialprotectionprogrammesinvolve:

• PoorFamilieswithOrphansandVulnerableChildren• ChildrenOutofSchool• JoblessYouths• WorkingPoorandPoorUnemployed• TheDisabledandPoorElderly• PeopleLivingwithHIV

OECD11 hasoutlinedanumberofcriteria,whichneedtobeinplacetohavehigheremploymentrateandimplicitlyarelevantandaffordablenationalsocialprotectionsystem. Theserecommendationsconcerninghigheremploymentcomprise:

• The Government has been closely engaged in improving the business climate for both foreign and domestic investors. However, the supporting legislation and measures are generally little known both nationally and internationally; • Channels for public-private dialogue on investment policy could be rendered more efficient; and • A labour force with specific and specialised skills will also be crucial in order to diversify the economy away from mining and attract investment into the services sectors.

Inshort,effectiveandrelevantsocialprotectionstartswithgeneratingnationalincome.Anumberofsocialprotectionandpro-poorsupportiveprogrammesareon-going12.

1.4 HIV/AIDS HISTORY AND PROSPECT13

1.4.1 History of the HIV/AIDS situation in Botswana

11OECDInvestmentPolicyReviews:Botswana2013 12Thisiselaboratedinsection4.6.3ofthisreport 13http://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-around-world/sub-saharan-africa/botswana.


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Botswana has the third highest HIV prevalence in the world, after Lesotho and Swaziland at 1.9%.Prevalencehasdeclinedinrecentyearsfrom25.4%in2005tocurrent23%.BotswanahasdemonstratedastrongnationalcommitmentinrespondingtoitsHIVandAIDSepidemic.

Botswanawasthefirstsub-SaharanAfricancountrytoprovideuniversalfreeantiretroviraltreatmenttopeoplelivingwithHIV,pavingapathformanyothercountriesintheregiontofollow.Theimpactofthetreatmentprogrammehasbeenwidespread.Newinfectionshavedecreasedsignificantlyfrom15,000in2005to9,10014in2013,andAIDS-relateddeathshavedramaticallyreducedfrom14,000in2005to5,800in201315.

Inshortastatisticaloverviewfrom2013: • 320,000 people living with Aids • 21.9% adult HIV prevalence • 9.100 new cases • 5,800 AIDS-related deaths • 67,000 -120,000 children orphaned due to Aids

The number of Aids-related orphans deviate significantly depending on the source16. However, thenumberoforphansishigh,soisthenumberofpeoplelivingwithAidsandtheannualnewcases,whichindicatesthattheneedforeffectiveandefficientorphancarewillbevastforatleastanothertwentyyearsifamajorpartofanewgenerationshallnotbelost.

ThenumberofpeoplelivingwithAidsandtheannualnewcasesindicatesthattheneedforeffectiveandefficientorphancarewillbevastforatleastagenerationtocome.AsitmustbeassumedthateachpersonlivingwithAidsinaveragehasmorethanonechild,therealityisthatmorethan320,000childrenlivewithasickparent foryearsbeforebecominganorphan.Theneedforsupportof thesechildrenseemstohavebeenoverlooked.

An evaluation to establish current status of the relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, impact andsustainabilityofthehithertoOVCinterventionswasthusverytimely.

1.4.2 HIV interventions in Botswana

In2012,forthefirsttime,keypopulationsincludingfemalesexworkersandmenwhohavesexwithmen(MSM)wereincludedinHIVepidemicsurveys,allowingforabetterunderstandingoftheHIVepidemicamongthesepopulations.Currently,HIVpreventionprogrammesarereachingonly44.9%ofthesekeyaffectedpopulations.Withoverhalfnotbeingreached,HIVpreventioneffortsneedtobescaled-uptosupportandincorporatethemostvulnerableinBotswana’sHIVepidemic.

AbillwaspassedinApril2013bytheparliamentofBotswana,whichhasalteredHIVtestinginBotswana,allowingformandatoryHIVtesting.ThisbillwillenabledirectorsorauthorisedpersonneltoforceapersontotakeanHIVtestanddisclosetheirstatusifrequested.

WhilstBotswanahasshownsignificantprogress inareasconcerningHIVtreatmentandcare,specificareaswithinHIVpreventionhavenotbeenaseffective.Researchhasfoundthatinmanycommunities,traditionalhealersviewHIVnotasanewdiseasebutasan‘old’Tswanadisease.IthasbeenarguedthatthishasimplicationsforalotofthenationalHIVpreventionprogrammeswhicharebasedaroundbiomedicalterms.

14http://www.cso.gov.bw/images/aids_summary.pdf,BAISIVindicates10,329newcases(2013)15http://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-around-world/sub-saharan-africa/botswana 161667,000children:http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/botswana120,000children:www.unicef.org/infobycountry/botswana_statistics.html


18

Despiteanapparent reduction innewcasesbetween2005and2013and indicated in1.3.1datacollectedinBAISIVshowsanclosetoconstantprevalence17:

17http://www.cso.gov.bw/images/aids_summary.pdf,BAISIV18ReferencetoTORdata

1.4.3 Challenges

BotswanafacesitsgreatestchallengesustainingthecontinuedandimmenseneedforHIVresponse,whilemanydonorshavedecreasedandwithdrawnfundingbecauseofBotswana’sstatusasmiddle-incomecountry.PEPFARfundingalonedecreasedbyover30millionUS$between2009and2012.

Despitebeingamiddle-incomecountrytheprevalenceofHIV/AIDSthreatensBotswana’seconomicgains.Anexpected levelingoff indiamondproductionwithin thenext twodecadesovershadowslong-termprospects.

TheAidsepidemicisnotsignificantlydecliningwhichmakesthehighnumberofOVCbeconstant.Thisincombinationwithreduceddonorsupportandexpectedslowdowninincomefromminingmayforceconsiderationsonhowtosecurejobsforupcominggenerationsandimplicitlyastablenationaleconomyandacontinuedstatusasmiddle-incomecountry.

1.5 THE NATIONAL ORPHAN CARE PROGRAMME AND ITS ENABLING ENVIRONMENT

Priorto1999,theGovernmentofBotswanarecognisedtheneedtocoordinateandstandardisethecareandsupportofOVC.ThenumberoforphansinBotswanaincreasednoticeablysincetheonsetoftheepidemic,posingachallengefortheircareandsupport18.

In1999, theShort TermPlanofAction(STPA) for theCareofOrphans inBotswanawasdevelopedbasedonthefindingsofaneedsassessment.TheoverallgoaloftheSTPAisto‘improvethesocio-economicconditionsoforphansbywayofinvestinginhumancapital,withinthebroadercontextofsustainablehumandevelopment’(MinistryofLocalGovernment1999).ThespecificobjectivesoftheSTPAareasfollows:torespondtotheimmediateneedsoforphans;toidentifyvariousstakeholdersanddefinetheir rolesandresponsibilities in respondingto theorphancrisis; to identifymechanismsofsupportingcommunitybasedresponsestotheorphanproblem;andtodevelopaframeworkfor


19

guidingthelong-termprogramdevelopmentoforphans.UndertheSTPA,orphansreceivematerialassistanceandpsychosocialsupportuntiltheyare18yearsold.ServicesstipulatedundertheSTPAwere largelyprovidedbythegovernment.However,severalnon-governmentalorganisationsalsoofferedsomeoftheservicesaimedatmeetingthebasicneedsoforphansprovidedundertheSTPA.Thesupportisuniformforallorphans19.

In2008, theNationalGuidelineson theCareofOrphansandVulnerableChildrenwereadoptedincluding the large group of vulnerable children. In 2009, the National Assembly adopted theChildren’sAct.TogetherwithNationalPlanofActionforOrphansandVulnerableChildren2010-2016thesedocumentsprovideabroadframeworksupportingandguidingstakeholdersintheplanninganddeliveryofcomprehensive,high-qualityservicestoallorphansandvulnerablechildren.

TheOVCprogramme isanHIVandAIDSmitigationprogramme throughwhich thegovernment,leadbyMinistryofLocalGovernment,providescareandsupporttoorphans.AspartoftheFamilyCareModelBotswanasoughtto integratebothCommunityHomeBasedCareandOrphanCareprogrammesintoafamilyfocusedsupportsystem.

TheoverallgoaloftheOVCprogrammeiscommendable:

To improve the quality of life of orphans and vulnerable children by ensuring that they receive optimal care and support

Thespecificobjectivesare:

1. To formulate and review policies and guidelines that protect the rights of orphans and vulnerable children 2. To ensure provision of basic needs to orphans and vulnerable children: Food, Health Care, Education and Shelter 3. To ensure provision of psychosocial support services to orphans and vulnerable children; and their families

Asaresult,thepreviousDepartmentofSocialServices(DSS)intheMinistryofLocalGovernmentandRuralDevelopment,nowDepartmentofSocialProtection,hasstrengthenedsupportsystemsfororphansthroughtheNationalOrphanCareProgramme.

The definitions20usedinthisworkarethefollowing.Achildisapersonbelowtheageof18years.An orphanisanychild

below the age of 18 years who has lost either one parent (single parent) or both parents (if they were married), whether they are biological or adoptive parents.

A vulnerable child isanychildbelowtheageof18years,whofallsunderoneormoreofthefollowingcharacteristics:

• Lives in an abusive environment

19http://www.socwork.net/sws/article/view/41/34420DefiningOVC(inBotswana):HighlightsfromBotswanaHIV/AIDSConference:amandainbotswana.wordpress.com/2010/10/28/defining-ovc-orphans-and-vulnerable-children/


20

• Lives in a poor family and cannot access basic services • Is the head of a household • Lives with a sick parent or guardian • Is HIV Positive • Is living with a disability or • Lives outside family care

Thechild’scaregiverhastheresponsibilityofregisteringthechildwiththeCouncilSocialWorkerintheareawherethechildresides.TheSocialWorkerkeepsaregisteroforphansintheareaandensuresthatthechildisassistedthroughtheOrphanCareProgram.Theregistrationisoftendonebythecaregiverwithoutbringingthechildinquestion.Throughthisprogram,orphanedchildrenareprovidedwith:

• Foodbasketonamonthlybasis • Privateclothingandschooluniform,basedontheneedsofthechild • Paymentofschoolfees,includingdaycare,schooldevelopmentfees,school trips • Pocketmoney • Toiletry • Medicalfees • Transportfares,alsobasedontheneedsofthechild • Wherethechildisschoolingawayfromthecaregiver,accommodationisalso providedbasedontheneedsofthechild.

AnothersupportisthePsychosocialSupport(PSS),whichisaholisticprocessofmeetingthesocial,mental,emotionalandphysicalneedsofanindividual.Thisserviceisprovidedbysocialworkersingovernment institutionsand inotherchildcare institutions.Governmenthas taken steps toensurethatsuchserviceprovidersaretrainedintheprovisionofPSStoOVC.

EducationSectorSupportisprovidedinthefollowingwaysthroughtheMinistryofEducationandSkillsDevelopment(MoES):

• GuidanceandCounselingTeachersinschoolsassistindealingwiththe educationalandsocio-healthissuesofchildren. • TheCirclesofSupportProgramme(COS),acommunityandschoolbased approachtomeetingtheneedsofOVCbydevelopinglocalnetworksof support,withtheaimtoprovidebasicneedsandpsychosocialsupport(PSS) tovulnerablechildrentoenablethemtoremaininorre-enterschoolandreach theirfulldevelopmentalpotential. • TertiaryandTechnicalEducationSupporttoOVC:anewlyintroducedprogram (2010)tosponsoreligibleOVCfortertiaryandtechnicaleducation,and • SchoolfeedingprovidedbyMLGRD.

Nutritional Support to OVC, is provided through the Ministry of Health (MoH). The Ministry’sNutritionRehabilitationProgrammeaims toprovidenutritionalcareandsupport toOVC,andnutritioneducation tocaregivers, share skillsonhomemanagementand incomegeneration,andundertakecommunitymobilizationaboutmalnutritioninchildren.


21

Theamountoffooditemsreceiveddependsonwhethertheyareurban,semi-urban,ruralorsemi-rural.It ranges fromP500.00 (US$58.82) to P850.00 (US$76.47) for a foodbasket.Currently, thereare 35,076registeredorphansassistedwithvariousserviceslikefoodbasketsonmonthlybasisaswellaspsychosocialsupport.Furthermore,inthefinancialyear2013/14acumulativenumberof2,149orphansandvulnerablechildrenhadbeenassistedtoaccesstertiaryeducationthroughtheOVCSpecialDispensationonpost-secondaryeducationsupport.

Thebudgetfor2014-15wasBWP368,000,000.00(approximatelyUSD34,800,000).

Thebudgetforvulnerablechildrenfor2014-15wasnotprovided.

Government’ssupporttoorphansmaybecomplementedbyactiveparticipationofrelativesandnon-governmentorganisations22.

22 http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Ministry-of-Local-Government-MLG1/FAQ/Social-Services/22 http://www.gov.bw/Global/NACA%20Ministry/Orphans%20and%20Vulnerable%20Children%20(OVC).pdf


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2. OBJECTIVES OF THE ASSESSMENT

2.1 OVERALL OBJECTIVE

Sincetheorphancareprogrammehadbeenrunningfor17years,MLGRDandUNICEFcametoacommonunderstandingthatacomprehensiveassessmentoftheprogrammewasneededasitcouldprovideinputstotheongoingformulationoftheNDP11andVision2016review,aswellas identifyareasofrelevanceforcompletionofthedraftOVCPolicyandOVCPlanofAction.Theoverallobjectivewas:

To assess whether the progamme has been able to deliver on its objectivesas well as its impact both on the beneficiaries and on the national policy

context, and whether the outcomes/outputs/targets envisaged The intention was to gauge whether the intended beneficiaries are benefiting from the variouscomponentsoftheprogramme,i.e.whetherorphansandvulnerablechildrenarereapingthebenefitsofthefoodbasket,schooluniforms,toiletry,andtransportprovisionsbygovernment inanefforttosafeguardthewellbeingoforphansandthosechildrenwhoaremostvulnerable.

2.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

TheassessmentshallprovidedecisionmakersintheGovernmentofBotswanaaswellasotherconcernedstakeholderswithsufficientinformation:

1. Tomakeanoverallindependentassessmentofthepastperformanceofthe programme,payingparticularattentiontoitsimpactonbeneficiaries; 2. Toidentifykeylessonslearnedandtoprovidepracticalrecommendationsforfollow- upactions.

TheassessmentfocusedonthefiveevaluationcriteriaendorsedbytheOECD-DAC23 (i.e.relevance,effectiveness,efficiency,sustainabilityandimpact).

2.3 LIMITATIONS OF THIS EVALUATION

Themainlimitationofthisevaluationwasthemissingvalidstatisticsforthe17yearsofimplementation.ThelackofM&Ecoverstheentirerangeofevidenceofrelevantactionfrominputsperchild/familyperyear,outputsfromtraining,outcomeoftheinputs.Regularevaluationsshouldhaveconcludedonpositiveandnegativeimpactoftheoutcomes.

Thestatisticsonrespectivelythenumberoforphansandvulnerablechildrenhadnotbeenverified,whichmeansthatthetwofigurescouldfullyorpartlycoverthesamegroupofchildren.

TheminimalmonitoringactivitiesintheprogrammehavenecessitateduseofdatafrommajorpartnersoperatinginthefieldofOVCandsocialprotectioninBotswana.Theuseofgovernmentaldataisthuslimited.Further,documentsplacedontheInternetbythegovernmentaremostoftennotaccessiblehinderinguseofgovernmentaldata.

Thisevaluation,therefore,isbasedonlocalgovernmentandbeneficiaryexperienceswithwhathasworkedwellandwhathasnot–andthepositiveandnegativeimpactofthevariousinterventions.Conclusionarethusmadebasedonthelimited,butquitewelldistributed,numberofdataproviders.

23OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment’sDevelopmentAssistanceCommittee.


23

3. METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH

3.1 COMPOSITION OF METHODS

The data collection could comprise:

d) Deskreview e) Semi-openinterviews f) Participatoryimpactassessment(PIA)

Overall theassessmentaimedatdeterminingthepositiveandnegativebeneficiaryexperienceswiththeOCPsupport,whileprovidingaperspectiveonthesefindingsthroughinterviewswithsocialworkersatlocalgovernment(LG)level.TheLGstaffgaveviewsontheoperationalframefortheOCPincludingexistingpolicies/strategies, programmedesignand focus, capacitiesacrossall stakeholders etc. Thisshouldexplainachievementsandnon-achievements.

3.1.1 Desk review

AssuggestedinTORstherewasneedfortheconsultanttoreviewexistingdataontheOVCsituationin Botswana. This included familiarization with relevant national policies, legislation and strategies,interventionsacrosstheentirescopeofOVCstakeholders(ministries,donoragencies,NGOsetc.)andreadingofbestpracticesfromelsewhere.

3.1.2 Semi-open interviews

Theseinterviewswerebasedonsemi-openquestionspresentedinatemplateintroducingthequestionsin writing. The interviewees answered in the order and with the emphasis that suited him/her. Theintervieweewasfurtheraskedtoincludeanyissue,whichwasleftoutofthequestionnaire,butwhichwasregardedasrelevantforhigherenrolmentandmoresuccessfulcompletion

Thequestionnaireconsistedof13keyquestionscuttingacrossOECDgroupingofquestionsandacrossthequestionsposedinTORs.Thequestionnairehassixmaincolumnsasfollows:

ItemWhat worked

wellPositive

effectWhat did not work so

wellNegative

effectProposed changes

OVC Policy/Strategy 1

Prog. focus and design 2

Etc. 3

Fig 3.1 - Example of semi-open questions

Thefullquestionnaireisfoundinannex3.

Thisapproachbuildsextensivelyonstakeholderexperiences,whicharecapturedefficientlyandwithapossibilityofcomparinginterviewstatementswithease.Further,itallowsforstakeholderstosuggestchanges,whichwillstronglyguideconsultantrecommendations.

Theanswerswerenotedandenteredintothetemplateaftertheinterview,typicallythesameevening.The semi-open interviews took placeat relevant central governmentministries, local governmentpartners,localgovernmentsandotherimplementerswithinOVCinterventions.


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3.1.3 Participatory Impact Assessment (PIA)

PIAwasdevelopedasrapidandparticipatorytooltocaptureimpactandimplicitlycause-effect.Ithasbeenusedinover150projects/programsglobally.Itismainlyappliedatbeneficiarylevel,butcanbeusedatanylevel.

PIAbuildsonelementsoffocusgroupdiscussionsandParticipatoryRuralAppraisal(PRA)/RapidRuralAppraisal(RRA)andissuggestedinsteadoffocusgroupsdiscussions,sincethesecanresultinbiasedresults,becauseoflimitedfreedomtospeakopenly.InPIAdifferentgroupsofstakeholdersformfocusgroupsoffivememberseach.Eachgroupworks independentlyanddiscusses identical, semi-openquestions in their respective forumswithoutpresenceof staff, consultantorother stakeholders. Thegroupsgivetheirpersonalperceptionofandexperiencewithgiveninterventions.Onegroupmemberineachgroupwillactasgroupsecretary.

Thecompositionofgroupswas:Onegroupoffivegirls9-13years,onegroupoffiveboys9-13years;onegroupoffivegirls14-17years;onegroupoffiveboys14-17years;onegroupoffivefemalecaregivers;onegroupoffivemalecaregivers;onegroupoffive“socialworkers”(teachers,nurses,socialworkersetc.)andonegroupoflocalleaders.

Thegroupsizeoffivewasregardedasadequatebecause:(i)itisnotanequalnumberallowingformajorityintereststobeprioritised;(ii)fiveenablesdifferentexperiencesandviewstobeincludedinthegroupdiscussion,and(iii)fiveinnumberisfewenoughtoensurethatgroupsdoesnotsplitandengageinindividual–andmaydifferent–discussions.

Thismethodenables comparisonof answers partly across different communities, andpartly acrossonegrouping(e.g.girls)andfinallyacrossdifferentgroupings(boysversusgirls,childrenversusleaders/parents/socialworkers etc. Thus thedataallows foranalysis of gender, locality, social andculturalfactors.

3.2 DISTRIBUTION AND REPRESENTATIVENESS

Theevaluationwasgivenatotalof45dayswhichtosomeextentdeterminedthetimespentonfieldvisits.Itwasdecidedtocover4districtsand7locationsasfollows):

• SouthEast(Gaborone) • Kweneng(Molepolole) • Central(Palapye,PikhweandBobonong) • Ghanzi(Ghanzi,Kalkfontein)

Ineachofthedistricts,theteammetwiththeCouncilSocialProtectionadministrationandconductedindividual interviewswith2-3staffmetwith6groupsofbeneficiariesas indicatedunder3.1.3andinsomeplaceswithanNGOsupportingOVCinconjunctionwiththevisiteddepartment.

In total82beneficiariesacross thementionedgroupingsand12 local leadersparticipated inPIAs24 while12socialworkerswereindividuallyinterviewed.

The96participantsformedintotal31groupsofsamecategoryeachofwhomworkedindependently.Theaveragelylowerrepresentationmayhaveresultedin(i)morelimitedexperiences(negative),and(ii)possibleexperiencesfromthemostengaged–andthusstronger–beneficiariesandstakeholders(positive). Therepresentativenesswasasfollows:

24BriefdescriptionofPIAinchapter3.1.3whilePIAresultsarefoundinannex4


25

Category NNo of

groupsBoys in school 16 5

Boys out of school 13 5

Girls in school 15 5

Girls out of school 9 3

Female caregivers 21 5

Male caregivers 8 4

Local leaders 12 4

Fig. 3.2 – Distribution of types of participants

Girlsoutofschoolandmalecaregiversareunderrepresented.Itisknownthatthesocialprotectionsystemisweakresultinginyounggirlsfromaroundtheageof12yearshavingearlypregnanciesand/orearlymarriagesandchangestatusfromOVCtomotherand/orwife.

Thereasonforunderrepresentationoflocalleadersisunknown,buttosomeextentworryingasspecificallythisgroupshouldplayaleadroleinfightingHIV/AIDSandknowaboutthesituationoftheOVCintheirgeographicalareaofinfluence.

BothinthesituationofindividualinterviewswithstaffandNGOseachinterviewhashadafullsetofscores,whichhavebeensummarisedenablinganassessmentofhowmanysameanddifferentpositiveandnegativeexperiencestherespectivestaffmembershavehadwiththeOVCprogramme.

Therelativefewlocalgovernmentstaff(12innumber)comefromverydifferentdistrictsandhasgiventheirindividualviewswithoutpresenceofotherpeople.When12peopleinsomecasesgivethesamescoreacrossdistrictsandbackgroundssuchstatements,albeitfewinnumber,arehighlyvalidstatements.ForPIAeachsessioninitselfcanbevalidatedaseachofthesixgroupsgivegroupscorings,whichareunknowntotheothergroups.Therefore,ifsixgroupshavethesamepositiveornegativeexperiencewiththeOVCprogrammeactivitiesthescoreshaverelativelyhighvalidity.

Further, group scoringsand total scorings from thedifferent datacollection sites are compared. Thisallowsforadditionalverificationandvalidationofdatasincedata,whicharerepeatedatdifferentsitesand/orbydifferentgroupings,add to thedatavalidityand to theprominenceof theperceptionofbeneficiariesandotherstakeholders.

3.3 DATA VALIDATION

3.2.1 Triangulation

WithsomesamequestionsinboththePIAandtheinterviewitwaspossibletocomparefindingsfromthetwowiththedeskstudiesforfirstvalidation.Thedeskstudyprovidedthenecessaryoverallperspectivetotheimplementerandbeneficiaryscores(InterviewsandPIA).

The triangulation enables an analysis of distribution of positive and negative experiences with theprogramme.


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4. FINDINGS

4.1 ORGANISATION OF THE CHAPTER

The achievements of the OVC programme activities and the analysis of the service delivery of theprogrammearepresentedfirsttohaveabackgroundforanalysingrelevance,effectiveness,efficiency,sustainabilityandimpact.

Theassessmentofprogrammeactivitiesaredividedinto“In-kind”activitiesand“Developmentactivities”followedbyanassessmentoftheLocalGovernment(LG)organisationalcapacitytoimplementtheOVCprogramme.

The fiveOECDareasofanalysis,whicharebasedondesk studyandfieldwork findings, followwithachaptereach.

Theprogrammeactivitiesweredividedintorespectively(i)In-kindand(2)DevelopmentactivitiesThefirstconsistingofactivities,whichprovidecriticalsustenanceoftheOVCandhis/herfosterfamilysuchasthefoodbasket,shelteretc..TheseactivitiesformthepreconditionforchilddevelopmentwhichincludestheremainingOVCactivitiescovering freeeducation, theSpecialDispensationon tertiaryeducationandPsychosocialCounselling(PSS).

4.2. EXPERIENCES WITH IN-KIND SUPPORT

TheIn-kindsupportconsistsof:foodbasket,clothes,toiletries,blankets,schooluniformandshelterfortotalorphans.Thefoodandtoiletriesaredistributedthroughacashtransfer,whichenablesshoppingoffoodandtoiletriesincertainshops.

Nutritionandhealthareaswellprovided,butwerenevermentionedbyeitheroftheparticipants.

4.2.1. Stakeholder experiences with In-kind support

Thestakeholdersdividedtheirexperiences into“Whathasworkedwell”and“Whathasnotworkedsowell”explainingtheeffect(impact)ofeach.Thisenablesevidence-basedrecommendations.

Thethreeactivitiesperceivedasbeingmostpositive25 acrossthegroupsofstakeholdersarefoundintheoverviewbelow.Thefiguresindicatethenumberofgroupscores,andnotindividualscores.Thenumbersbelowshouldbeviewedinthelightofthetotalnumberofgroupsbeing31groups:

25Fullscorefoundinannex4

Fig. 4.1 – Positive beneficiary experiences with In-kind activities


27

Whenselectingthemostimportantactivities,thestakeholderswereaskedtodescribehowtheselectedactivitieshavehelpedinhavingbetterlives,whichisrecordedaseffect.Thescoringisfoundintheleftcolumn,thenumberofscoresinthemiddlecolumn,whiletheeffectisdescribedintherightcolumn.TheindicatedeffecttallieswellwiththeintentionoftheOVCprogramme:

ACTIVITYSCORE(Total 55) EFFECT

Food 22 Providesenergy,

Reservesmoneyforotheruses

Keepsushealthyandnothungry

Helpsinstayingandperforminginschool

Thecaregiverdoesnotgohungry

Uniforms 9 Providesencouragement

Canparticipateinschoolandenjoy

Caregiverneednotspendmoneyonuniform

Shelter 5 Providesaplacetosleepandkeepthings

Weneednothanginthestreets

Fig. 4.2 – Positive effect of In-kind activities

Thegroupswereallowedtogivethreescoreseach,whichiswhythenumberofscorescanbehigherthanthenumberofgroups.

Thetotalnumberofpositivescores(55)areindicatedinthetop,butonlythethreehighestscoringactivitiesarepresentedhere. Theyattract in total 36of the55 scores26which shows theweighingof these threeactivities.

Further,thephrasingisenteredasitwasphrasedbytheparticipants.Theeffectmaybevaried,whichiswhytheremaybedifferentviewsunderthesamescoring.

Fooddistributionisbyfarthemostpreferredactivityfollowedbyschooluniforms.Thetwoareinterrelatedsince food provided the energy to attend school which requires a school uniform. Shelter wasmainlyscoredbychildrenoutofschoolandcaregiverswhomarealldirectlyaffectedbytheforcedcaresituation.Althoughgivenrelativelyfewscoresthereseemstobeneedforshelters,asquiteaproportionofcaregiversindicated(i)amisusethesupportfore.g.alcohol,(ii)abuseofchildrenand(iii)thatsomechildrenpaynorespecttothecaregiverandrefusetobecomeamemberofthehouseholdwiththeobligationsandrespectsuchamembershipentails.Withregardtothelattertheimmediatefamilyofacaregivermaybenegativelyaffectedbyhavingadisobeyingorphaninthehousehold,whichmayresultinadditionalfamilyneedsforgovernmentalsupport.

Theeffectisasintendedintheprogrammeoutcomes.Itisnoticeablethatthemalecaregivers27putownneedsfirstbothunderfoodanduniformscoringsindefinitionsofeffect.Althoughbeingfewscores,itverifiessomeof thechildandLocalGovernment (LG) scoringscomplainingovercaregiver,andmoresomalecaregiver,(mis)useofsupport.

26Thefulllistofscoringsisfoundinannex427ThecompleteMaleCaregiverscoringsarefoundinannex4


28

Itshouldbenotedthatchildreninremoteareashavelimitedaccesstoeducationandhealthfacilitiesaswellaslimitedcouponshoppingpossibilities.SoalthoughappreciatingtheactivitiesnotallOVChaveeasyand/orequalaccesstotheservicesprovided.

The negativeexperienceswiththeOVCprogrammedoattimesrepeatactivities,whichwerealsoscoredaspositive.Thisshowsthatalthoughanactivityisneededandappreciated,italsohassomeshortcomings.Theseareveryusefulobservations,whichwillhelpinadjustingkeyactivitiesintheprogramme.

Theparticipantsgenerallygavefewnegativescores.Thetwohighestscoringarethefollowing:

Fig. 4.3 – Negative beneficiary experiences with In-kind activities

Theissueofthetypeoffoodprovidedbythecaregivers isappropriateandinlinewithprogrammeobjectives.Apart frommere survival, theaim is tohelpchildrenperform in school.AcknowledgingthatmanyoftheOVClivewithelderlypeople,whomaynotknowhowtopreparemoremodernandnutritiousfood,theproblemmaybebiggerthananticipated. Ifonethirdofthesupportedchildrengetfood,whichisnotfresh–andtheythereforedon’tlikeit–asignificantpartofthechildrendonotbenefitasintendedfromthefoodsupport.

Itmayberelevanttoinvestigatewhetherthenon-freshfoodreferstodryfoodorcontaminatedfood.However,thenegativeattitudewillinbothcaseshavenegativeeffectonnutritionandimplicitlyonschoolattendanceandperformance.Thefindingswere:

NEGATIVE EXPERIENCESScore (Total 24) EFFECT

Don’t get fresh food / Don’t get food we like 8 Wegetmalnourishedandcannotperforminschool

Toiletries 6 ThesoapgivesskinrashesDeoprovidedmakesarmpitssmell

Fig. 4.4 – Negative effect of In-kind activities

Itisnoticeablethatthesecondhighestscoreisthequalityofthetoiletries,whichisserious.Bothbodyandhealtheffectsarecontrarytotheintentionsoftheprogrammeobjectives.

4.2.2 Local Government experiences with In-kind support

Thebeneficiaryexperiencesareheldagainst theexperiencesof the implementers, in thiscasetheSocialWorkers(SW)inthelocalgovernmentswiththeviewtounderstandtheinstitutionalframeworkwithinwhichtheprogrammeisimplemented28.

28FullLGscoringsinannex4


29


Don’t get fresh food / Don’t get food we like 8 Wegetmalnourishedandcannotperforminschool

Toiletries 6 ThesoapgivesskinrashesDeoprovidedmakesarmpitssmell

TheLG’s relativelymanynegativescoringsarepartlyexplainedbythenegativeeffectdescribed intheinterviewswith the SWs.While theOVCand theircaregivers lookat thedailyand immediateeffectofreceivingsupportofbasicneeds,theSWsconsiderthelong-termeffectofbeingsustainedinsteadofbeingoffereddevelopment.TheoppositescoresappearinginrespectivelybeneficiaryandLGscoresreflectadifferenceinperspective.

OnthepositivesidetheeffectexplainsthepositivesideofthefoodbasketsasviewedbytheSWs.TheLGscoresreflectindividualscores.Thefoodsupportshasallegedlyresultedin:

Positive Score (4) EffectInitially Orphan Care Programme focused on food basket. Support is now wider

4 Acceptanceandcareoforphansmadeeasier.Needforfoodwasinitiallyrampant

Fig. 4.5 – Positive LG experiences with In-kind support

Theabovepositiveobservationshouldbeviewedinthelightofthefollowingnegativeexperiences:


All registered orphans get food basket whether needy or not

9

CreateschilddependencyDestroystraditionofunsupportedcareforfamilymembersorfamilyinterest

A significant number of caregivers exchange food and uniforms with alcohol and/or clothing for own children 9

Thevalueofthein-kindsupportcanbequestioned.Theaimofthesupportfarfromachieved

Coordinators emphasize on food basket 1Makingitdifficulttofindresourcesengageine.g.counselling

Fig. 4.6 – Negative LG experiences with In-kind activities

ItwasmentionedbytheSWsthattheuniformityininputsisunjustand/orinadequate,aseachchildandhis/herfamilyaredifferentandhavedifferentneeds.EvenchildrenfromfinanciallywellsituatedfamilieslivinginvillasandowningvehiclesreceiveOCVsupportifthechildisregistered.

Whenasked, thecaregivers stronglyemphasisedontheneedforbeinggivencapacity (knowledge,skillsandloan)toestablisharelevant(notuniform)incomegenerating(IGA)activity,whichwouldpartly(i)givesomecaregiverpowerswhenbeingfinanciallyableandtherebynotdependentonanOVC,andpartly(ii)securethemlaterwhentheOVCleavesthehouseholdwiththegovernmentalsupport.AtalllocationstheyrejectedtheideaofcashtransferpresumablyoutofpreferenceforindependencethroughestablishmentofIGAs.

The OVC programme’s stable and relatively good contribution towards decent lives raises familyexpectations of support to an extent where the SWs have difficulties honouring expectations anddeliveringotherservicessuchashomevisitsandPSS.

Most interviewed socialworkers informed that caregivers view theOVCas SW-children indicating arejectionoftheresponsibilityforcaringandlovingagivenOVCwhileexpectingtoreceivesupport.Onegroupofchildrenscoredthat“theSWgivesmetheloveIneed”,whileotherscomplainoftheangrySWattitude–thelattertallyingwellwiththeSWfrustrationexpressedinthenegativeexperiencesabove.


30

TheaimoftheOVCprogrammeisnottocreatefamilyand/ordevelopment,buttoensureprovisionofbasicneeds,educationandPSS.ThenegativeSWexperienceswiththisapproachintandemwiththecontinuedincrementinnumberofHIVcases29showthatthereisurgentneedforreviewingtheprogrammeobjectiveandconsiderwhetherthegovernmentcanaffordtosustainan increasednumberofneworphanswhilecontinuingthesupportofthecurrentOVC,whoneverbecameself-sufficient,butonlysurvivedchildhoodandareentitledtodestitutesupport.

It is noteworthy that despite PSS being the third immediate objective of the programme none of theinterviewedSWshadtimeforPSSandhomevisits,butwerestrugglingtomaketheIn-kindsupportwork.ItisunfortunatethattheCoordinatorsarenotallinfullsupportofhomevisits,familyPSSandmonitoringasthelackofthisseemstotemptsomecaregiverstomisusetheOVCsupportforpersonalneedswithundesiredandcontraryeffectoftheIn-kindsupport.

TheLGexperiencethatallfocusisontheverybasicneedsaddstothebeneficiarymentioningthatshelterfortotalorphansismissing.

4.2.3 Findings, Conclusions and recommendation on In-kind support

Findings:

Cuttingacrossthefindingsitisfoundthat:

• Inaccordancewithimmediateobjective230theprogrammehasprovidedsatisfactorily formostofthementionedbasicIn-kindneedsofOVCintermsof:Food,clothes,school uniforms,blanketsandhealth,whileverylittlehasbeendonewithregardtoshelter.

Conclusions:

• Childdevelopmentisfour-prongedandconsistsofmuchmorethanphysicalneeds.Thefour developmentpillarscomprise:Mental/emotional,physical,intellectualandsocialdevelopment. Poor,andoftenold,relativeshaveinmostcasesnoorlimitedknowledgeabouthowbestto supportthedevelopmentofanOVC,whoneedsmoreattentionwithinallaspectsof developmentthanchildreningeneral.Itcannotbeexpectedthatbereaved,poor andoftenuneducatedrelativescanprovidetherequiredsupport.

Acknowledgingthe17years’timespanoftheOVCprogramme,andwithitanacknowledgementofthechangeinneedsandpotentialsolutions,itisnotsurprisingtoconcludethat:

• NeedshavechangedandfocusoughttobeonlastingchangesintheOVClivesandnotonmere survival.However,theIn-kindsupportisapreconditionforengaginginlastingchanges.

• In-kindsupportbecomestheinputenablingthechildtodevelopthethreeothercapacities: mental,intellectualandsocialskillsandcanthereforenotbethesolesupport.

Recommendations:

Itisrecommendedthat:

29Re.Chapter1.330Immediateobjective2:Toensureprovisionofbasicneedstoorphansandvulnerablechildren:Food,HealthCare,EducationandShelter.NB!Educationisinthisreportregardedasdevelopmentratherthanbasicneeds.


31

• FoodsupportisavailablefortheOVCandconsistsoffreshandnutritiousfoodlikedby children.Thismayrequirecapacitybuildingofcaregiversinpreparationofmoremodern andnutritiousdishes.ThiscouldbedoneincollaborationwithqualifiedNGOs,maybe placedathealthcentresincludingawiderspectrumofwomen;

• ContinuedsupportofandcapacitybuildingofOVCandtheircaregivers throughoutthesupportperiod.

Experiencesrelatingtodevelopmentarepresentedinthefollowingchapter.

4.3 EXPERIENCE WITH ACTIVITIES SUPPORTING OVC DEVELOPMENT

TheOVCprogrammeprovidesmorethanIn-kindsupport,namely:Freeeducation,SpecialDispensationontertiaryeducationandPSS.

4.3.1 Stakeholder experiences with child development activities

AlthoughprioritisingIn-kindactivitieswith52scores,thestakeholdersgiveconsiderablescorestochilddevelopmentactivitiesaswell.

Thefullpositive scoresareshownbelow.Theygivesignificantprioritytoeducationatall levelswithatotalof26scoresoutofthe32scores:

POSITIVE EXPERIENCESSCORE(Total 32) EFFECT

Free education 18 • Madeitpossibletoeducate• EnablesOVCtogotoschoolliketherest• Welearntoreadandwriteandgrowuptofendforourselves

Assistance with tertiary education/Special Dispensation programme

8 • OVCgraduateandcanapplyforjobsonequaltermswithothers• Keepsthembusy• Makethemsocialise• Canaccomplishgoals

PSS 6 • Welearntoacceptourselves• Thegriefwasrelieved• Mostorphanschangebehaviour• HelpsOVCtochooseacareer• Improvestheirbehaviour• Helpscommunitytounderstandorphans

Fig. 4.7 - Positive stakeholder experiences with Child Development activities

AllthreeactivitiesderivedirectlyfromthespecificobjectivesoftheOVCprogramme31 andareessentialforchilddevelopmentandforhealingofchildren,whohavesufferedparentalloss,attimesalsolossofsiblingsandmaybeoffriendsandawell-knownneighbourhood.

PSStocaregivers,whohavealsolostarelative,isnotmentionedatall.

ThestakeholdersgaverelativelyfewpositivescorestoPSSdespitetheverypositiveeffectsmentionedundereffect.Thereasonsshowinthetablebelow.

31Theobjectivesare:1)Toensureprovisionofbasicneedstoorphansandvulnerablechildren:Food,HealthCare,EducationandShelter,and2)Toensureprovisionofpsychosocialsupportservicestoorphansandvulnerablechildren;andtheirfamilies.


32

Thenegative scores show the threehighest scoringactivitiesoutofa rangeof10different typesofnegativescoringsunder“Development”32.AlthoughbeingaseparateobjectiveintheOVCprogrammemostchildrenandtheirfamiliesarerarelyofferedPSS,whichisexpressedinthehighestnegativescore.Thescoreisnotalarminglyhigh,butthenegativeeffectisstriking.ThisshouldbeheldagainstalaterlocalgovernmentscoreindicatingthatPSSispracticallyneveroffered.OnlyinoneofsixvisitedlocationsdidtwochildrenmentionthattheyhadreceivedPSSwithindaysafterhavinglosttheirparent.

Thenegativescoreswere:

NEGATIVE EXPERIENCESSCORE(Total 28) EFFECT

PSS was never offered 6 • Feel abandoned• Difficult to perform in school when not at ease

At 18 years the OVC are removed from the programme

4 • They engage in other activities such as prostitu-tion and drug dealing

No facilities/clubs for children having problems in schools

4 • Force us to hang in the streets

Fig 4.8 – Negative stakeholder experiences with Child development activities

TheremovalofOVCfromprogrammesupportattheageof18yearshasfatalconsequencesforsomeofthoseattendingtertiaryeducation–orforthosetakingtheirtimetocompletebasiceducation,orreturningtobasiceducationafteradrop-outperiod.Eithertheyhavetodropoutofeducationorfindotherwaysto sustain themselvese.g. throughprostitutionandcriminalactivities. Thereareopportunities, though, forcontinuededucationthroughMoESD’sOutofSchoolChildrenEducation(OSEC)andAdultBasicEducationProgramme(ABEP).Buttheseopportunitieswerenotmentionedbytheparticipatingyouth.

Especiallytheout-of-schoolchildrenmentionedthatthereisnoalternativetoeducationifhavingproblemsadjustingtoschoolrulesandnormsoriffacingacademicchallenges.Asaconsequencetheyareforcedtohanginthestreetswithpotentialtemptationstoseeklivelihoodinthestreets.This lackofout-of-schoolchildren’sknowledgeaboutotheroptionsmayreflecttheseveretimeandtransportationconstraintsthatSWsface33.

Thefive-markadvantageprovided toOVCuponenrolment in tertiaryeducationenablesahigherOVCenrolment,butseeminglywithahighdrop-out,asitisdifficultforsomestudentswithlowermarkstoperformmissingpartoftherequiredcompetencies.Thisisnotformallyrecorded,sincetheOVClosethecontacttotheSWaftertheageof18years.ThisassumptionwasmadebytheSWswhohaveagooddirectandindirectcontactwiththelocalcommunities.

4.3.2 The local government experiences with child development activities

TheLG,representedbytheSWs,hadsimilarpositiveexperienceswithPSShavingexperiencedthatPSShelpsthechildcomingtotermswiththelossenablingthechildtoengageinfocusingonthefutureandfutureopportunitiesinsteadoffocusingonthepastandtheloss.

Thescoresareasfollows:

32Thefullscoringsarefoundinannex4. 33 Detailsonthisarefoundinchapter4.3


33

POSITIVE EXPERIENCES TOTAL SCORE (10) EFFECT

PSS:• Since 2009 attempts to offer

psychosocial counselling (PSS)

9 PSS:• PSS - the few included are handling grief and are

thinking ahead

• Offer training for officers using the money allocated to psy-chosocial support

1 • -

Fig 4.9 – Positive LG experiences with Child development activities

Theabovepositiveimpacttallieswellwiththatofthestakeholders.However,theSWsfocusmainlyonthePSSandonlylittleoneducation.

With regard to negative experiences the SWs again focusmainly on PSS, butmention the SpecialDispensationProgrammewithafewremarks34:

NEGATIVE EXPERIENCES SCORE(Total 19) EFFECT

PSS:• Not all Social Workers (SW) are able to provide

psychosocial counselling

5 PSS:• This together with a vast range of other tasks make

SWs have little time for PSS (3)• Not prioritised by management making focus

be on other tasks, mainly in-kind activities and flagship projects

4 • PSS doing poorly (8)• PPS only when having a case (4)

Fig. 4.10 – Negative LG experiences with Child Development activities

Asthetableshows,17outofatotalof19scoresmentionPSSpracticesadversely.NotallSWsindicatedaneffect,butthementionedeffectall relatestomanagementof theSWwork,andspecifically thedowngrading of the possibly most important OVC intervention. It may not be understood by keydecision-makersinthegovernmentthateachOVCisanindividualcaseandneedsindividuallyrelevantattention.

4.3.3 Findings, conclusions and recommendations

Findings:

• Thestakeholdersacrossallgroupsappreciatethesupportofalllevelsofeducationas theyfeelitenablesOVCtobeatparwithotherchildren; • Itisalsoacknowledgedthatnotallcanperformequallywellacademicallyand thereforeneedalternativeactivities,whichcanprovideotherrelevantskillse.g.lifeskills providedinyouthclubs; • ThePSSissignificantlywantingasexperiencedbybothstakeholdersandSWs.

Conclusions: • Theprogrammeimplementationhasnot,andwithoutconsequences,deliveredto programmeobjective2and3oncriticaltargets.

35FulloverviewoverLGscoresinannex4A


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Recommendations:

• PSS,providinghealing,shouldbemadetheentrypointbeforeanysupportisprovided enablingtheSWstoknowthestatusofagivenOVCwithregardtogrief,homesituation, schoolsituationetc.; • Thereisurgentneedtorevisethefive-markadvantageandinsteadprovidehomework supporttoallOVCenablingacatchinguprepetitioninweakersubjects; • OVCshouldbeallowedtorepeatsubjectswheretheyhavelowmarksasanalternative tothefive-markreductioninenrolment.Thiswouldensurethattheyareacademicallyat parwithotherstudentswhenstartingtheirstudies.Itwouldalsoensurethatthose,who cannotpass,donotoccupystudyopportunitiesforotheryoungpeoplewhoqualify better.

4.4 ORGANISATIONAL AND INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

TheabilitytoadministertheprogrammeimplicitlyindicatestheorganisationalcapacityofMOLGRD,SocialProtectionDepartment(SPD)andLGs.BothstakeholdersandLGgavetheirviews,whicharefullyintandem.

4.4.1 Stakeholder experiences with OCP administration

Therewerenopositivestakeholderscoringsconcerningadministrationof theprogrammeactivities. ThehighestscoringnegativeexperiencesallrelatetoadministrationoftheIn-kindactivities–orsupportofbasicneeds-andinclude:

ADMINISTRATIONSCORE(Total 80) EFFECT

Clothes come at 1-2 years (13) 22 • End up buying uniform onlyClothes come late (9) • Clothes do not fit for 1 or 2 years. Affects school attendance

and resultsCoupon system 19 • Money paid late, gives a period without food

The shops for coupon use are very expensive, we don’t get the items that we need

• We are hungry and cannot perform• Lack of food and therefore no concentration in school

Lack of shelter for orphans 9 • Orphans have no place to stay• Orphans staying with caregivers are abused by relatives• Children negatively affected by the fact that they don’t have

a home

Fig. 4.11 – Negative stakeholder scores with programme administration

Outofatotalof80negativescores,22scoresconcernclothingalone.Thelackoffittingandage-relevantclothesaddstotheexistingnegativeself-esteemasOVC.ItfurtheraffectsschoolattendancenegativelyreducingtheeffectofanotherOVCprogrammeactivity.

OneSWinformedthattheamountavailablefor1-2years’ofclothingintheverylocationwasBWP86foryear2016-anamountwhichisinsufficientforpurchaseofanyfullsetofclothes.

The coupon system overall rates positively as a system, but the administration is poor. Payments aretransferredlateandtheshops,inwhichthecouponholderscandotheirshopping,increasepricesforbasicitems.AsaresulttheOVCcannotbuytheintendedamountoffoodandtoiletriesmakingOVCcaregivershavefoodforonly3weekspermonth,whichaffectstheschoolattendanceandperformancenegatively.


35

TheminimaleffortswithregardtoconstructionofsheltersfortotalorphansforcethesechildrentodependonNGOand/orchurchsupportinthefewplaceswhereitexists.NGOsandotherprovidersarenotscreenedbyanyauthorityforrealexistenceandrelevanceofcapacityandcompetences.Asaconsequencethissupportmayinsomecasesbeofdubiousquality.Thealternativeforthetotalorphansistoliveinthestreets,whichisfarfromtheintentionintheprogrammeobjectives.

4.4.2 Local Government experiences with administration of the OVC programme

The positive experiences with the administration are relatively few reflecting the general stakeholderexperience.

Althoughthecouponsystemhasdefinedshort-comings,theSWshavenotedadvantagesaswell:

POSITIVE SCORE(Total 15) EFFECT

Coupon system much better than vouchers 6 • The feeling of responsibility may help the OVC in the long run

Coupon system helps in forcing responsibility among parents/caregivers

2 • Allows for purchase of fresh food items • Gives freedom and dignity

Central government disburses money on time 1 • Generally timely payment to families

Fig. 4.12 – Positive LG experiences with administering the OVC programme

Formerlyfoodwasdistributedinkind,whilethecouponsystemallowsfamiliestobuythetypeoffoodstuffthattheylikeandtobuyfreshfoodstuff.Asmentionedabove,theshopsengagedtodeliverthefoodstufftakeconsiderableadvantage.

Thenegativeexperiencesareclosetofourtimesasmanyasthepositive.Inthiscasethefourhighestscoringnegativeexperienceshavebeenincludedtohavearealisticscopeofexperiences:

NEGATIVESCORE(Total 55) EFFECT

The budget being availed is inadequate for key activities 18• The programme remains a sustenance programme

creating no changes (5)

Coupon system misused by some parents/caregivers 9

• This is not recorded due to lack of home visits making the life of the OVCs be miserable despite support (6)

The easy-to-get support makes parents/caregivers create problems, e.g. splitting siblings to have support to more family members 7

• Adverse effect on children who have recently been bereaved and therefore need the comfort of being together (4)

Processing of school uniforms often delays because ten-ders are given to providers under the Poverty Eradication Programme 7 • Children cannot go to school (4)

Fig. 4.13 – Negative LG experiences with administration of the OVC programme


36

Thefirstscore,thebudget,representsathirdofallscores,whichpartlyexplainsthepresenceofahighnumberofnegativeexperiencesbothamongstakeholdersandstaff.ItalsoexplainswhyemphasisisonIn-kindactivities,whichcanbepre-arrangedandarepredictable,whilePSSandalternativeeducationneedsareneverknownandcannotbeplannedforwithregardtoeffortsandtiming.

ThemisuseoftheOVCsupportwouldalsobereducedifhavingregularhomevisitsincombinationwithprovisionofthenecessaryknowledgeaboutrightsandplightsascaregiverandOVCand,notleast,makeabusehaveconsequences.

Themisuseofthesupportrelatestothenextnegativeexperience:Thesplittingofsiblingsbyrelativesenablingeachrelativetogetthefullsupport.WhenhavingmoreOVCperhousehold,thesupportis reducedsincehouseholdcostsperheaddecreasewhenbeingmorefamilymembers.Tohelpseveralpoorrelatives,familieschoosetosplitthesiblingsforowngainsdisregardingthegriefofthechildrenandtheirneedforlivingwithothersiblingsnottoincuranextraloss.

Theproblemof lateschooluniformsarisebecausethecontractsaregiventopoorpeopleunderanotherprogrammetohelptheseearnanincome.Havinginsufficientcapacitytodeliverhundredsofuniformswithashortnotice,theOVCcometobearthebruntandmissoutoneducationcontrarytoprogrammeintentions.

It shouldbenoted that theabovefindings tallywellwith thecommentsand referencesgiven infindingsinpreviousreports35andduringthedebriefingmeeting.

4.4.3 Findings, conclusions and recommendations

Findings:

• Themodeofadministrationdoesnotreflecttheneedforservicesinthedistricts, whichstressesbothbeneficiariesandimplementers; • Thecurrentmodeofadministrationmakestheprogrammehavesomeadverse effects.

Conclusions: • Theoverwhelmingfocusonbasicneeds(voucherprovision,schooluniformsetc.)in combinationwithexperiencedbudgetconstraintsmakeitdifficultforSWtodeliver asexpected; • RigorousM&Ewouldhavehelpedindevelopingsystemsandstructures,which wouldbetterhavereflectedtheserviceneeds.

Recommendations: • Tobeadeliveringgovernmenttherequiredresourcesshouldbeavailedeither throughincreasedeffectivenessandefficiencyortheprogrammecontent bechangedtofittheavailablebudget.

35Executivesummariesofthefollowingreports:USAID:AssessingImplementationOfBotswana’sProgramForOrphansAndVulnerableChildren(2010)UNICEF:TheSituationAnalysisofChildrenandTheirFamiliesinBotswana(2010/2011)WorldBank&BotswanaInstituteforPoliticalAnalysis:BotswanaSocialProtectionAssessment(2013)


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4.5 OTHER FINDINGS

Afterthepictureofthefindingsemergedadditionalinterviewswereconductedtoaddaspectsand/orconfirmthefindings.

TheadditionalinterviewsincludedrelevantdepartmentsandadditionalNGOs–thelatterwithreferencetothelittlegovernmentalinvolvementofNGOsandtheextremelydiversecapacityofNGOSworkingwithOVC.

4.5.1 Experience of partners ministries

Thevisiteddepartmentswere:Departmentof TechnicalandVocational Training (TVET)andEducationPoliciesandProgrammes.

ThesecentralgovernmentinterviewsaddedtotheLGinterviewsandconfirmedtheLGexperiences.Ministry of Education confirmed the missing Child Development and informed that the ministry hasno specific indicators forOVCandcan therefore not follow their attendanceandperformanceand,subsequently,cannotplanforOVCsupportiveeducation.

Further,theministryhaslittlecapacitytoworkinclusively,whetherOVCorotherchildrenwithspecialneedsTVETconcludedthatsincethestudentsareabovetheageof18yearsneitherparentsnorcaregiversareinvolvedanditisnoteasyforinstitutionstoknowwhoisanOVC.ItisdesiredtohavemorecommunicationandnetworkingfromSWsandotherrelevantstakeholders.

ForthesamereasonthereisnoM&EcapturingOVCperformanceandthestudycanthereforenotbedesignedtechnicallyorfinanciallytomeetspecificOVCneeds.

4.5.2 NGO Capacity

HavingmetwithNGOswithverydiversecapacitiesduringthedatacollection,itwasdecidedtomeetafewmorewithHeadOfficeinGaboroneandwiththeNGOcouncil.IntotalsevenNGOs36wereinterviewed.

CommonforthemallwasthattheyhavenoorveryscarceM&Esystem.Theyarethereforeobliviousabouttheeffectoftheirfundingdespitehavingconsiderablefundinginsomecases.Moreover,thestaffinginmostNGOsisscarceandoftenlittleeducated.NoneoftheNGOsknewtheexpendituresperOVCtheysupported.Reportingexistedinthreeoutofthesevencases.

Because of the need for non-governmental support of OVCs, and because the NGO capacity wasdeficient,evenamongthebetterNGOs,itbecamepertinenttoknowwhatisrequiredtoregisterandactasanNGO.ItwasenvisagedthattheNGOCouncilmay/couldplayarole.Itwasthereforevisited.Inbrief,theNGOCounciliscomposedofcivilsociety,privatesectorsandgovernment.ItsmainroleistoprovidegovernmentinformationonNGOpolicyimplementationandtocreateagovernmentandNGOpartnershipwith theviewtomonitorandevaluate implementationof theNGOPolicyandto facilitateNGOCapacitywhilstalsomobilisingresourcesforNGOs.

ThereisnocodeofconductforNGOs,whichensuresordemandsaccountability–orvalueformoney,whichmakesNGOsbeexposedtocriticism.

36VisitedNGOsfoundinListofPeopleMet,annex2


38

Government funds BOCONGO (BotswanaCouncil of NGOs) with BWP 1.2million, which is far fromsufficienttodelivertoitsmandate.

Withtheaboveobservationsandearlierobservations,e.g.inNationalGuideontheCareofOrphansandVulnerableChildren,Section6,thereisnodoubtaneedforcapacitybuildingoftheNGOCounciltobecomeboththecapacitybuilderandqualityguarantorofallNGOsandcivilsocietyorganisations(CSOs) inBotswana.Adefinedandpractisedcodeofconductwouldhelpthebodiesattractfunds,whichwouldassistthegovernmentindeliveringtoowngoals,notonlyontheOVCprogramme.

4.5.3 Role and relevance of the Adult Basic Education Programme (ABEP)

However,apartfromthecorelearningareas(LanguagesandMathematics)whicharecompulsoryandareprogressivelydevelopedthroughoutthecurriculumandacrossthethreelearninglevels.Itprovidesbroadcriteriaandguidelinesforpracticalteachingandlearningateverylearninglevelandarea.Forinstance,practicalskillsareoptionalandmaybeselectedbylearnersaccordingtotheirpreferencesandtotherelevanceofsuchskillsfortheirspecificcontext.Essentiallytherefore,programmefacilitatorsand learners have the liberty to interpret and adapt the curriculum to suit their context-specificdevelopmentalneedsandaspirations37.

Thecurriculum isdesigned toprovideparticipantswith integratedandholistic learningopportunitieswhich address their basic human development needs related but not limited to knowledge, food,health, sanitation, shelter, clothing,work, liberty, identity, reasoning, self-expression, communication,andparticipation.

TheABEPcurriculumhasthreebasiclearninglevels)which,asnotedabove,areequivalenttosevenyearsofeducationintheformalprimaryschoolsystem.

Noneof theparticipating youths knewof this possibility andnoneof the SWsmentioned this asanopportunity forOVC,whohavedroppedoutof schoolandwant tocompleteeducationata laterstage.

ThereisobviousanimmenseneedforwiderinformationaboutthisopportunitybothamongSWs,OVCandfamiliesandcommunities.

4.6 RELEVANCE

Thisanalysisofthe14questionsposedunder“Relevance”inTORswillrelatesolelytothefindingswiththeaimtoverifyand/orexplainthese.Therewill,therefore,notbeafullanalysisofrelevantActs,strategiesandguidelinesandearlierreports,butonlyextractsrelevantfortheseevaluationfindings.Eachquestionwillformtheheadlineforthefollowingsub-chapters.

4.6.1Question 1: The extent to which the programme has been consistent with, and supportive of, the policy and programme framework within which the programme is placed, in particular Botswana National Plan of Action on Orphans and Vulnerable Children 2010-2016, Children’s Act 2009, National Guidelines on the Care of Orphans and Vulnerable Children 2008, Short Term Plan of Action for Orphans in Botswana 1999

37Informationpartlyinterviewcomplementedbyinformationfromwebsite:www.unesco.org/uil/litbase/?menu=13&programme=96


39

Sincethisquestionrequiresanalysisofseveraldocuments,thechapterwillbebrokendownintosections.

4.6.1.1 Analysis of the programme coherence with Children’s Act

SinceChildren’sActformtheframeforallchildinitiativesinBotswana,theanalysisstartswithassessingtheuseoftheAct.

Theanalysiswillhavetwolevels:(i)presentingtheviewsofthelocalgovernments–orimplementers,and(ii)analysingtheseandotherfindingsagainstthetextoftheAct.

ThepositivescoringsoftheSWsareasfollows:

POSITIVE SCORE(Total 11) EFFECT

Children’s Act comprehensive, relevant 9 • Improved the work with children (6)• Empowered especially the fathers as maternal inheritance was not

obvious any longer (3)Act protecting OVC 1 • Helps vulnerable groups. Orphans cases can be treated faster

• Staying at own land reduces anger and implicitly disputesLand allocation Policy 1 • Has reduced property grapping by relatives

Fig. 4.14 – Positive LG experiences with Children’s Act

Thepresentedscoresarethetotalpositivescoresgivenontheinterviewquestionconcerning“Policies,acts,strategiesandplansrelatingtoOVCs”38.

ThereisnodoubtthatChildren’sActwasnecessaryandhasbeenrelevantforthesupportofOVC.ThescoresalsoshowthatotherpoliciesandactsdirectlyorindirectlyaddressingtheneedsofOVCarealsoappliedwithpositiveimpact.

Theindicatedeffecttallieswellwiththespecificprogrammeobjectives

The negativescoringsallrelatetothedifficultiesinimplementingChildren’sActanddoinnowayquestiontherelevanceoftheAct.Outof24negativescoringsthethreehighestscoringarepresentedbelow:

NEGATIVESCORE(Total 24) EFFECT

Children’s Act not known and/or respected by other authorities, e.g. police and Magistrate

6 • Raped children not questioned in separate room, theft cases only about penalty etc.

Children’s Act has no (availed) regulations 8 • Makes it difficult to implement the Act, e.g. The roles of respectively VCPC and DAC not clear

No implementation guidelines 3 • -Relevant Acts, e.g. Sexual Offence Act and Children’s Act, not harmonised

3 • Resulting in illogical decisions and unnecessary disputes

Fig. 4.15 – Negative LG experiences with Children’s Act

38AllLGscoringsarefoundinannex4A


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HalftheinterviewedSWshaveexperiencedproblemswithlawpractitioners’respectfortheAct,whichmakestheworkbedifficultfortheSWs.

ThelackofregulationsanddetailedguidelinefortheimplementationoftheActisanotherchallenge,asitforceseachSWtointerpretthetextoftheActinhis/herownwaymakingtheActbeimplementedinmanyanddiversemannersandincompletelyunknownmanners.

Act’s relatedtochildrenarenotcoordinatedmaking thedefinitionofachildbedifferentdependingontheAct.TheSWsmentionedthatunderChildren’sActachildisachilduntiltheageof18.UndertheSexualOffenceActachildisachilduntilageof15years;achildcandriveavehicleattheageof16yearsalthoughnotbeingresponsibleunderChildren’sAct,anduntilrecentlyacitizencouldnotvoteuntiltheageof21yearsmakingthecitizenbeachilduntiltheageof21years.

AnalysingtheapplicationofChildren’sActagainstthefindingsinchapter4,itbecomesapparentthattheapplicationoftheActis–atbest–random.

Startingwiththelegalauthorities’abidancebytheAct,theActstipulatesthefollowing:

39.(1)Achildren’scourtshallbeheldinformallyandshallsitinaroomotherthan thatin whichanyothercourtordinarilysits. (2)Nopersonshallbepresentatanysittingofachildren’scourtexcept— (a)officersandmembersofthecourt; (b)thechildconcernedandhisorherparents,otherrelativesorguardian; (c)thesocialworkerconcernedinthecase;and (d)suchotherpersonasthecourtmayspeciallyauthorisetobepresent

Furtheronthelegislativepractices:

41.(1)Everymagistrateshallbeacommissionerofchildwelfare(referred tointhisActasa“commissione

TheSWinterviewsclearlystatethattheActisnotrespectedbythemagistratewhereforehe/shecannotbecharacterisedasacommissionerofchildwelfare.

Inchapter4thechildren,localleadersandSWsindicatethatcaregiversdonotalwaysoffertherequiredbasiccaresincecaregiversfrequentlysendOVCtotheSWforassistancenamingthemtheirrealMum.Further,somecaregiversmisusetheprovidedsupportforownpurposes,amongothersforalcohol.TheChildren’sActstipulates:

42. ForthepurposesofthisAct,achildinneedofprotectionmeansachild— (a) whohasbeenabandoned,neglected,ill-treatedorexploitedand— (i) nosuitableadultrelativeorothersuitableadultcanbefoundwhoiswillingandable tocareforthechild;or (ii) hisorherparentsorotherrelativeshavebeenfoundbutareunwillingorunableto careforthechild;


41

Veryfewofthegrandmothersandotherelderlyrelativesareemotionally,physicalandfinanciallyabletobeafosterparentwiththerangeofresponsibilitiesimpliedinsuchatask.

OVCneedsupporttoovercomethegriefandsubsequentlyandcontinuouslyreceiveablesupporttodevelopemotionally,physically,intellectuallyandsocially.

Thechallengeswhenselectinggrandmothersorotherelderlypeoplearethefollowing:

• Mostelderlywillnothaveattendedschoolandcanthereforenotsupportthechildwith homework • Povertyisrampantinmostofthesehomeswhich-overallorentirely–dependonOVC support.Adequatephysicalchilddevelopmentmustthusbequestioned.Nutritiousfood isaswellofimportancefordevelopmentofbraincapacity • Stimulation(physicallyandmentally)isapreconditionforlaterintellectualperformance. Thiscannotbeprovidedbyelderly,pooranduneducatedcaregivers • Whensplittingsiblingtheclosestrelativeismucholderandcannotplayanadequate social/guidanceroleintheupbringingofthechild.Thelivesofthetwofarapart generationsareverydifferentandtheelderlycaregiverwillnotbeabletounderstand modernsocialandintellectualrequirementsandopportunities.

Despite thepositive role thatkinplay in the livesofmanyorphans, for somechildren,kinare sourcesof stress.Oneof the strikingpractices thatcomeout frequently inchildwelfareworkshopsaswellasdiscussionswithindividualsocialworkersaroundthecountryisthatkinrarelyconsultchildrenaboutwheretheyprefer to stay following thedeathof theirparent/s. Suchdecisionsare largelyhandledbyadultrelatives.Thispracticepartlyarisesfromcommunities’lackofawarenessonchildren’srightsaswellasthecultureofBotswanawhichtendstoputemphasisonadultdecision-making.Further,thereisnotraditionforadult-childcommunicationaboutmattersofpertinencetochildren.

TheabilityofchosenrelativesisquestionablereferringtotheAct.Inmanycasesit isgrandmothersandotherelderlyrelatives,whobecomecaregiverssincetheseareregardedasmorereliablewithregardtouseandutilisationoftheOVCsupport.Bymakingthistheoverridingfactorforapprovalascaregiver,thechild’sneedsforothertypesofsupportareneglected.ThisisadequatelycateredforintheAct:

70. The court shall not make an order for the foster care of a child to a person who— (a) is not willing or able, emotionally, physically, financially or otherwise,tofosterachild; (b)hasnotbeenassessed by a social worker tobesoable

71.Beforeachildren’scourtplacesachildinfostercare,thecourtshallconsider a report by a social worker regardingthe— (a)generalconduct,homeenvironment,cultural,religiousandlinguisticbackground, schoolrecordsandmedicalhistory(ifany)ofthechild; (b)availabilityofapersonwithasimilarbackgroundtothatofthechildwhoiswilling andabletoprovidefostercaretothechild;and (c) suitabilityofthepersonwillingandabletofosterthechild,keepinginmindthe necessitytoensurethesafetyandgeneralwell-beingofthechild.

73.Achildren’scourtshallorderachildtobeplacedinfostercareforsuchperiod asthecourtconsiderstobeinthebestinterestsofthechild.


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Finally, inaccordancewitharticle12theCRCconcerningparentingdeath“childrennotonlyhavetherighttoarticulatetheiropinionswithregardtoissuesthataffectthem,buttheyalsohavearighttohavetheseopinionsheard”.

TherelevanceoftheChildren’sActiscementedbytheSWs.Further,itisobviousthatOVCandotherchildrenneedadequatepolicyandlegislativeattentiontohavelives,whichwilldevelopthemintocompetentandresponsibleadults,whoareself-reliantandabletocontributetowardsdevelopingBotswana.Butthebreachofrules,forexampletheuseofunablecaregivers,lackofcaregiverassessmentbychildren’scourtincombinationwithlackofhomevisitsandPSSforcerelativesalone,astraditionbids,todecidethefutureofcaregiversoranorphan.However, legally thedecisionshouldbemadebyachildren’scourtbasedonacomprehensiveSWreport.NeitherSWreportnorchildren’scourtexistsinthevisitedlocalities.Cuttingacrossallfindingsneitherbudgetnorlegislativeauthoritiesallowforminimumabidancebytherulesandactintheinterestofthechild.

4.6.1.2. Analysis of coherence with National Guidelines on the Care of Orphans and Vulnerable Children 2008

TheNationalGuidelinesontheCareofOrphansandVulnerableChildren2008 isearlier thanChildren’sAct.WithonlyoneyearofoperationsbeforetheActcamelittleanalysiswillbemadeoftherelevanceoftheseguidelines.

Theprogrammingprinciplesare:

1.Strengthenthecapacityoffamiliestoprotectandcarefororphansandvulnerable childrenbyprolongingthelivesofparentsandprovidingeconomic,psychosocialanother support; 2.Mobiliseandsupportcommunity-basedresponses; 3.Ensureaccessfororphansandvulnerablechildrentoessentialservices,including education,healthcare,birthregistrationandothers; 4.Ensurethatgovernmentsprotectthemostvulnerablechildrenthrough improvedpolicyandlegislationandbychannelingresourcestofamiliesand communities;and 5.Raiseawarenessatalllevelsthroughadvocacyandsocialmobilisation tocreateasupportiveenvironmentforchildrenandfamiliesaffectedbyHIV/AIDS.

WhereChildren’sActmainlyoutlinesgovernmentalresponsibilities,theguidelinesemphasiseonsupportingandstrengtheningfamilyandcommunitycapacitytotakeadequateresponsibilityforchildrenandfamiliesaffectedbyHIV/AIDS.

Sincesolegovernmentaleffortsareexpensiveandtendtocometoactasasafetynetmakingthesupportedpeoplerelaxonownresponsibilities,theguidelines’emphasisiscriticalforcreatinglastingimpact.

TheguidelineswerenevermentionedbytheSWs,whichcouldleadtotheassumptionthattheguidelineshavebeenovertakenbyChildren’sActwithoutanalysingtheroleofthetwointandem.

4.6.1.3 Analysis of programme coherence with Botswana National Plan of Action for Orphans and Vulnerable Children 2010-2016 and Short Term Plan of Action for Orphans in Botswana 1999

The two plans will be treated together here since Botswana National Plan of Action for Orphans andVulnerableChildren2010-2016toa largeextentbuildsontheexperienceswithShortTermPlanofAction(STPA)inBotswana1999.EmphasiswillbeontherelevanceofthePlanofActionsincethecontextofthelattercannotbefullyestablishedandwithittherelevanceoftheobjectivesandcontentSTPAcannotbe


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reasonablyestablished,whiletheresultsderivingfromitareclearlydefined.ThestructureofthestrategyisclearbuildingonlessonslearntfromtheSTPA:

• Orphanandvulnerablechildren’sissuesarecomplexandrequiremulti-facettedinterventions • Conflictbetweenlawsandpolicies • Lawsaredifficulttoenforceduetosocio-cultural,institutionalcapacityandcommunity relatedfactors • Appliedresearchandevaluationsarecriticalforevidence-basedplanning

As it appears these findings and conclusions tallywell with the present findings in this evaluation. Thisconfirmsthatlimitedpoliticalactionhasbeentakensince2009,wherethisactionplanwasdeveloped.Fromlessonslearntthestrategicpapermovestochallenges,whichareimpliedintheaboveandfurthertotheneedforaparadigmshiftincluding:

• Removingduplicationsandoverlaps(Manyfamiliesgetvariouspackagesofsupporte.g. foodpackageforunder5children,OVCpackage,povertyeradicationpackageetc. Inadditionsomeofthesefamiliesmayreceivesupportfromchurchesand/orNGOs) • Ensurelong-termfinancialsustainability • Empowerfamiliesthroughtransformativeapproaches • Constantlybeingontheoutlookfornegativeconsequences • Dealingwithfactors–andnotsymptoms–contributingtovulnerability

Having inmind the findings inchapter 4 togetherwithadditionaldetailed findings in theannexes theaboveparadigmshift ishighlyrelevant.However,fiveyears laternothinghashappened:resourcesarenotallocated;capacityamongLGstaff,familiesandcommunitymembersarewanting;atransformativeapproach–development–isnotprioritisedbythemanagementatlocalandcentralgovernmentlevels,neitheratpoliticallevel.

Allmajor reportsonOVC intervention inBotswanasince2002haveoverallhad the samefindingsandrecommendations–apparentlytonoavail.

4.6.1.4 Findings, conclusions and recommendations

Findings:

• Theprogrammegoalsandobjectivesarefullyinlinewiththeanalysedpolicypapers andguidelines.Buttheimplementationissubstantiallywanting; • Theanalysedlegalandstrategicdocumentsareallrelevant,butremainbasicallyunapplied; • Existingpolicies,legislationandstrategiesconcerningchildrenarenotharmonisedcausing unnecessarydisputesamongimplementers; • CapacityofBotswanapoliticianstocombinepolicies/legislation,budgetallocationand correspondingcapacitydevelopment39seemstobewanting; • Asaconsequenceoftheabovethreefindings,thereisinsufficientcoherencebetween programmeimplementationandthenationalpapersonOVC.Conclusions:

• ThelackofpoliticalactionmayhavefatalconsequencesastheBotswanaeconomywill beoverstrainedifcontinuingprovidingin-kindanddirectfinancialsupporttoOVC,their familiesanddestitutepeople.ThelatterismentionedasOVCtypicallygraduate intoacareerasdestitutebecauseofthemissingalternativestoatraditional academiceducationandmoresupportivecaregiveropportunities;

39UnderstoodastheOECDdefinitionofcapacitydevelopmentcomprisingdevelopmentofinstitutional,organisational,systemic,individualandinfrastructuralcapacities.


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• Thehugediscrepancybetweengoalsandobjectivesandprogrammeimplementation, inclusiveofcoherencewithkeyOVCpapersexplainsthelackofsustainablechanges andthusofbetterlivesofthechildren.

Recommendations:

• Capacitydevelopmentoftheentirepoliticalentitiesatcentralandlocalgovernmental levels; • Children’sActandNationalGuidelinesontheCareofOrphansandVulnerableChildren 2008arecomplementarydocumentswhichneedone,detailedimplementationguideline; • DevelopmentofupdatedandsimpleM&Estrategyandframeworksupportedby thenecessarycapacitydevelopmentwiththeviewtohaveevidencesonwhichto strengthenandcoordinatepolicies,legislation,definitionsandactions; • Makegoalsandobjectivesberealistictoenablefullimplementationandthus governmentalcoherencewithownlegislativedocumentsandnationalactionplans.

4.6.2

Question 2: Analyses of lessons learnt from past experience, and of sustainability issues

Partofthe lessons learnt analysiswasdoneinthechapterabove,concludingthatlessonslearntfromSTPAwere incorporated into BotswanaNational PlanofAction forOrphansandVulnerableChildren2010-2016,butwereneverpracticed.

Moreorlesssimilarfindings,conclusionsandrecommendationsweremadeinUNICEF’sSituationalAnalysis,2011,whichinshortemphasiseson:

• Inclusionofchildrenindecision-making; • Needforevidence-basedchilddata; • Increasedpubliceducationandadvocacy;and • Capacitybuildingoftheentirerangeofservice-providers.

ThisreportrepeatedandexpandedlessonslearntfromtheSTPAwithoutinstigatingsignificantchangesincapacityandapproach.

Withregardtosustainability allbothcentralandlocalgovernmentstaffsansweredthattheapproachisnotsustainable.Thelackofimplementationoflessonslearnt,andofM&Esystemsdetailingwherelessonsarenotappliedandfinallythelackofconsequencesofnoorlowperformanceallhamperthelikelihoodofsustainability.

Inaddition,caregiverspreferredtobesupportedwithIGA(knowledgeandskills;noticeably,accesstocreditetc.)insteadofreceivingin-kindsupport.Thecaregiversmentionsustainabilityasoneofthemainreasonsforthispreference.SuchsupportwouldensurethemadecentlifeandadequatestatusasanableadulttowardstheOVC.Thecurrentflagshipprogrammewasnotregardedasrelevantforcreationofsustainableincome.

Further,theIGAwouldmakethemself-reliantandthusindependentfromOVCsupportwhenthisexpiresorthechildchoosestomove.CaregiversoftheageoftheparentsdoattimesgiveuptheirownIGAtotakepropercareoftheorphan(s)livingsolelyfromtheprogrammesupport.ButwhenthisstopsitisdifficultforthesecaregiverstoreturntothepastIGAandrestartthebusinesshavingnofinancialresources.


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ThePSScouldhelpthechildfocusonpositivesinlifeandteachtheOVChowtomakeuseofopportunities,negativelyaffectsthefocusinlifeandthementalenergytoovercomechallenges.Childrenwithanuntreatedgriefoftenbecomebitterand/oraggressiveandbecomedifficulttohandleforcaregiversandconflictsarisemakingthechildusetheOCPsupportasmeanstotakepoweroverorotherwiseharassthecareprovisionfamily.ThelackofPSSmakesitdifficultforachildtodevelopapositiveself-esteemandrealisticpictureofownstrengthsandweaknessesandthusengageconstructivelyinhis/hersociallife.

Finally,thelittleemphasisonalternativeandmodernskillsandknowledgeresultsinmanyOVChavingnoincomeattheageof18yearsresultingintransitiontodestitutesupport.


Findings:

• Evenwhenlessonslearntareincorporatedtheyarenotpracticedinthesucceeding periodofimplementation; • Thepresentapproach,withnosupportatallforindividualdevelopmentoffamily members,caregiversandtheOVC,isnotsustainable.

Conclusions:

• Acknowledgingthatthegovernmentdoesnotallocatetheresourcesthatare sufficientfortheplannedactivities40andwithadecliningnationaleconomyin sight,itisverytimelytochangetoasustainableapproachasdescribedinNational PlanofActionforOrphansandVulnerableChildren2010-2016andinNational GuidelinesontheCareofOrphansandVulnerableChildren2008.

Recommendations:

• Makeeachfamilymakeanactionplanfortheirliveasfosterfamilyguidedbythe prioritiesintheabove-mentionednationaldocuments; • Availskilledtrainingincombinationwithliteracyatvariouslevelsandwithinnew–and thuspotentiallyincomegenerating–activitiessuchas:computerrepair,TV repair,mobilerepair,agriculturalproductione.g.fruits,valueaddingto agriculturalproductsandmuchmore.

4.6.3

Question 3: The programme’s coherence with current/on-going initiatives

TheOCPsupportisoftennottheonlysupportprovidedtotheaffectedfamilies.Inadditionthefollowingisprovided:

• Schoolfeedingprogramforallstudentsinprimaryandsecondaryschools; • GuidanceandCounselingTeachersinschoolsassistindealingwiththeeducational andsocio-healthissuesofchildren; • TheCirclesofSupportProgramme(COS),acommunityandschoolbasedapproach tomeetingtheneedsofOVCbydevelopinglocalnetworksofsupport,withtheaimto providebasicneedsandpsychosocialsupport(PSS)tovulnerablechildrentoenable themtoremaininorre-enterschoolandreachtheirfulldevelopmentalpotential

40Referencetochapter4.2.2


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• OSCEandABEPprogrammes;and • Povertyreductionactivities.

Outside this there are two other programmes supporting families in Botswana: The nutrition supportofferedtoallchildrenunder5,whichmakesitduplicatetheOVCprogramme,andthecurrentPovertyEradicationFlagshipProgrammedetailsonwhichhavebeendifficulttotrack.However,inoneofthelocationssomeoftheOVCfamiliesreceivedgoatsasastart-up“capital”.Sinceitwasinarea,wherehuntinghasbeen the stable foodsourceandhunting is forbidden inBotswana, the familiesate thegoatsassubstitutefoodforthelackinghuntinganddidnotestablishanyIGA.InternetsearchonresultsfrompovertyeradicationprogrammesinBotswanaovertheyearsshowduplicationofbusinesseswhichhampersthebusinessofbothexistingandsupportedtraders.Moreover, reportsmention inadequatesupplyofequipmentfore.g.beekeepingetc.

TheSWs,whoareresponsiblefortheimplementationofsupporttoOVCarethesamewhoimplementotherbigprogrammesinclusiveofpovertyeradicationinitiatives.ThismayexplainthetimeandresourceconstraintsmentionedbytheSWs.

Further, itwasnotedthatflagshipprogrammesmakeuseofvehiclesallocatedtootherprojectsandprogrammes,amongothertheOVCprogramme,significantlyreducingopportunitiesforSWstoconducttheirfieldworkinclusiveofhomevisits.

UNDP Botswana, runs 4 projects on Poverty Eradication mainly at the governmental capacitydevelopment level supporting formulation of relevant policies, development of national assessmentsystemsdefiningsocialstatus,availabilityofarangeofresourcesetc.;institutionalsupportofpro-poortradeandprivatesectordevelopment,andstrengtheningofcapacitytointegrateenvironmentissuesintodevelopment.Theseeffortsensureasupportiveenvironmentforpovertyeradication,butapparentlylacktheenforcementpartofthegainedcapacity.

USAIDprogrammesfocusonthealleviationofHIV/AIDSinthecountrysupportingtheSecondBotswanaNational Strategic Framework for HIV and AIDS 2010 – 2016 through strengthening of indigenousorganisationsandtheGovernmentofBotswanabybringingtechnicalexpertiseandfinancialsupport.Regionalprogramsalsoaddresseconomicgrowthandenvironment,increaseregionaltrade,enhanceagriculturalproduction,andensuresoundmanagementoftrans-boundarynaturalresources.ProgramssupportthreePresidentialInitiatives:thePresident’sEmergencyPlanforAIDSRelief,FeedtheFuture,andtheGlobalClimateChangeinitiative.

Vision2016isaboutchangeinBotswanaandhowtomanagetheprocess.Changeisconceptualisedas“afundamentaltransformationacrossthebroadspectrumofthesocial,economic,entrepreneurial,political,spiritualandculturallivesofBatswana”

Theplansuggeststhatbytheyear2016,Botswanawillhavequalityeducationandhealthsystemsthatareadaptable to thechangingneedsof thecountryand thatempowercitizens tobecomebetterproducersofgoodsandservices.Healthfacilitieswillbeefficientandaccessible,andpopulationgrowthwellcontrolledsothateveryonecanbenefitfromsocio-economicprovision.HIV/AIDSisalsoaddressed.Vision 2016anticipates thatby the year 2016 therewill bea zero rateof new infections, aswell asmechanismsinplacetocaterforallthoseinfectedandaffected.

TheaboveactivitiesandintentionsareallwellalignedandhavethepotentialtobringsustainablybetterlivingconditionstothepoorestpopulationinBotswana,ifimplementedasintended.


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Findings:

• ThewidescopeofsupportandcoverageoftheOVCprogrammemakesitdeliverto keyareasofthenationalvisionsandplansandtherebybefullycoherentwithnational plansandstrategiesandimplicitlywithotherongoingactivities; • Theprogrammeactivitiescomplement,butdoesnotoverlapwithotheractivities addressingtheneedsofOVC; • TheapparentmixingofOVCandflagshipprogrammeresourcesmaymaketheOVC programmehavedifficultiesdeliveringasplanned43 andthusbelesscoherentwith otherongoingactivities.

Conclusions:

• Ifnotonlybeingcoherentwithotheractivities,butcollaboratingdirectlywiththe mentionedotherongoingactivities,notleastrelevantpovertyeradicationprojects, theOVCprogrammewouldhelpchildrenandfamilyoutofpovertyandcontinued dependence.

Recommendations:

• ToturnUNDP’ssupportintoactionthereisneedtoturnthesecapacitiesintoaction throughsupportof:(i)moderntechnicaltraininginstitutionsofferingrelevantcourses, training,educationand(later)updatingoftrainingandeducation–maybein combination withliteracytraining;(ii)modernagriculturaltraining centresofferingalllevelsoftrainingfromone-weekfarmertraininginonespecific production,whichisgrown/producedatthetrainingcentres allowingforacombinationofhands-onandtheoreticaltraininglikeSonghaiin Benin44;affordablecreditfacilitieslikeEquityBankinKenyaofferingmicrocreditto thepoorestpartofthepopulationpresentlyhaving8millionclientsandthus beingthebiggestbankinKenya45.

• FAOwouldbearelevantpartnertoinvitewithawiderscopeofdirectlypovertyrelated andagri-basedactivities.

4.6.4Question 4: The quality of the problem analysis and the programme’s intervention logic and logical framework matrix, appropriateness of the objectively verifiable indicators of achievementQuestion 12: The realism in the choice and quantity of inputs (financial, human and administrative resources);Question 14: The appropriateness of the recommended monitoring and evaluation arrangements.

AnationalM&E frameworkonOVCwasdeveloped in2008aimingatenablingproblemanalysisandevidence-basedplanning.TheeffortsarerelevantandcommendableandthefollowingcritiquesshouldbeviewedinthelightoftheageoftheM&Eframework,sincemuchhashappenedinM&Esince2008.

43ReferencetoSWstatementsin4.2.2 44Detailsonapproachat:www.songhai.org/index.php/en/home-en 45Detailsonhistoryandtypeofbusinessat:http://equitybankgroup.com/


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Thespecificobjectivesincludethefollowing:

• MonitorandevaluatetheimplementationoftheNSFactivitiesthatarerelatedtochildren; • TomonitorthesuccessofthenationalOVCresponseandidentifyinterventionsforscale-up; • PromotetheutilisationofmonitoringandevaluationdataintheplanningofOVCinterventions; • Promotetheimplementationofevidencedbasedinterventions; • TocreateaninformationdatabaseforBotswana’stimelyreportingonitsUNGASS commitmentandtheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals; • TostrengthenthecapacityofDSS,S&CD,NGOs/CBOsandFBOstocollectandusedata appropriately.

ViewedinthelightoftheabsentM&Eactivitiesthisinitiativewashighlycommendable.

TheBotswanaNationalPlanofActiononOrphansandVulnerableChildren2010-2016hasa logframeinchapter7,butnoM&Eframework.

In the visited locations no systematicM&E took place. Some very limited statisticswas gatheredwhentheSWshadtime.Thismakesthenationaldata,onwhichthefunding is released,begreatlyuncertain.Uniformityindatacollection,datacompilationanddataanalysisdoesnotexist.

Further, theworkwith twogroups, respectivelyOVCandvulnerablechildren,makes thedatabemoreblurred sincemostOVCarevulnerablemaking itunclearwhere to recorddata. In2008 theDSSunderMoLGwasmade responsible forestablishmentandcoordinationofM&Eactivitiesandwas taskedwithdevelopingguidelinesandconductcapacitybuilding.TheinterviewsinDSPgavenoanswertowhyM&Enevertookshape.

It isnotclearwhetherthe2008frameworkshouldcontinuebeingusedcomplementarytotheBotswanaNational PlanofActiononOrphansandVulnerableChildren 2010-2016orwhether the latter replacedearlierM&Eactivities.Neithercanstandaloneandtogethertheydonotfullyreflecttheintentiontoimprovethequalityoflifeoforphansandvulnerablechildrenamongothersbecausethecaregivercapacityisnotall captureddespitebeing theprecondition for improvedOVC lives. BotswanaNationalPlanofActiononOrphans and Vulnerable Children 2010-2016 logframe emphasises entirely on system development,whichisacriticalaspect,butwhichcannotbethesoleactivitieswhenintendingtocreatebetterlives.Thesystems,whicharecurrentlynon-existentordormant,areveryrelevantforchannelingofinformationfromgovernmenttothetargetgroupsandviceversa.

The indicators in the National Guidelines Care of Orphans and Vulnerable Children were not SMARTindicators46.

Someexamplesbelow:INDICATOR FOCUS AREA COMMENTS5 Proportion of OVC receiving food

and material assistancePSS The indicator does not reflect the service of the focus area.

An indicator could have been: Proportion of OVC receiving PSS at (i) enrolment in the programme and (ii) when needs arise

7 School completion rate Education Since completion may not result in the OVC having an independent adult life, it is relevant to add the transition rate. This would, further, be in line with Vision 2016 focus areas

12 Number of families equipped with survival skills

Family cap. This is an output indicator and relevant at that level. If intending to mea-sure results/changes the indicator could be: Number of equipped families providing full support to the OVCs in the family. “Full support” will have to be defined to make the indicator SMART

13 Percentage of organisations that have been capacitated to care of OVC

Comm. Cap. This is an output indicator and relevant at output level. It does, however, not measure results/changes. An outcome indicator could be: Percentage of OVC being cared for by local organisations with regard to respectively x, y z type of care.

46SMARTstandsfor:Specific;Measurable;Achievable;RelevantandTime-bound


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IntheBotswanaNationalPlanofActiononOrphansandVulnerableChildren2010-2016allachievementspresupposefullyoperationalCouncilsandcommitteesatnational,districtandvillagelevelwithagraduationfrom50%in2010,to90%in2011/2012to100%in2012/2013incombinationwithvarioussystemicdevelopmentsintermsofTermsofReference,developmentoftools,implementationofcouncilmeetingsandmuchmore.Althoughallfindingspointatminimalactivitiesinthesestructures,therehasapparentlybeennoattempttoanalyseandremedythesituation,whichhasanadverseeffectonotherachievements.Inaddition,otherachievementswerequiteoptimistic.

Noneoftheoutcomeoroutputtargetshaveindicators.Finally,theformulationinpresenttenseisunusual.Targetsaregenerallyformulatedinpasttenseimaginingwhat“wouldhavebeen”achievedby2016.Someexamplesof“difficult-to-measure”oroptimisticachievementscomprise:

OUTPUT TARGETS COMMENTS1.2 All district child Protection Committees have the

skills to efficiently coordinate the OVC response at district level by 2016

There are no indicators for measuring of this achievement.An indicator cannot measure “skills”, but only the output of the use of the skills e.g. timely and correct reporting, and/or: 80% of all OVC (statistics of total) involved/supported by the committee (statistics of how many).The mentioning of “All” may be optimistic, as some always perform better than others. If the number of “All” is not known, it is difficult to budget accordingly.Monitoring is mainly a matter of measuring programme performance in terms of results. In areas where the percent-age of OVC being protected is low, immediate action need to be taken from central government level based on data in semi-annual reports.

1.3 All village Child Protection Committee have the skills to efficiently coordinate the OVC response at village level by 2016

As above

1.4 OVC are able to engage in decision-making on all matters that pertain to their well-being by 2016

The intended achievement is presumably not that the OVC “are able to engage”, but rather that they “do” engage. Fur-ther, “able to” can only be measured by use of the ability, in this case engagement in decision-making. The output need-ed an indicator saying: 80% of all supported OVC engage in making a, b c decisions.

2.1 All targets refer to “capacity” As above2.32.4

2.2 All eligible OVC are being refereed and docu-mented at appropriate service points by 2016

The use of “All” is optimistic. It can be left out leaving the indicator to define the percentage.The definition “appropriate service points” is blurred. There need to be a definition either specified: SW desks, recognised village help desk – or as “government approved district and village service points”.


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The 2008M&E frameworkmake use of resourcedemandingdata collectionmethods, e.g. householdsurveys,whichisamethodbeyondtheresourcesofSWs,andevenoffull-timeM&Estaff.Householdsurveys,interviewsandfocusgroupdiscussionsarealltimeconsumingandgivelimitedvoicetothebeneficiariessincedatarecordingcanbesubjectiveandthusoflessapplicabilityunlessmeasuresareplaceverifyingandvalidatingalldata.Thestrengthsofsuchdata,though,aretheusefulness inexplainingstatisticsascause-effectcannotbevalidlyextractedfrompurestatistics.Sincemixeddataareveryinformativeitcanbe recommendedtousehousehold recordsmadeby thecaregiver; structuredobservationsmadebytheteacheroversometime,and/orinterviewswithchildrenorcaregiverswhohaveperformedunusuallypoororwell–maybe20 interviews intotal-withtheviewto learnfromexperience.Focuscanalsobeon“performance”ofthesupportedchildwithregardtophysical,psychological,intellectualandsocialcapacitiestogetherwiththeperformanceofthecaregiverwithregardtoIGAandsupportprovidedtothechildwithregardtochilddevelopmentfactors.Thesedatacanbeprovidedbythecaregiver,theteacherandSWrespectivelyusingspecifictemplateswhetherpaperversionormobilephoneversion.

TheNGO reporting format gives no direct provision for recording of annual progress against plannedachievements. Theschedule forcollectionofeachsetofdata isomittedalthoughnotallactivitieswillproduceresultsall thetimeduringaproject lifespan.Noreportingformatwasfoundandnooverviewoverwhichgroupsofstakeholders(politicians,financedepartments,DSScentrallyandlocallyandotherstakeholders)needwhichcapacitybuildingandthecompetencestoberequiredforthestakeholdertoplayadefinedroleintheM&Eactivitiesandeffectiveandefficientuseofdata.InternetstudyshowsthatNamibiamayhaveaquiteextensivenationalM&EsystemforOVCwhichincludescompleteanduniformNGOreporting.

With regard to the realism in the choice and quantity of inputs (financial, human and administrativeresources)theanalysisonlycoversthebudgetfororphanssincethebudgetforvulnerablechildrenwasnotmadeavailable.Currently,thereare35,076registeredorphansassistedplusacumulativenumberof2,149orphansandvulnerablechildren (nodisaggregation)whohavebeenassisted toaccess tertiaryeducationthroughtheOVCSpecialDispensationonpost-secondaryeducationsupport,asattheendofthe2013/14financialyear.Thebudgetfor2014-15isBWP368,000,000.00(approximatelyUSD34,800,000).BasedonthistheapproximatecostsperchildisUSD915perannumwiththevalueoffoodbasketbeingUSD58.82toUSD76.47permonth.

AstudyofOVCcostsinSub-SaharaAfricafoundthatfostercareestimatesrangefromUSD614toUSD1921.EducationalsupportforprimaryschoolrangedfromUSD30toUSD75.Healthinterventionsthatwouldensurechild survival canbedelivered for about USD55.All studies reviewedwerecarriedout in sub-SaharanAfrica.Alloutcomesareexpressedascostperchildperyear(in2010USD).

ThismakesBotswana’sbudgetbetothelowersite.However,consideringthelong-termsupportprovided,thebudgetmaysufficeifengagingstrongerincaregiverandOVCself-dependence/IGAsincethiswouldrequireshortersupportandthusfreesomebudgetforsupportofmorefamilies.

Chapter5.6.1inBotswanaNationalPlanofActiononOrphansandVulnerableChildrenbrieflydescribestherequiredpreparationswithotherstakeholders.ButithasnobudgetforeachactivityandnotargetednumberofOVC thatneedassistance, trainingetc. Thedescription in the logframe states “all”withoutindicatingthenumbermaking,whichmakesrealisticbudgetingbecomeimpossible.

Moreover,itcannotberegardedasrealistictopaycaregiversfor18yearswithoutofferingnoorlittleothersupportwhenaimingatcreatingbetter lives. The totalamountperchildovera supportperiodofe.g.13yearswouldbeUSD11,895,whichcouldhelpcaregiversandchildrendevelopbetter lives if insteadassistedwithknowledge,skillsandcredit/conditionalgrants.


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Human resources have reduced over the last couple of years as no new SWs are employeddespitelaunching of more social projects, which also require assistance from SWs. SWs have little access totransportation,partlybecausethisisgivenasexpensivevehiclesandpartlybecausethesevehiclesaremadeuseofbyflagshipprojectshinderingSWsfromperformingasexpectedintermsofhomevisits,PSS,collaborationwiththemagistrateetc.TheirtimeandgeneralavailabilityforM&Eiscurrentlyminimal.

Ananalysisofthe appropriatenessofthemonitoringandevaluationarrangementsdescribedinthe2008M&Eframeworkshowsincompletedescriptionsofevaluations,whiletheBotswanaNationalPlanofActiononOrphansandVulnerableChildren2010-2016hasabriefchapterdescribingMonitoring,EvaluationandAppliedResearchwithdescriptionofpreparatoryactivities,butnodescriptionsoftheverydatacollectionandanalysisexercises.

It isnoteasyforadepartmentorNGOtoplanandimplementevaluationsbasedonthelessthanonepageintroduction.TheintroductionhasnoreferencetooruseofOECDcriteriadespitemanyNGOshavingexternalfunding,whichmayrequireinternationalstandardsforevaluations.Further, evaluations consist of consolidated monitoring results, but also of more overall assessments,whereforespecificevaluationindicatorsshouldbeincluded.


Findings:

• TwoincompleteM&Eframeworkexists.Themissingcontent(schedule,evaluationdetails, SMARTindicators,coherentindicatorsetc)mayexplainwhyneithertheM&Eframework, northeactivitiesmentionedinBotswanaNationalPlanofActiononOrphansand VulnerableChildren2010-2016wereneverimplemented.

Conclusions:

• TheabsentM&Eactivitiesarethemaincauseforlategovernmentreactiontothelow OVCprogrammeperformanceandfocushinderingamendmentswhichreflect actualneeds;

• MeansoftransportationforSWsisessentialastheOVCprogrammedutiescanonlybe performedsatisfactorilyifbeingabletopayhomevisitsandotherrelevantvisits.

Recommendations:

• Sincethenationalstrategyiscomingtoanendin2016,itisstronglyrecommendedto formulateanimplementablenewstrategyforOVCinterventionsmeetingtheneeds mentionedinthisandpreviousreportsandsubsequentlydevelopasimple,applicable andrelevantM&Esystem;

Sincedataarerandomandscarce,thereisneedforanin-depthanalysispriortothe formulationofnewnationalOVCstrategy;

• Thereisneedforaholisticapproachprovidingthesupport,whichcannotbeoffered solelybytheprofessionallyselectedcaregivers,sheltersorothercaregiveroptions;


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• TheSWsagreedtotheideaofusingmotorbikesinsteadofvehiclessincetheseare cheapertopurchase,maintainandfuelandcanbeusedeverywhere.Withlowerprice perunitfewerSWswillhavetosharemeansoftransportationandcanthereforebemore efficientandeffective.

4.6.5Question 5: The extent to which stated objectives correctly address the identified problems and social needs, clarity and internal consistency of the stated objectivesQuestion 6: The extent to which the nature of the problems originally identified have changedQuestion 8: The degree of flexibility and adaptability to facilitate rapid responses to changes in circumstancesQuestion 11: The quality of the analysis of strategic options, of the justification of the recommended implementation strategy, and of management and coordination arrangementsQuestion 13: Analysis of assumptions and risks

ThegoalandtheobjectivesoftheOCPareasfollows:

Overall Goal of the OVC programme Toimprovethequalityoflifeoforphansandvulnerablechildrenbyensuringthat theyreceiveoptimalcareandsupport.

Specific Objectives 1.Toformulateandreviewpoliciesandguidelinesthatprotectstherightsoforphans andvulnerablechildren

2. Toensureprovisionofbasicneedstoorphansandvulnerablechildren:Food,HealthCare, EducationandShelter

3.Toensureprovisionofpsychosocialsupportservicestoorphansandvulnerablechildren; andtheirfamilies

Thecurrentobjectivesreflectthe immediateneedsofthepoorOVChouseholds,butfirstly,theneedsofOVCarenotonlybasic,butalsocomplexasstipulatedinChildren’sAct.Theentirerangeofneedsshouldbeassessedbeforeformulatingobjectives.

SincedatainallreportstodateareonlypartlycorrectduetolackofregularM&Eandthusrepresentanactualpictureinagivenlocation,butnotadetailed,verifiednationalpicture,goalsandobjectivescanonlyreflecttherealitypresentedinthisscatteredpictureoftherealandactualOVCsituation.

Thegoal isholisticmentioningsupportofthecaregiverfamilywiththeaimtoenablesatisfactorycareoftheOVC.Satisfactorycareisnotdefined.Butfindingsinthisevaluationshowsthatthisincludes(i)possibleplacingoutsidethefamily;(ii)IGAsupportforcaregiverandOVC,and(iv)supportwithhomework.

OneapproachbeingscoredasinappropriatebytheSWsistheuniformityindistributionofsupport.NottwoOVCorcaregivershavesameneeds,andasmentionedelsewheresomeoftheOVCareplacedinwell-offfamilies,whocaneasilycaterforthebasicneedsoftheOVC.EconomicallywellfoundedfamiliesarealsoaffectedbyHIV/AIDS.TheobjectivesseemtoassumethatallHIV/AIDSaffectedfamiliesarepoorandthatpoorpeoplehaveidenticalneeds.


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Since therehasbeenno systematicdatacollection since the launching in1999, thechangingsituationof theOVChasneverbeenrecordedresulting innil informationaboutwhetherneedshavechanged.Thisevaluationrevealsanumberofuncoveredneeds.ButsinceBotswanaandlifecontextshavechangedconsiderablysince1999newneedshaveobviouslyarisen.Sinceneedschange, it is imperativetohaveaflexibleapproach.Therecent implementation,however,hasbeenrigidprovidingsameandinsufficientsupporttoallOVC.

Thequalityof theanalysisofSTPAexperiencesand results isofqualityand relevant, soare theconclusionsandproposedparadigmshift.However, theproposedactivities,namely trainingofdiversecommunityandgovernmentalstructuresinsupportingOVC,donotrimewiththeproposedparadigmshift.

Analysisofassumptions,risksandmitigationsisclear.Theassumptionsarerelevant,butinsufficientsincethecommunityinterestinparticipatingindiversecommitteesandintakingresponsibilityforOVCingeneral isnotassumeddespiteproposingoutputsrelatingmainlytothis. Inthiscasetheinteresthasnotbeenofsignificanceresultingindormantcommittees.

Assumptions1,2,4,5,6and7haveprovednot tobe real.Despite this,noneof theproposedmitigationshavebeenappliedsatisfactorily.


Findings: • TheinadequateM&EsystemandpracticeshasmadetheMoLGRDimplement withoutsufficientevidenceofprogrammerelevance,effectivenessandefficiency whichhasresultedinapplicationofanotfullyup-to-dateOVCprogrammingand approach; • Thedocumentsanalysedheregivetheimpressionthattheknowledge,skillsand experiencesofthetopimplementersandnationaldocumentproducersneed strengthening; • Thedocumentsareshortofrealismbothinassumptions,mitigations,outputsand proposedorganisationalarrangementsofthesupportofOVC.Itiscurrently difficulttobaseinterventionsinBotswanaonvoluntarism.Conclusions: • Shortcomingsinplanningandimplementationcutacrossallhigherlevelsin thegovernmentaladministrationandsustainablechanges–irrespectiveof sector–cannotbeachievedunlesspowerholdersacceptthedeficitincapacity.

Recommendations: • Considerperformancecontractingallowingforsalaryincrementsandother appreciationswhendeliveringasplanned; • Supportpowerholdersandhigherrankingofficersinspecialising,e.g.inM&Ewith subsequentbenefitsinview; • Beconsistentinallplanningfromanalysistoplannedactivitiesanddevelopment oftherequiredorganisationalandinstitutionalset-upssupportingthedescribed

implementation; • SystematicuseofTheoryofChangeapproachisstronglyrecommendedasit implicitlyforcesdetaileddescriptionsofactors,institutionalarrangements, requirements etc..


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4.6.6Question 9: The quality of the identification of key stakeholders and target groups (including gender analysis and analysis of vulnerable groups) and of institutional capacity issuesQuestion 10: The stakeholder participation in the design and in the management/implementation of the programme, the level of local ownership, absorption and implementation capacity

Thequality of identification of key stakeholders is low.Thisconcerns(i) identificationofbeneficiaries,whichisdoneagainstmerecaregiverregistrationofthechild,and(ii)partners inimplementation.AtnationalleveltheDSPcollaborateswithafewNGOs,whileonlyfewoftheLGsworkdirectlywithNGOs.Moreover,communitystructuresplayedakeyroledespitetheminimalinterestinworkingforfree.

AtLGlevelthegeneralknowledgeaboutthecapacitiesandactivitiesoflocallyimplementingNGOsisverylow.Thisis,amongothers,duetothelackofcoordinatingbody(e.g.DDC)screeningandapprovingallnon-governmentalpartnersindevelopment.

Chapter 4.3 provides precise and multiple examples of institutional incapacity, which means thatidentification of institutional capacity issueshavebeeneitherwantingand/orunrealistic.

The number of children assisted does not have a gender disaggregation. This applies for plannedactivitiesandindicatorsinboththe2008M&EFrameworkandtheBotswanaNationalPlanofActiononOrphansandVulnerablechildren2010-2016.Neitherareactivitiesandoutputsgenderspecific.

Thelevelof stakeholder participationisminimaltoanextentwherecaregiversandtheOVCregardtheSWsastheirrealparentsincethesearetherealprovidersofallsupport.

If the district, village and child protection committees hadworked as intended, thesewould haveservedasamediatohaveinfluenceandtobeinformed.Thecommitteeswouldalsohaveenabledestablishmentofjointcommunityefforts,whichcouldhavemadethewidercommunitytakeresponsibilityforlocalOVCandtheirlifequality.

NGOsandCBOsaregenerallynotrecognisedasablepartnersbySWs.Themeetingwithafewconfirmedthatsomeoughtnottobeallowedtooperate,asthestaffcapacitytomanageandaccountforfundswasminimal,whileotherswerewellfundedandknewexactlywheretofindbudgetandotherdetailsonrequest.


Findings: • Keycommunitycommitteesarenotoronlypartlyoperationalalthoughtheywere meanttoplayakeyroleincommunityengagementinOVCsupport; • Caregivers,whoreportattheSWoffice,arebeingrecordedandsupported.Only inoneofthevisiteddistrictsdotheSWsconductahomevisitbeforedecidingon typeandrelevanceofsupport.Thereisnonationalidentificationprocedureand practicesinplace.Theidentificationthroughhomevisitsispartlyhamperedbylackof transportation,sincevehiclesareusedbyflagshipprojects.TheinterviewsSWs indicatedthatcommunitiesarenotreadytoparticipateinanyrecruitmentorsupport unlesspaid.


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Conclusions: • Asoneresultofthemainlydormantcommittees,identificationandsubsequently involvementofstakeholdersislimitedandnoclearproofwasfoundthatitexistsas organisedpractices.

Recommendations: • Itseemsthatcommunityinvolvementrequiresclearindicationofwhatthecommunity gainsfromparticipatinginidentifyingandsupportingOVCsandcaregivers.This maygenerateanunderstandingofthatgainsisnotonlyamatterofpayment; • Earlyinvolvementofstakeholdersalreadyatplanninglevelmaycreateownershipand thusaninterestinbeingavoluntarypartoftheimplementation; • Ifinvolvingstakeholdersattheplanningstageallowingthemtoinfluencetypeand contentofactivities,theymaysuggestactivitieswhichtheyfeelcapableofmanaging andimplementingbothwithregardtoresources,knowledgeandskills.Itshouldbenoted thatOVCareregardedasstakeholders.

4.7 EFFECTIVENESS4.7.1Question 15: Whether the planned benefits have been delivered and received, as perceived by all anticipated beneficiaries

TheplannedbenefitsinBotswanaNationalPlanofActiononOrphansandVulnerableChildren2010-2016aremultipleandeachcannotbeanalysedindetailsinthisreport.Insteadtheanalysiswillconcerndeliverytothethreespecificobjectivesandtothetwooutcomesinthenationalstrategy.

Onthefirstthefollowingcanbeconcluded:

OBJECTIVES FINDINGS1 To formulate and

review policies and guidelines that protect the rights of orphans and vulnera-ble children

The key documents are: Botswana National Plan of Action on Orphans and Vulnerable Children 2010-2016, Children’s Act 2009, National Guidelines on the Care of Orphans and Vulnerable Children 2008, Short Term Plan of Action for Orphans (STPA) in Botswana 1999.The relevance and use of these have been analysed in chapter 4.5.1.The findings are Children’s Act should form the frame for all child related activities in Botswana. The only document, which is of later date the Act is the national action plan, which fully corresponds with the intentions of the Act, but has a far too narrow scope of interventions to deliver to the Act. For example magistrates and SWs, who play a key role in the act play no role in the national strategy.As the year of each document indicates there have been reviews of key policies and guidelines since 1999.

2 To ensure provision of basic needs to or-phans and vulnerable children: Food, health Care, Education and Shelter

Chapter 4.2.1 accounts for the delivery to basic needs. The findings shows that the targeted families receive the intended support of basic needs, but also that the support, in some cases, is misused by the caregivers. Chapter 4.3 also shows that the administra-tion of the support of basic needs, in-kind support – has multiple shortcomings having counterproduc-tive effect on the quality of the life of the OVC, e.g. lower school attendance and performance.Shelter is mentioned negatively by the beneficiaries in chapter 4.3. And the conflicts mentioned by both caregivers and children indicate that the number and types of alternative caregiving/shelter opportunities are far too few.

3 To ensure provision of psychosocial support services (PSS) to orphans and vulnera-ble children; and their families

PSS does in principle not exist in any of the visited locations. Only in one location was the PSS mentioned positively by the beneficiaries. Both caregivers and children mention the relief experienced when receiving PSS. This means that a vast majority are not relieved, which may explain the aggression that both OVC and parents notice is common among OVC.It should be noted that the caregiver, being a relative, also need PSS

Fig. 4.16 – Listing of overall achievements


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Turningtothetwooutcomesinthenationalstrategythefindingsare:

Fig. 4.17 – Listing of outcomesOUTCOMES FINDINGS

1 Coordination structures and instruments are functioning effec-tively and facilitating the delivery of quality services to all OVC by 2016

The basic needs are met although with some challenges.Despite having set these outcomes no new SWs have been recruited for around two years. Means of transportation to reach out and have home visits are mini-mally availed, which have negative consequences.In chapter 4.3 both beneficiaries and SW score significantly negatively on the administration of the in-kind support and delivery of PSS. Thus the system itself is of the opinion that the intended service quality is not delivered (e.g. PSS, home assessments and shelter) and what is delivered (in-kind support, minimal PSS and shelter) is poorly delivered.Around 2,200 children have completed tertiary education since the launch of the programme. The SWs could not confirm completion, but enrolment.This overall inadequate service delivery is reflected in the part- or non-achieve-ment of either of the goals.

2 Orphans and vulnerable children access and use quality protec-tion, care and support services increased from 48.7% to 100% by 2016

Chapter 4.3 and 4.4 provides a wide range of examples and impact on the following extracts.Outcome 2 builds on providing families with the required skills to support and protect the OVC, which has only limitedly been provided. Where it has been provided it has had very positive effects, so output 2.1 is highly relevant.In output 2.3 families should have, among others, the financial capacity to support the OVC. Since the poorest relatives take an OVC to have basic needs covered and there is no support for establishment of IGAs, output 2.3 is far from achieved, but extremely important. It should be noted that people ask for credit facilities and training and not for cash or in-kind hand-out as practised in the poverty eradication programmeThe collaboration with NGOs/CBOs is minimal and the present capacity is very diverse. Scattered and minimal capacity building has been offered and nocapacity criteria for NGOs/CBOs are defined by the government.Most local committees on which this outcome is based are ineffective, which negatively affects the achievements


Findings: • Allgoals,objectives,outcomes,outputsinthetwodocuments,whicharecurrently determiningtheworkwithOVCatnationallevel,arerelevantandcanprovideeffective deliveryifprovidedwithrealistictargets;

• Thepreconditionsforachievements(ofsufficientnumberofoutreachingSWsandactiveand well-trainedlocalcommittees)arenotinplace; • Therearenochildprotectionmeasuresinplace.Regularhomevisitswouldbetheminimal interventiononthis.Conclusions: • Thedeliverytobasicneedsisclosetofullyachieved,probablyover-achievedsincenotall familiesareinneedofthissupport; • Thecapacity,andmaybethedesign,ofsystemsandstructurestoqualityandfullservice deliveryandchildprotectioniswantingresultingintheservicedeliverybeinginsufficientand ineffective.

Recommendations: • Thattheservicedeliverysystemsbeassessedagainsttheplannedtypesandsizeofservice deliveryandbereorganisedinaccordancewiththefindingstoenableeffectiveandefficient servicedelivery;


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Fig. 4.17 – Listing of outcomesOUTCOMES FINDINGS

1 Coordination structures and instruments are functioning effec-tively and facilitating the delivery of quality services to all OVC by 2016

The basic needs are met although with some challenges.Despite having set these outcomes no new SWs have been recruited for around two years. Means of transportation to reach out and have home visits are mini-mally availed, which have negative consequences.In chapter 4.3 both beneficiaries and SW score significantly negatively on the administration of the in-kind support and delivery of PSS. Thus the system itself is of the opinion that the intended service quality is not delivered (e.g. PSS, home assessments and shelter) and what is delivered (in-kind support, minimal PSS and shelter) is poorly delivered.Around 2,200 children have completed tertiary education since the launch of the programme. The SWs could not confirm completion, but enrolment.This overall inadequate service delivery is reflected in the part- or non-achieve-ment of either of the goals.

2 Orphans and vulnerable children access and use quality protec-tion, care and support services increased from 48.7% to 100% by 2016

Chapter 4.3 and 4.4 provides a wide range of examples and impact on the following extracts.Outcome 2 builds on providing families with the required skills to support and protect the OVC, which has only limitedly been provided. Where it has been provided it has had very positive effects, so output 2.1 is highly relevant.In output 2.3 families should have, among others, the financial capacity to support the OVC. Since the poorest relatives take an OVC to have basic needs covered and there is no support for establishment of IGAs, output 2.3 is far from achieved, but extremely important. It should be noted that people ask for credit facilities and training and not for cash or in-kind hand-out as practised in the poverty eradication programmeThe collaboration with NGOs/CBOs is minimal and the present capacity is very diverse. Scattered and minimal capacity building has been offered and nocapacity criteria for NGOs/CBOs are defined by the government.Most local committees on which this outcome is based are ineffective, which negatively affects the achievements

• Thatnationalpoliciesandplansarerealistictoensurequalityandeffectiveservice delivery.Ratherdeliverasplannedanddeliverless,thandeliverlittleofwhathasbeen promisedtothepeople.4.7.2Question 16: How unintended results have affected the benefits received positively or negatively and how well these could have been foreseen and managed;

Toillustratethequestiontheonemostpositiveandnegativeunintendedresultwillbehighlightedhere.

Themostnoticeableunintended positive resultintheconsiderableuniformandpositiveattitudeamongcaregiversthattheywanttobeself-reliantandtotallyandimmediatelyrejectedtheideaofconditionalcashtransferandin-kindhand-outs,inclusiveofthosefromparallelprogrammes.

Thispositiveresultbuildsonnegativeexperienceswiththecurrentsupport.

ThemostunintendednegativeresultistheoverallpoorservicedeliveryfrombothLGside,fromthelocalchildprotectioncommitteesanddistrictdevelopmentcommittee,localcommunities,NGOs/CBOsandotherrelevantbodies.ThelittleuseofNGOsandCBOsandthecapacityoftheseaddtotheinadequatedeliverytothetotalachievements.

Inadequatepoliticalsupportoftheprogramme,appearingasreducedfunds/commitmentintermsofgraduallymoreoverworkedSWsandlaxitywithregardtoabidancebychild-relatedlegislationbylawpractitioners.

Withregardtoforeseeabilityofresults,thepositiveresultofnegativeexperienceswiththequalityandrelevanceofservicedeliverywasunforeseeable,butshouldbepositivelyandimmediatelyrespondedto.

Lackofresponsemayresultinpassivityandfullbeneficiaryconveniencewiththedependencyrole–athreattothesystemacknowledgingthecurrentandexpectedfuturefinancialcapacityofBotswana.Thenegative results could not only havebeen foreseen,but could havebeenavoided if politicallycommittingtotheprogrammebyrecruitingnewSWstoreplacestheones,wholefttheservice–andeven increase the number, since additional programmes also depend on SW interventions. Further,sufficientandrelevantcapacitydevelopmentofall stakeholders fromdecision-makers tocommunitymembersisapreconditiontoenablethemtoactandengageandenvisaged.Thiswasonlyscarcelyoffered.

4.7.2.1 Findings, Conclusions and recommendations

Findings:

• Theexamplesprovideapictureofthatunforeseenpositiveandnegativeresultshave beenachievedandthattheycanbeandcouldhavebeenmanaged.Conclusions: • TheseeminglytotallackofpoliticalsupportoftheSWworkingconditionshasrigorously affectedtheprogrammeachievementsnegatively.Thefewerstaffandincreasein workloadmakeactsandnationalstrategiesbenothingbutapieceofpaper,whichis politicallyandstrategicallyriskysincepopularaspirationsaredisappointedaspoverty increases.Itleavesahighnumberoffamiliesandindividualsinadevastatingand hopelesssituationcompletelycontrarytotheofficialintentions. Inshort,tothepeopleofBotswana,inclusiveofthegovernmentalstaffs,itseemsas ifthepoliticalagendaistoalargeextentoutoftouchwiththefinancialreality.The evidenceisthepoliticalsupportoftheprogramme,whichdiffersconsiderablyfrom


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theintentionsdescribedinrecentchild-relatedactsandstrategies.

Recommendations: • Wheneverlaunchingaprogrammetherequiredmanpower,whethergovernmentalor otherwise,shouldbedefinedindetailstoenablerelevant,recruitmentandcapacity developmentandsubsequentmatchingbudgeting. Thedevelopmentmaymoveataslowerpace,butitwillmovesteadilyandbearevidence ofthereliabilityandcapacityofthepoliticiansandgovernmentalinstitutionsinBotswana.4.7.3Question 17: Whether any shortcomings were due to a failure to take into account cross-cutting or over-arching issues such as gender, environment and poverty during implementation

Cross-cuttingissuesdonotappearinanyoftheanalyseddocuments.However,theoverarchingproblemisinsufficientcapacityatalllevels:politicians,governmentalstaff,NGOs/CBOs,caregiversandOVC.

Cross-cuttingissuesasgenderandenvironmentareonlyofimportancewhentherequiredcapacityamongalllevelsandtypesofstakeholdersisgenerallyinorder.Ifaprogrammeareunabletoperformasplanned,itisoflessinterestwhetherthelowperformanceaffectsboysorgirlsmost.Whenorganisationalstructures,institutionalcapacity, knowledgeand skillsandequipmentareall inadequateand/or insufficient,cross-cuttingissueshavenoeffect.

Povertyhasbeenmentionedasanoverridingfactor,asthelackofliquidsmakecaregiverdependentontheIn-kindsupportandimplicitlyonthechildprovidingthesupport.Dependencyalwayslimitspeopleinacting,e.g.refusingtoacceptanaggressiveattitude.ItmayresultinlossoftheprovidedsupportiftheOVCwalksout.

PovertyseverelylimitsthelifequalityoftheOVCsincethesechildrenneedamultiplicityofsupportsomeofwhichrequiremoney,e.g.supportforhomework;clotheswhicharenotwornoutandwhichfit;moreandfreshfoodetc.

Inthisprogrammenoneofthese,despiteexisting,weredeterminantsforthelimitedprogrammeachievements.


Findings: • Cross-cuttingissuesaregenerallynotincludedinanyoftheanalyseddocuments–neither systematicallynorrandomly.Conclusions:

• Withthecurrentlackofdifferentcapacitiesacrossalllevelsofstakeholders,strategicand systematic,inclusionsofcross-cuttingissueswillnotaddsignificantlytoeffectiveness.

Recommendations: • Asabove:Thattheservicedeliverysystemsbeassessedagainsttheplannedtypesand sizeofservicedeliveryandbereorganisedinaccordancewiththefindingstoenable effectiveandefficientservicedelivery.Thisincludesanalysisoftheroleandeffectofcross- cuttingissues.


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4.8 EFFICIENCY

Theanalysiswillassesswhethertheprojectmanagementwassound,aswellasthe“valueformoney”oftheproject.

4.8.1Question 18: The extent to which the costs of the programme have been justified by the benefits accrued whether or not expressed in monetary terms in comparison with known alternative approaches, taking into account the contextual differencesQuestion 21: The adequacy of the programme budget for its purpose, particularly phasing out prospects

Analysisofthecostsandpotentiallybetteruseofthecurrentfundingisbrieflydescribedinchapter4.6.4under“realism”.

SincetherehasbeennosystematicM&Eduringtheentireprogrammeperiod(1999-date), itwillbeimpossibletoexplainandjustifyprogrammecosts.Therecanbeachievements,whichhavenotbeenrecordedinthisevaluationduetolackofmonitoringdata.Inaddition,sinceBotswanahasbecomeanupper-middleincomecountry,BotswanaisnotcomparablewithotherAfricancountriesthanSouthAfrica,whichhasaverydifferenthistoricalanddevelopmentalbackground.

InternetsearchyieldednorecentdataonOVCexpendituresine.g.NamibiaandMauritius,countrieswithwhichBotswanaisoftencompared.

With reference to theabove it isnot feasible toassesswhether thecostsallocated to lifequality inBotswana is too high. Life quality is subjectiveand needs to be specified to bebudgeted for costanalysed.Anexample:Islifequalityfreeaccesstobasicservicesorisitthefinancialabilityofindividualstopayfortheservice?Andisitpurelyamatterofhavingaccesstotheserviceoristhequalityoftheservicealsoacountingfactor?

Ifprovidingpeoplewithrelatively(Botswanastandards)ampleincome,peoplecansetownstandardsforlifequalityandachievethese.Suchapproachwillalsoovercomethemanynegativesideeffectsofuniformity,whichisthecheaperapproachinanationaladministrationsystem–andpresumablyresultinmorelifesatisfaction.

Therewasnophasingoutbuiltintotheprogramme,whichhavecontinueduninterruptedfor17years.Inbrief,theadequacyofcostscannotbeassessedsincetheleveloflifequalityachievedhasneverbeendefined.Ifinsteadassessingexpenditureagainstthelevelofachievements.Sinceachievementshavebeenlessthanplanned,butthebudgethasbeendepleted, itmustbeconcludedthateither(i) the budget is insufficient to achieve the planned results, or (ii) that programme operations areinefficient.Withreferencetosection4.2.2, itseemsthatprogrammeoperationsarenotfullyefficientandwithreferenceto,amongothers,Vision2016andNationalGuidelinesonCareofOVCthattheallocatedbudgetisinsufficientforfulldeliveryoftheplannedanddesiredresults.Finally,theomissionofrecruitmentofnewSWstoreplacethosewhoretire,hasmadeitdifficulttodelivereffectivelyandefficiently.

The lackof sustainabilityamongadultOVCsandcurrent long-termcaregiver familiesalsopoints toinefficiencyandlittleemphasisonphasing-outmeasures.


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4.8.1.1 Finding, conclusions and recommendations

Findings: • AchievementsaremainlymadewithregardtoIn-kindsupport,whilePSSandotherfamily/ OVCdevelopmentachievementsandorganisational/institutionalresultshavebeen minimalthecostsarefartoohigh.Therecordedachievementshavemainlybeen attheinputandoutputlevel,whileresultsoftheinputshavenorecords–maybedueto theinadequatemonitoring.Eitherthebudgetwastoolow,ortheapproachtoocostlyand inefficient; • Itwasapparentduringthisevaluationthatthemassivegovernmentalsupportofsocially exposedcitizensintermsofOVCsupport,destitutesupportandpensionsenables peopletochoosealifeintotalpassivityandlackofcontributiontowards thenationaleconomy.However,caregiversexpressedstronginterestin beingsupportedinbecomingself-sufficientasindicatedelsewhereinthereport.Conclusions: • Basedontheaboveanalysis,itseemsthatthedesiredresultsbothintheprogrammeand inVision2016,modeofprogrammeoperationsandthesizeofbudgetarenotcoherent; • IfapplyinganIGAapproachincombinationwithPSS,supporttohomework,eachfamily mayonlyneedIn-kindsupportforarelativeshortperioduntiltheirIGAisyielding incomeagainstthecurrentperiodofupto18years.Thiswillgraduallyfreefundsto developandestablishothersupportfunctionse.g.homework,youthclubsfordrop-outs andstreetchildren,continuoustrainingofcaregivers,SWsandchildreninrelevantlifeskills inclusiveofchildprotectionandwaystopractisethis,andmodernisationofsteadilymore technicalinstitutesforthebenefitofthelargerpopulation.

Recommendations: • Themosteffectivewayofassessingefficiencyistocostotherrelevantinterventions,e.g. supportofIGAinclusiveofskilledtrainingandcreditfacilitiesandofprofessionaland modernskilledtrainingofOVC(andotherchildren)combinedwithacredit packageandassesshowmanyendasself-reliantcomparedto(i)youthand(ii) OVCundercurrentskilledandacademictrainingand–andcomparethecostsof thethreedifferenttypesofsupport; • Ifthecurrentbudgetistoohighforthegovernmenttoafford,amendmentsinbeneficiary selection48,programmecontent,focusandapproacharerequired; • ThemainissueforBotswanainasituationofapotentiallygraduallydecliningnational economyistodevelopprogrammeswhichcandeliverwithinthegivenbudget,are efficientandwhichfocusonself-reliance.

Thein-kindsupportshouldbegivenparalleltosessionswiththeimplicatedfamilies enablingthemtomakeinformeddecisionsfortheirownlives,amongothersonwhichIGA toventureinto–whetherbeingcaregiverorOVC.ThecurrentIn-kindsupportwillhelp thecaregiverconcentrateontheprovidedtrainingandup-startofthe chosenbusiness.However,thecaregiversshouldknow thate.g.12monthsafterstartofbusinesstheIn-kindsupportwillbe graduallyphasedoutwithe.g.aquarterlyreductioninsupport.

Thiswillalsosharpentheseriousnessaboutmakingthebusinesssucceed.Ifknowingthat theycanfallbacktofullOVCordestitutesupportwhenevertheirbusinessfails,theymay notworkthehoursthatarerequiredtobuildandmaintainabusiness.


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4.8.2Question 19: Quality of monitoring: its existence (or not), accuracy and flexibility, and the use made of it; adequacy of baseline informationQuestion 20: Whether any unplanned outputs have arisen from the activities so far

AllSWsandDSPconfirmedthatthereisnoappliedmonitoringsystemandthusnosystematicmonitoringinplace.Onlydataonnumberofrespectivelyorphansandvulnerablechildrenareavailableandtheyareneithervalidlyorphan/vulnerablechilddisaggregated,norgenderdisaggregated.

Withregardtobaselinesthereisnoeffectivesystemforcollectingdata,sovalidbaselinesdonotexist.InthedataforOVCthereisnosystemfordistinguishingbetweenorphansandvulnerablechildren,whichmeansthatthefiguresonrespectivelyorphansandvulnerablechildrenarenotaccurateandthatallvulnerablechildrentheoreticallycouldbeorphansandviceversawhichwouldhalfthefamiliesneedingsupport.

Further,theSWsinformedthattheycollectdataastheyhavetimeanddooverallnotfinditpartoftheirjobfunction.

Thesystem(2008)whichwasinitiallyintroducedwasregardedbySWsastoocomplicated.Abriefanalysisisfoundinchapter4.6.5.

Theunplannedoutputsaremanyandonlyafewcanbementionedhere.

Onepositiveunplannedoutputistheself-esteemarisingfromclothesavailedspecificallyatChristmastime,asthegirlsscoreitasspecificallyimportanttofeelequallybeautifulatthistimeoftheyear.Itisatinydetail,butwithabigpositiveeffectfortheindividualgirl.ItmayaswellbemoreimportanttofeelgoodaroundChristmaswhereotherpeoplearehappyandgenerallyfeelgood.

Anotherpositiveoutputderiving fromanegative result is thestreetchildren’s interest in schooling–notreturntoschool–havinglivedthetoughliveonthestreets.Educationhascometomakesense.Anexampleofnegativeoutput fromapositive result, In-kindprovision, is thedependencyarising fromhavingbasicneedscoveredirrespectiveofthefamilysituation.

Anotherexampleisthefixedshoppingusingthecouponsystem,whichresultsinbasicitemsandfoodstuffbeingexpensiveresultinginthefoodstufflastingshorterthantheanticipatedonemonth.


Findings: • TheappliedM&Esystemisinadequateasillustratedinsection6.4.6andasmentioned above.Thefewdata,whichareavailableandwhichformthefrailbaseline,arenot verifiable; • Asinallprogrammesthereareunplannedoutputsoftheimplementedactivities,but specificallyfortheIn-kindsupportthegainsaremultipleandcriticalforimprovementofthe lifequalityoftheOVCasmostofthesupporthelpthechildrenandattendschool andperform.


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Conclusions:

• ThelackofanM&Esystemhasconsiderablyhinderedefficientdeliveryofprogramme support,asittheoutputsandoutcomesofgiveninterventionsandthelevelofoutreach foreachactivityagainstplannedoutreachisunknown; Thisalsohamperstheflexibilityandmakesbudgetingbebasedonnoevidenceatall; • Thelackofevidenceandknowledgeaboutrelevance,performanceand achievementsmakesitdifficultforthegovernmentandpartnerstoefficientlyaskfor assistancetochange/amend/improveactivitiestoensurerelevance,performanceand achievements.

Recommendations: • DevelopasimpleM&Esystem,whichprovideskeydetailsforevidenceplanning andtimelyandfocusedrequestforassistancetoimprove.Thisincludedoutputand outcomereporting,whichwillhelpinfollowingdevelopmentsandmaketimelyand focusedchanges.4.8.3Question 21: The networking opportunities created through the programme amongst government agencies, communities and other stakeholders.

TheNationalActionPlanemphasisesstronglyonestablishmentofdistrictandvillagecommitteesanddescribesalogicalsystemofformalisedcommunityparticipationastherepresentativeparticipationinthesupportandprotectionofOVC.Theideawasthatcommitteemembersshouldactpeers intheirrespectivehomeareasandinformneighboursandtakeinitiativetosmall-scaleactivitiesatvillageanddistrictlevel.

Thiscouldbedonebythecommunitiesalone,possiblythroughestablishmentofCBOs,orincollaborationwithNGOsand/ortheSocialDepartmentorotherrelevantdistrictdepartments.SuchapproachwouldprovidesmallpaidjobsaswellatlocallevelandcouldinvolvetheOVCthemselves.

TheinterviewswithSWsshowedthatthecollaborationisnegligibleinthevisitedlocations.ThisincludesthecollaborationbetweenministriesalsoworkingwithOVC (e.g.MLGRD,MoHandMoESDand thepolice)whoonlycollaboratewhenagivencasearises,butdonotsystematicallyandregularlyholde.g.preventiveandupdatingmeetingsorjointevents.Thelatterhappensmorefrequentlythanthefirst.The governmental departments’ collaboration with NGOs andCBOs is hardly existent in the visitedlocations.LGstaffmembersdonotknowallNGOsandtheydonotknowtheiractivitiesandcapacitiesandcanthereforenotmakeuseofthem.


Findings: • OpportunitiesforrelevantnetworkingaremanyinthenationalOVCactionplan2010- 2016; • Allactorsworkalonewithnocoordination.ThisincludesNGOs(CBOswhoalsoworkin isolation; • TheheavyworkloadontheSWs,whoshouldtraincommitteesandtakeinitiativeto coordinate,explainspartoftheminimalnetworking


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Conclusions: • Thelackofadequatecapacitystartsacycleofdeclineincapacityresultinginlesser achievements; Effectivenetworkingdistributingactivitiesagainstcompetencesandfundingrelieves actorsofthetasks,wheretheyareshortofcompetenciesandenablesthemtowork withtaskswheretheycanperform–whichensures:(i)efficientdeliveryand(ii)work motivationwhichfurthersaddstotheabilitytoperform.

Recommendations: • Effectivenetworkingdoesnotariseonitsown.Itpresupposesstructuresandcapacity andanagreementofthepurposeofthenetworking.Ithastobeagreedwhetherthe purposeittoshareexperiencesandthussupplementeachother,orisittofillgapsin interventionandthuscomplementeachotherordoesithaveotherpurposes.When thisisdefined,itispossibletoselectstaffwhichwillberelevantinagivennetwork.

4.9 IMPACT4.9.1Question 24: The extent to which the project outcomes have been achieved as intended in particular the programme planned goal

WithreferencetotheweakM&Esystemtherehasbeennocapturingofoutcomeandimpact,whichcanthereforenotbeformallyestablished.

Somestatisticsfromotherministriesshowthatinrecentyearsaround6%oftheOVChavegraduatedfromtertiaryeducation,whichispositiveimpactoftheprogramme.

TheseeminglygoodschoolattendanceandreasonableschoolperformancecanoverallbeascribedtotheIn-kindsupportprovidingallrequiredinputsinclusiveoffood–thelatteraddingtogoodhealthconditions.Thecombinationofinputsispivotalforstableschoolattendanceandsuccessfulcompletion.

Thesefactorsincombinationformpartofthegoal:

To improve the quality of life of orphans and vulnerable children

However,thisisjustpartoftheinputs/services,whichwereintendedtoprovidelifequality.Otheraspectswere:

OUTPUT OUTCOME 1: Coordination structures and instruments are functioning effectively and facilitating the delivery of quality services to all OVC by 2016

1.1 Effective OVC coordinating body

1.2, 1.3 Efficient and skilled District and Village Child Protection Committees coordinate the OVC response

1.4 OVC are able to engage in decision-making


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Asa resultof thedeficit inoutcome1 the familycapacity isunknownto theSWsandonlyone locationmentionedreasonabletraining,whichwasobservedtohaveverygoodeffect.

ThecapacityandactivitiesofNGOs/CBOs/FBOsisnotknownbytheSWsandthecollaborationislimited.Thecapacityofthatgroupofserviceprovidersisextremelydiverse.

TheinstitutionalcapacityofLGdepartmentsisgrosslyinsufficienttodelivertofulfillmentofthetwooutcomes.There isnegative impact,as somecaregiversarepoorerafterhavingattended toanOVC thanbeforereducingtheinterestincapablefamilymemberstobecomeOVCcaregivers.


Findings: • ImpactfromtheIn-kindsupportincludeseducation,whichhashelpedsomeOVCto continuetotertiaryeducation; • Achievementswithregardtoinstitutionalcapacitytodeliverqualityservicesarerandom andgrosslybelowtheplannedachievements,whichnegativelyaffectsimpactin otherareasofprogrammeoperations.Conclusions: • Theweakinstitutionalcapacityacrossallservicedeliverersisthemajorcausewhythe programmehasgrosslyunderperformed.Output2.3whichisapreconditionforadequate OVCsupportisentirelymissingapartfromthescatteredintegrationofsomefamiliesinthe povertyeradicationactivities.

Recommendations: • ThatthenextnationalstrategyonOVCisrepeatedaftersignificantstrengtheningofthe currentstrategyensuringrealismandapplicability. • Definitionofmeasurableoutcomesisapreconditionfordefiningmeasurableimpact.

4.9.2Question 25: Whether the effects of the programme: a) Have been facilitated/constrained by external factors; b) Have produced any unintended or unexpected impacts, and if so how have these affected the overall impact; c) Have been facilitated/constrained by the programme management, by co-ordination arrangements, by the participation of relevant stakeholders; d) Have contributed to economic and social development; e) Have contributed to poverty reduction; f) Have made a difference in terms of cross-cutting issues like gender equality, environment, good governance, conflict prevention, etc.

Mostoftheabovesub-questionshavebeenansweredinthefindingsandinpreviouschapters.Theanalysisherewillthereforebeshort:


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QUESTION FINDINGSa) Whether the effects of the programme have

been facilitated/constrained by external factors

No facilitation was observed

One constraint was the global recession from 2008- 2001 (in effect till 2013) which may have impacted negatively on the financial capability of the government seen as omission or indefinite postponement of recruitment of new SW staff as re-placement for retired staff

b) Whether the effects of the programme have produced any unintended or unexpected impacts, and if so how have these affected the overall impact

One significant unintended impact of the poor service delivery is the caregiver request for assistance to be self-reliant

Negative impacts are: Due to the workload staffs look for jobs outside the gvt.; the strong In-kind support make people refuse to assist without being paid/compensated.

c) Whether the effects of the programme have been facilitated/constrained by the pro-gramme management, by co-ordination arrangements, by the participation of relevant stakeholders

On facilitation the programme management has been effective and efficient and ever supportive

The lack of coordination of OVC interventions, the absence of effective departmental cooperation, inclusion of other service providers and the lack of community participation have all constrained the programme.

d) Whether the effects of the programme have contributed to economic and social develop-ment

No examples were found of economic and social development of caregivers. The graduated OVC may have an improved eco-nomical and social life style, but this not established. For the younger group of caregivers, who may have to give up or reduce their IGA, the programme have reduced their econo-my and pushed them closer to poverty at support expiry.

Have contributed to poverty reduction

e) Whether the effects of the programme have made a difference in terms of cross-cutting issues like gender equality, environment, good governance, conflict prevention

There is no proof or stakeholder mentioning of either of the differences with regard to cross-cutting issues.

4.9.2.1 Findings, conclusions and recommendation

Findings: • Asindicatedabove; • TheabsenceofaneffectiveM&Esystemhasmadegovernmentlacktimelyandrelevant information,whichwouldhaveenabledfocusedandefficientplanning.

Conclusions: • Theperiodofrecessionmayhaveinfluencedthefinancialcapacityofthegovernment negativelyresultinginnoorslowrecruitmentofreplacingstaff,equipmentetc.; • ThekeyactorsdidnothavetimeandcapacitytoimplementtheActionPlan.


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Recommendations: • Itisstrategicallywisetoeithercloseorimplementtheprogrammeasplannedtoavoid buildingunrealisticpopularexpectations; • Beinformedaboutpeople’sneedsandviewswhenformulatingthenextnational strategyonOVC; • Focusonsupportofself-reliance,whichwillalsohelpdevelopingmental(self-esteem), economicalandsocialcapacitiesincaregiversandOVC.

4.10 SUSTAINABILITY

The issueof sustainabilityhasbeenanswered inmanyof thepreviouschapters, so thischapterdrawcross-cuttingconclusions.

ApartfromthepossiblesustainabilityofthesituationoftheOVC,whograduated,noneoftheotherinterventionsaredesignedtobecomesustainable.

In2015theSustainableDevelopmentCommissioninUKformulatedsustainabilityas:

“Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

Theprogrammehas nodoubtmetmost of the immediate needsof bothchildrenandcaregiver families.ButasmentionedelsewherethecontinuedfreeinputswithoutparallelPSSandcapacitybuildingmakesthesustainabilitybequestionedbythecurrentimplementers. Whatmaychallengesustainabilityisthefollowing:

• ContinuedandsureIn-kindsupport,whichcreatescaregiverpassivityanddependence; • NorelevantmeasuressupportingIGA.Suchmeasurescomprisemodernskillsandcredit facilities.In-kindsupport,whetherunderthisprogrammeorothers,hampersself-esteemand furtherincreasedependence51; • Nofamilyexitstrategyplan.Anexitplanindicatestothefamiliesthatsupportistime-bound andconditionalandthattheresponsibilityfordevelopmentisuponthecaregiversand youngOVC.Thegovernmentcanonlyofferopportunities,butnotforcethemtomakeuseof theseopportunities; • ThesupportisuniformwhileeachcaregiverandOVChasindividualcontextsand subsequentlyindividualneeds.Someneedsmaybethesame,butsolutionsmustbetailor- made,astheindividualcapacities,contextualsituationetc.arealldifferent; • Apartfromtheamountpaidtothecouponcardtherearenogender,cultural,environmental orotherconsiderationsbuiltintotheprogramme; • Thegapbetweengovernmental/politicalaspirationsandtherealityonthegroundis enormousandmakesachievementbeunrealisticandtosomeextentirrelevantinthegiven situation; • Insufficientandinadequatechild-relevantdataandevidence-basedplanning; • Lackofdetailedandscheduledguidelinesforhoweachtypeofactor(SWs,NGOs,CBOs, FBOsandprivatesector)areexpectedtoimplementtheprogrammeandrelevantActsand Guidelinesmakesitimpossibletocoordinateandsystematicallyengageinacomplementary manner.Thishasresultedineachactorfindinghis/herownwayonbeinganactorresultingin diverse(approach,quality,effortsetc.)servicedelivery.Someservicedeliverymaybehigh quality.Butitwillbeindividualhereandthereinsteadofbeinganinstitutionalcharacteristics.

51ThisisconcludedsimilarlyinWorldBank’sSocialProtectionAssessmentreport,Executivesummary,section4


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Sustainability depends entirely on the capacity of the involved actors. So when focusing mainly ondownstreamcapacity(communities, familiesandOVC)theprogrammecontentandbudgetallocationshould reflect thedefinedneed forcapacitiesand thecosted inputs required tobuild local skills. In theevaluatedprogrammetherewasnoclearcorrespondencebetweenprovisionofdistrictfundsanddefinedneedsforlocalcapacity.AsaresultthecommunitieshavebeenunabletotakeuptheexpectedresponsibilityforOVCandcaregiversupport,whichreducestheextentofsustainability.

Withthisinmindconclusionsandrecommendationsonhowtobetterensuresustainabilityaredescribedinchapter5.

5. OVERALL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Thedetailedconclusionsandrecommendationsarefound inchapter4,whereforethefollowingareoverallconclusionsandrecommendationstouchingmainlyonsystemicchanges.

Theoverallconclusionsandrecommendationaredividedintotwofoalareasnamely(i)Policyandlegalframeworkand(ii)Programmedesignandmanagement.Allrecommendationsarepairedwithfindingspresentedearlierinthisreport.Therecommendationsappearinrandomorder.ThestakeholderfindingshavebeencondensedinaSWOTanalysis.

5.1. SWOT ANALYSIS

TheSWOTanalysisprovidesaconclusiveoverviewover key findingswhiledistributing the findingsasinternal (strengths and weaknesses) and external (opportunities and threats), and in positive OVCprogrammeaspects(strengthsandopportunities)andnegativeOVCprogrammeaspects(weaknessesandthreats).

Thedistributionofkeyfindingsisasfollows:

Fig. 4.18 – SWOT analysis


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TheanalysisdoesnotaddressissuesrelevantfortheOVCprogrammealone,sinceithasbeenconcludedthatmostofthereasonsforinsufficientdeliveryoriginatesinlackofsystemiccapacityapplyingthewiderOECD/DACunderstanding,whichemphasisesaholisticapproachincludingsystems,structures,humancapital,equipmentand facilities.Policyand legal framework isa structuredefiningways toconductgiventasks.

TheSWOTshowsinoneglancewhichstrengthscanhelpovercomingwhichweaknessessincetheseareinternalfactors.ThesystemicchallengescanbeaddressedbyallocationoftherequiredfinancesanduseofthepositiveandwelleducatedSW–andothers–toinstallandusenewinstitutionalapproaches,newactivitiesandengagewithpartners.

Thelowerpartshowswhichexternalthreatstoexpectandwhichopportunitiestograbtohelpovercomethethreats.Theemphasishereisonself-dependencybothasanationalneedsinceitisforeseenthatthenationaleconomymaydeclineinthenexttenyears–butalsofromthecaregivers,whoconsistentlyemphasisedontheneedtobeanablecaregiverbecauseoftheobviousneedforcaregiverabilitytosupportthechildandnottheotherwayroundwherethechildbringsmoney/supporttothehousehold.Self-dependencewasalsoseenasmeansofsettingrulesandnormsinownhouseholdbeingfinanciallyindependentoftheOVC.

5.2 POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK

ThescoringsoftheSWspointedatseveralinconsistenciesinthepolicyandlegalframework.Theinadequateresultsarepartlyrelatedtothese inconsistencies.Theyfallundersystemiccapacityweaknesses intheSWOTanalysis.Therecommendationsareasfollows:

52AsdefinedbyOECD/DAC

CONCLUSIONS RECOMMENDATIONSa The inconsistency in definition of children and

best practices between present policies, Acts,strategies and programmes relating to childrenconfuseimplementersinchilddevelopmentandresult in no engagement or inexplicit, randomandevenadverseimplementation

Revision and harmonisation of all child-related national documents.Results are only created by united efforts having one clear definition andeasy-to-implementpractices,foreachlevelofimplementers.Toenablethatallchildrelatednationaldocumentsneedrevisionandalignmentasapreconditionforachievementswithinchilddevelopment.Allregulatingpapersneedclearguidelines.Enforcementcannotstartuntilguide-linesareprovidedandtherelevantimplementershavebeenadequatelytrained.

b Theincoherencebetweenpresentpolicies,Acts,strategies and programmes relating to childrenconfuse implementers in child developmentandresultsinhesitantengagementorinexplicit/randomimplementation

Capacity building and training in enforcement of relevant – and revised -legislation togetherwith introduction to theuseof theguidingdocumentsandinformationaboutconsequencesofnon-abidance.The training shouldbecompulsoryandcoverall levelsofdecision-makersandimplementers

c Non-abidance by rules and regulations bygovernmental law-implementers set graveexamples of political laxity to the population.Further, it undermines all good intentionsstipulated in the national OVC strategy 2010-2016.

Abidance by laws, rules and regulations must apply for all and with immediate (2016) effect. Non-abidance must have consequences for all. LaunchingofrevisedOVCactivitiesareonlymeaningfulifthepreconditionssetintheprogrammedocument,namelyimplementationofChildren’sAct,areindeedappliedbyall.

d Asabove Asaconsequenceoftheabove immediate and continued capacity building of politicians, police officers, magistrates, SWs and other key actors in handling and support of OVC is urgently required.Governmental capacity development52 aiming at enforcing Children’s Act and related legislation would signal seriousness to all implementers.

e ImplementationofcurrentnationalOVCstrate-gyisrelevant

Extend the period of the current Action Plan on OVC till end 2018 and start implementing the activities as described in the National Action Plan 2010-2016. Althoughthestrategyisinsufficienttoachievethedefinedgoals,implementa-tionofthecurrentactivitieswillsignificantlyimproveachievementsandlessonslearnt,whichwillhelpindesigningthenextnationalstrategyonOVC

f The current placing of OVC with mainlyuneducatedandunemployedrelativesdeprivesOVC of adequate support at large, but notleast of intellectual stimulation and support ofhomework.It further contradicts Children’s Act.

AbidancebythetextofChildren’sAct,whichemphasisesontheInterest of Children. Itwillrarelybeintheinterestofchildrentobeplacedatadultswhosefinancial,intellectual,socialandpsychologicalcapacitycanfarfromsupporttheneedsofOVC.Itisfurtherrecommendedtoimmediatelyestablishmentofhome-worksupport,whichcouldincludeabsorptionofdrop-outasarouteintoOSCEorABEP.


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5.3 PROGRAMME DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT

Withachangeinthepolicyandlegalframeworkthedesignandmanagementoftheprogrammeneedtobechangedaccordingly.Thiscouldcomprise:

CONCLUSIONS RECOMMENDATIONSa Caregiverscometodependon theOVCprogramme

supportresultinginOVCdependencywhichaffectstheadult(self-)esteemnegatively

Adequate support of caregiver IGAwouldmeanimprovedcaregiverandhouseholddignity,whichwouldpositivelyaffectthestatusandimplicitlytheself-esteemoftheOVC.Pilotprojectsshouldruninaselectednumberoflocationsin2016.

b The engagement in shelter development has beenminimal. However, OVC scorings show an immenseneed foralternatives to family-basedcareprovision intermsofadiversityofshelteropportunities

Thereisneedforimmediate(2016)analysis of which types of shelters fit different age-groups and type of OVC experiences/frustrations and local norms and culture without side-lining Children’s Act stipulations.Further,pilotingofdifferenttypesofsheltersinalldistrictsandconclusionontheexperiences.

c Basedonthepilotphase:Roll-outofconstructionofagerelevantsheltersasappropriate

Knowingwhich typesof sheltersworkwell fordifferentagegroupsandcontextsthereisneedforanassessmentofwhichtypeandnumberofsheltersarerequiredineachdistrict.Establishment, of the required number and types of shelters (2-5 years). PartofthiscanbedonebyNGOs,FBOsandprivatesector–thelatterwithreferencetosocial responsibility.Thesharingshouldbedefinedbefore launchingtheconstructionofshelterswithspecificationof:whichactorprovideswhat,when,whereandinwhichnumber.Thegovernmentsshouldtopuptodelivertoownplans.

d Drop-outsamongOVCistoohighpartlyduetolackofsupportofhomework

Establish home-work supportforacademicallyweakchildren,notonlyOVC,inalldistricts.Letthe25%hardesthitdistrictshavehome-worksupportbymidof2016,thenext25%byend2016andsoontillalldistrictsarecoveredbyendof2017.Thefirst25%willserveaspilotandlessonsshouldbedrawnbeforeexpanding.ThemixingofOVCandotherchildrenwithsameproblemswillmakeOVCrealisethathavinghome-workproblemsisnotonlyanOVCproblem.SomeNGOsarealreadydoingthis.

e The lacking data for programme performance andachievementsmakes itcloseto impossible todevelopasubsequentnationalstrategywhichisrealistic,flexibleand addressing the most urgent caregiver and OVCneedsinaneffectiveandefficientmanner

Development of M&E strategy reflecting the focus of the next national strategy (2019-2024)definingall stepse.g.communication lines, responsibilitiesatvarious levels,whichtypeandlevelofactorreportsonwhichdata,scheduleforeachindicator,definitionofcapacitygapsandwhatisrequired(skills(which),organisationalandinstitutionalchanges,equipmentetc).Formulate a manageable number of SMART indicators building on 2016-2018indicatorstoensurecontinuationindatabase.EstablishfullycompetentandequippednationalanddistrictM&Eoffices,whoareresponsibleforalldatahandlingandwhoprovidesrelevantdecision-makerswiththenecessaryevidenceforbudgetinganddecision-making.

f ABEPnotknownanddonotfullymatchtheneedsofyoungDrop-outs

There is need for a more streamlined inclusion of young drop-outs. This maynecessitatearevisionofthemodeofeducationwithregardtoset-up(maybeasyouthclubsaswell),teachingmethods,teachingmaterialsandnumberofstudentsperclass.Home-worksupportmayhavetoformpartoftheeducationdesign.

g Thelocalsupportsystemsnevertooktheplannedshapeanddidthusnotdeliverasplanned

Revival and complete capacity development53 of relevant district committee (e.g. District Development Committee) to make this body the coordinator of all district development activities,inclusiveofOVCsupportandmakethiscommitteethe trainerofotherdistrictandvillagecommitteemembers. Furtherequip thesecommitteeswithskillsandinfrastructuretoundertakethetaskasdescribedintheNationalActionPlan.

h Networkingisrandomandineffectiveresultinglossofresource-saving,well-coordinatedsupportofOVC

Focused expansion of the networks from village to international level

i The lacking data for performance and achievementsmakes it close to impossible todevelopa subsequentnational strategy which is realistic, flexible andaddressingthemosturgentcaregiverandOVCneedsinaneffectiveandefficientmanner.

Development of simple, but more detailed computerised, mobile-based M&E system combinedwithdevelopmentoftoolsandnecessarycapacitydevelopmentasdefinedbyOECD/DACreflectingtheplansofthenationalstrategy2018-2023.The system should deliver semi-annual reports with clear definition of progress,challengestogetherwithaprocessmonitoring.

j LearningfromownexperienceshavebeenwantingduetoscarceM&E

Evaluation or in-depth studyanalysingfewkeyandperformancedeliverables,butanalysing them in-depth tohavedetails informing the strategy focus,approach,capacitydefinitionandbudgeting(late2017)

k TheuseofseveralnationaldocumentstoguidetheworkOn OVC has been confusing for SWs and otheradministrators. Further the current documents areresults-basedanddonothavemeasurableresults.

DevelopmentofRBMapproachfordevelopmentofTheoryofChange-basedprogrammedocument

53AsdefinedbyOECD/DAC:Capacityistheabilityofpeople,organizationsandsocietyasawholetomanagetheiraffairssuccessfully.Thisimpliesthatthefollowingcapacitiesareinplace:Organisational,institutional,systemic,knowledgeandskillsandinfrastructure.


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5.4 CASH TRANSFER AS OVC SUPPORT

Conditionalcash transfer hasproved tohaveapositiveeffecton schoolenrolment, nutritional statusandhealthingeneral.Tosomeextentthistallieswellwiththecaregiverdesiretobeself-dependent.However,theconditionalityforsuccessshouldbetakenintoaccount.

Theearlycashtransfersweregiveninpoorcountriestothepoorestpopulation.Botswanaisamiddle-incomecountrywithawiderangeofopportunitiestofightpovertywithinthroughnationalorinternationalinvestmentsinother industriesthandiamondsandthroughaconditionalsocialprotectionsystem,whichdoesnotallowconvenience-useofthesystem.Noneofthepoorestcountrieshavesuchsocialprotectionsysteminplace,whereforecash transferwas thebest–and intermediate - solution tohelp thepoorest familieshavebasicneedscovered.

RecentWorldbankuseofcashtransferinamiddleincomecountry54wasgivenincombinationwithdevelopmentofanadequatenationalsocialprotectionsystemacknowledgingthatcashtransfershouldbeviewedasanemergencyinterventionswhilerelevantnationalmeasuresareputinplace.ThisisinlinewithUNICEF’suseofcashtransferinLiberiashortlyafterestablishmentofpeaceinLiberia.

WorldBankownanalysisoftheuseofcashtransferconcludesthat“Theprogramsare,ofcourse,notapanacea.Theygeneratefullsynergiesbetweensocialassistanceandhumancapitaldevelopmentonlywherethesupplyofhealthandeducationservices isextensiveandof reasonablequality. Theycanalsobeadministrativelydemanding.Bothhouseholdtargetingsystemsandthemonitoringofcompliancearedataintensive,andtheprogramsinvolveextensivecoordinationacrossagencies,andoftenlevelsofgovernment”55.

WithduerespectforWorldBankexperiencesandwithreferencetotheestablishedsystemicshortcomingsintheprogrammeforexamplenumberofstaffallocatedforprogrammeadministration,weaknessofeducationsystems,notleasttherelevanceofthetertiaryeducation’sabilitytoprovidesustainablejobcreation,andthequalityoftheprogrammemonitoring,possibleintroductionofcashtransfermayneedfurtherconsiderations–anddetailedandcostedplanningifchosenasawayforward.

54http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2016/03/03/a-cash-transfer-program-improves-the-lives-of-cameroons-poorest-families 55http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTSOCIALPROTECTION/EXTSAFETYNETSANDTRANSFERS


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ANNEX 1


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Terms of referenceTERMS OF REFERENCE

ASSESSMENT OF THE ORPHAN CARE PROGRAMME

Assignment ShorttermtechnicalassistanceforassessingtheOrphanCareProgramme

Location Gaborone,BotswanawithfieldtripsDuration 3monthsEstimate number of working days 45Start date 01October2015End date 31December2015Reporting to ChiefSocialPolicyandProtectionforChildren,UNICEFBotswanaClosing date for proposals Friday04September2015

1. BACKGROUND

In1999,GovernmentrespondedtotheincreasingnumbersofchildrenwhowereorphanedmostlyduetoHIV/AIDSpandemicbydevelopingaShortTermPlanofActionforOrphans.Underthisprogrammechildrenareassistedwithfoodbasket,privateclothing,toiletryschooluniformandpaymentforotherschoolneeds.Theamountoffooditemsreceiveddependsonwhethertheyareurban,semi-urban,ruralorsemi-rural.ItrangesfromP500.00 (US$58.82) to P850.00 (US$76.47)forafoodbasket.Currently,thereare35,076registeredorphansassistedwithvariousserviceslikefoodbasketsonmonthlybasisaswellaspsychosocialsupportatdifferenttimeswithinthecareperiod.Furthermore,acumulativenumberof2,149orphansandvulnerablechildrenhadbeenassisted toaccess tertiary education through theOVC SpecialDispensationonpostsecondaryeducationsupport,asattheendofthe2013/14financialyear.

Theorphancareprogrammehasbeenrunningfor17yearsnow,MLGRDandUNICEFhavecometoacommonunderstandingthatacomprehensiveassessmentoftheprogrammeishighlyneededtoprovideinputstotheongoingformulationoftheNDP11andVision2016review,aswellasidentifyareasforimprovementintheoperationalefficiencyandequityfocusoftheprogramme.

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE ASSIGNMENT Overall objective Theoverallobjectiveoftheassessmentistoassesswhethertheprogrammehasbeenabletodeliveronitsobjectivesaswellasitsimpactbothonthebeneficiariesandonthenationalpolicycontext,andwhethertheoutcomes/outputs/targetsenvisagedhavebeenrealised.Itistogaugewhethertheintendedbeneficiariesarebenefitingfromthevariouscomponentsoftheprogramme,i.e.whetherorphansandvulnerablechildrenarereapingthebenefitsofthefoodbasket,schooluniforms,toiletry,andtransportprovisionsbygovernmentinanefforttosafeguardthewellbeingoforphansandthosechildrenwhoaremostvulnerable.

Specific objective Theassessmentwillprovidedecisionmakers in theGovernmentofBotswanaaswellasotherconcernedstakeholderswithsufficientinformation:

1.Tomakeanoverallindependentassessmentofthepastperformanceoftheprogramme,payingparticularattentiontoitsimpactonbeneficiaries;


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2. Toidentifykeylessonslearnedandtoprovidepracticalrecommendationsforfollow-upactions.

Theassessmentwill focuson the fiveevaluationcriteriaendorsedby theOECD-DAC56 (i.e. relevance,effectiveness,efficiency,sustainabilityandimpact).

Relevance

Theassignmentwillassess theextent towhichtheprogrammegoalandoutcomesareconsistentwithbeneficiaries’requirements,Botswananeeds,andglobalpriorities.

Theanalysisofrelevancewillfocusonthefollowingquestionsinrelationtothedesignoftheprogramme:

• Theextenttowhichtheprogrammehasbeenconsistentwith,andsupportiveof,thepolicyand programmeframeworkwithinwhichtheprogrammeisplaced,inparticularBotswanaNational PlanofActiononOrphansandVulnerableChildren2010-2016,Children’s Act2009,NationalGuidelinesontheCareofOrphansandVulnerableChildren2008,ShortTerm PlanofActionforOrphansinBotswana1999;• Analysesoflessonslearntfrompastexperience,andofsustainabilityissues;• Theproject’scoherencewithcurrent/on-goinginitiatives;• Thequalityoftheproblemanalysisandtheprogramme’sinterventionlogicandlogical frameworkmatrix,appropriatenessoftheobjectivelyverifiableindicatorsofachievement;• Theextenttowhichstatedobjectivescorrectlyaddresstheidentifiedproblemsandsocialneeds, clarityandinternalconsistencyofthestatedobjectives;• Theextenttowhichthenatureoftheproblemsoriginallyidentifiedhavechanged;• Theextenttowhichobjectiveshavebeenupdatedinordertoadapttochangesinthecontext;• Thedegreeofflexibilityandadaptabilitytofacilitaterapidresponsestochangesincircumstances;• Thequalityoftheidentificationofkeystakeholdersandtargetgroups(includinggenderanalysis andanalysisofvulnerablegroups)andofinstitutionalcapacityissues;• Thestakeholderparticipationinthedesignandinthemanagement/implementationofthe programme,theleveloflocalownership,absorptionandimplementationcapacity;• Thequalityoftheanalysisofstrategicoptions,ofthejustificationoftherecommended implementationstrategy,andofmanagementandcoordinationarrangements;• Therealisminthechoiceandquantityofinputs(financial,humanandadministrativeresources);• Theanalysisofassumptionsandrisks;• Theappropriatenessoftherecommendedmonitoringandevaluationarrangements.

Effectiveness

Theanalysisoftheprogrammeeffectivenesswillfocusonsuchissuesas:

• Whethertheplannedbenefitshavebeendeliveredandreceived,asperceivedbyall anticipatedbeneficiaries;• Howunintendedresultshaveaffectedthebenefitsreceivedpositivelyornegativelyandhowwell thesecouldhavebeenforeseenandmanaged;• Whetheranyshortcomingswereduetoafailuretotakeintoaccountcross-cuttingorover- archingissuessuchasgender,environmentandpovertyduringimplementation.

Efficiency

Theanalysiswillassesswhethertheprojectmanagementwassound,aswellasthe“valueformoney”oftheproject.Inparticular,itwillreview:

56OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment’sDevelopmentAssistanceCommittee.


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• Theextenttowhichthecostsoftheprogrammehavebeenjustifiedbythebenefits accruedwhetherornotexpressedinmonetarytermsincomparisonwithknownalternative approaches,takingintoaccountthecontextualdifferences;• Qualityofmonitoring:itsexistence(ornot),accuracyandflexibility,andtheusemadeofit; adequacyofbaselineinformation;• Whetheranyunplannedoutputshavearisenfromtheactivitiessofar;• Thenetworkingopportunitiescreatedthroughtheprogrammeamongstgovernmentagencies, communitiesandotherstakeholders.

Impact

Thefinalassessmentwillreviewthefollowingaspects:

• Theextenttowhichtheprojectoutcomeshavebeenachievedasintendedinparticularthe programmeplannedgoal;• Whethertheeffectsoftheprogramme:g) Havebeenfacilitated/constrainedbyexternalfactors;h) Haveproducedanyunintendedorunexpectedimpacts,andifsohowhavetheseaffectedthe overallimpact;i) Havebeenfacilitated/constrainedbytheprogrammemanagement,byco-ordination arrangements,bytheparticipationofrelevantstakeholders;j) Havecontributedtoeconomicandsocialdevelopment;k) Havecontributedtopovertyreduction;l) Havemadeadifferenceintermsofcross-cuttingissueslikegenderequality,environment,good governance,conflictprevention,etc.

Sustainability Theexercisewillmakeanassessmentoftheprospectsforthesustainabilityofbenefitsonthebasisofthefollowingissues: • Theownershipofobjectivesandachievements,e.g.howfarallstakeholderswereconsultedon theobjectivesfromtheoutset,andwhethertheyagreedtothemandcontinuetoremainin agreement;• InstitutionalcapacityoftheGovernmentandotherimplementinginstitutionsifany;theextent towhichtheprogrammeisembeddedinlocalinstitutionalstructures;whetherbeneficiaries areproperlypreparedforgraduation/exitthroughlifeskillsempowerment;• Theadequacyoftheprogrammebudgetforitspurpose,particularlyphasingoutprospects;• Socio-culturalfactors,e.g.whethertheprojectisintunewithlocalperceptionsofneedsand ofwaysofproducingandsharingbenefits;whetheritrespectslocalpowerstructures,status systemsand beliefs,andifitsoughttochangeanyofthose,howwellacceptedarethe changesbothbythetargetgroupsandbyothers;howwellitisbasedonananalysisofsuch factors,includingtargetgroups/beneficiaryparticipationindesignandimplementation;andthe qualityofrelationsbetweentheexternalprojectstaffandlocalcommunities;• Financialsustainability,e.g.whethertheservicesbeingprovidedareaffordablefortheintended beneficiariesandarelikelytoremainsoduetouncertainfactorssuchasdemographicchanges; whetherenoughfundsareavailabletocoverallcosts(includingrecurrentcosts),andcontinueto remainso;andeconomicsustainability,i.e.howwelldothebenefits(returns)comparetothose onsimilarundertakingsoncemarketdistortionsareeliminated;• Whereverrelevant,cross-cuttingissuessuchasgenderequityandgoodgovernancewere appropriatelyaccountedforandmanagedfromtheoutsetoftheproject. Requestedservices,includingsuggestedmethodology

The consultant is required to use his/her professional judgement andexperience to reviewall relevant


75

factorsandtobringthesetotheattentionoftheGovernmentofBotswanaandUNICEF.

1. TheconsultantwillholdinceptionandfinalmeetingsinGaboronewiththekeystakeholders.The consultantwill,atthestartoftheassignmentinthecountry,prepareandsubmittoMLGRD andUNICEFaworkplandetailingthemethodologyandtimetable.2. Themissionwilltakenecessarymeasurestoensureadequatecontactandconsultationwith,and involvementof,thedifferentstakeholders.Forcoordinationpurposestheconsultantwillreport directlytoUNICEF.3. Themissionwillalsoworkincloseconsultationwithothergovernmentauthoritiesandagencies especiallythosethathavearoleasimplementingpartnersaswellasnon-governmental organisationsduringtheentireassignment.4. Theconsultantwillusethemostreliableandappropriatesourcesofinformationandwillharmonise datafromdifferentsourcestoallowreadyinterpretation.5. Thetextofthereportshouldbeillustrated,asappropriate,withmaps,graphsandtables;amapof theproject’sarea(s)ofinterventionisrequired.6. Specificdetailedanalyses,whereappropriate,underlyingsectionsofthemainreportwillbe annexedtothemainreport.7. Theconsultantwillmakesurethattheirassessmentsareobjectiveandbalanced,affirmations accurateandverifiable,andrecommendationsrealistic.

Themethodstobeusedforthisassessmentmayincludebutnotlimitedto:

Deskstudyanddocumentreviewincludingthefollowingdocuments;RevisedNationalDestitutePolicy,2002(Being reviewed tobeNationalPolicyOnNeedyAndVulnerableFamilies),Children’sAct,2009,NationalGuidelinesOntheCareOfOrphansAndVulnerableChildren,2008,MonitoringAndEvaluationFrameworkForOVC,2008,PsychoSocialSupportManual,Children InNeedOfCareRegulations,2005,Adoption OfChildren’sAct,1952 - (CurrentlyUnderReview),AffiliationProceedingsAct,DesertedWivesAndChildren’sProtectionAct,ShortTermPlanofActionfortheOrphansinBotswanaof1999andtheBotswanaNationalPlanOfActionOnOrphansAndVulnerableChildren,2010–2016.

KeyInformant(KI)Interviews:Theassessmentteamwillconductinterviewswithrelevanthumanitarianactors(e.g.nationaland internationalNGOs, relevantUNagenciesandclusters) involved(asof todayor in thepast)inFoodSecurityandShelterprogramminginurbanandruralareasinthetargetedlocations.KIswillalsoincludeLocalGovernmentalAuthoritiessuchasMLGRD,CivilSocietyOrganisations(CSO),triballeadersandDistrictCouncils.

BeneficiaryFocusGroupsDiscussion(FGD):Theassessmentteamwillmeetwithbeneficiariesandcommunityrepresentativesofthetargetpopulation.ThiswillincludeFGDsandindividualinterviewswithvariouscategoriesofbeneficiariesespeciallywiththeorphanedchildrenandtheircaregivers.

Requiredoutputs

Theconsultantwill,atthestartoftheassignment,prepareandsubmittoUNICEFandMLGRDaworkplandetailingtheirmethodologyandtimetable.

Theconsultantwillbeexpectedtoproduceafinalreportattheendoftheassignmentdetailingthefindingsandrecommendationstowardsachievingtheprogrammegoalsandoutcomesandprovidinglessonslearnt.

Theformatandspecificitiesofthereportaredetailedbelowunderpoint5“Reporting”.

ThefinalreportwillbeprecededbyadraftreportwhichistobesubmittedtoUNICEFandMLGRDwithin40workingdaysfromthestartoftheconsultancy.


76

3. EXPERT PROFILE

• Thepreferredconsultantwillholdanadvanceduniversitydegree(equivalenttoaMastersorPhD) inarelevantdiscipline(i.e.socialsciences,includingsocialanthropology,economics,etc.)andwill haveatleast10yearsofexperiencepreferablyindevelopingcountries.• He/shewillhaveprovenworkexperienceinthemonitoringandevaluationofprogrammesand projects,particularlyintheareasofsocialprotection,and/orHIV/AIDSimpactmitigation,and/or povertyreduction.• He/shewillhavegoodknowledgeofissuespertainingtochildren,vulnerability,socialdevelopment, socialsectors,etc.• He/shewillhaveexcellentwritingskillsinEnglish.

Experienceofsub-SaharanAfrica(inparticularSouthernAfrica)isarequirement.

4. LOCATION AND DURATION Startingdate:01October2015 Anticipateddurationoftheassignment

Thetotaldurationoftheassignmentis45workingdays.Weekendsandpublicholidaysarenotconsideredasworkingdays.

Abriefingsessionwillbeheldonthefirstdayofthemission,andadebriefingsessionwillbeheldonthelastdayofthemission.

Location(s)ofassignmentTheassignmentwillbebased inGaboroneBotswanawithfieldtrips todistrictsasnecessary.UNICEFandMLGRDwillfacilitatethesefieldvisits.

5. REPORTING Content

Themission’soutputswillconsistofa provisional final reportof50pagesmaximum(maintext,excludingan-nexes)tobepresented,within10daysfromthedateofdepartureofthemissionfromBotswanainsoftcopies(byemail,inaMSWord&Excelelectronicform)toUNICEF.

IndicativestructureofthereportReportwritingwillbeguidedbythefollowingmainheadings:

• Executivesummary• Introduction• Objectivesoftheassessment• Methodology• Relevance• Effectiveness• Efficiency• Impact• Sustainability• ConclusionsandRecommendations

A final report(nolongerthan50pagesapproximately),incorporatinganycommentsreceivedfromthekeymembersoftheprojectSteeringCommitteeandotherrelevantstakeholdersontheprovisionalfinalreport,willbepresentedwithin10daysfromthereceiptofthecommentsontheprovisionalversion.

Language


77

AllcommunicationsandreportswillbesubmittedinEnglish.

Enquiries:

Interested and suitable candidates should ensure that their applications are to be accompanied bytheattachedcompleted and signed Personal History form (P11 Form), CVwithaclearreferenceoftheindividualconsultancyassignmentbeingappliedfor.Pleaseincludeafinancialproposalwithaspecificnumericaltotalamountintheapplication.DONOTusenon-numericaldescriptionssuchas“applicableUNDSA”intheestimateofthetotalcosts.FinancialproposalwithoutaspecificnumericaltotalamountwillNOTbeconsidered.TransportationforfieldtripswithinBotswanawillbeprovidedbyUNICEFand/orMLGRD,andmaynotbeincludedinthefinancialproposal.

Applications are to be sent on or before Friday, 04 September 2015 to the following email address: [email protected] and copy [email protected]

BotswanaNationals/candidateswhohavepermanentresidence/temporaryresidenceand/orvalidworkpermitforthedurationofthecontractwillbeconsidered.

Onlyshortlistedcandidateswillbecontactedandregretemailswillonlybesenttointerviewedcandidates.


78

ANNEX 2


79

ANNEX 2 List of People Met


80

LIST OF PEOPLE METDATE INSTITUTION LOCATION NAME JOB TITLE10/20/2015 MarangChildCareNetwork Gaborone Ms.KgomotsoN.Sejoe ExecutiveDirector

10/22/2015 CentralGovernmentSPD Gaborone Ms.Manne NationalOVCCoordinator

10/23/2015 LocalGovernment Molopolole Ms.PearlMasente SocialWelfareOfficer

10/26/2015 GoodSamaritans Pikhwe Ms.SinahTeemane Coordinator

LocalGovernment Pikhwe Ms.NametsoMasale SeniorSocialWelfareOfficer

10/27/2015 LocalGovernment Bobono Ms.OgomoditzeSesypeng OVCCoordinator

LocalGovernment Bobono Mr.Mbakile ?

NGO Bobono Ms.? ?

10/29/2015 LocalGovernment Palapye Ms.GalephetusogeGaongalelwe

SocialWelfareOfficer

LocalGovernment Palapye Mr.KennedyKaodumo SocialWelfareOfficer

LocalGovernment Palapye Ms.? ?

11/2/2015 LocalGovernment Jwanen MsTebogoCLobelo SocialWelfareOfficer

11/2/2015 LocalGovernment Jwanen Ms(Theothersocialworker) ?

11/4/2015 LocalGovernment Ghanzi Mr.MompatiSegare SocialWelfareOfficer

4/11/2015 LocalGovernment Ghanzi Ms.??

11/5/2015 WindowsofHope Ghanzi Ms.?? Coordinator

11/6/2015 LocalGovernment Ghanzi Ms.NamtsoNtshemang AssistantCommunityDevelopmentOfficer

? BONELA Gaborone Mr.FelistusMotimedi ProgrammeManager

? ChildlineBotswana Gaborone OnkametseMontsheki Coordinator

? SteppingStonesInternational Gaborone MmaaboSetshwaelo ProgrammeCoordinator

? DepartmentofTechnicalandVocationalTraining

Gaborone Ms.MildredBoduwe DeputyDirector

? NGOCouncil Gaborone Mr.MichaelMokgautsi NGOCouncilCoordinator


81

ANNEX 3


82

Data Collection Tools


83

TEMPLATE FOR CENTRAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND FOR NGOs

ITEMWHAT HAS WORKED WELL

POSITIVE IMPACTCHANGES NOTED

WHAT HAS NOT WORKED SO WELL

NEGATIVE IMPACTUNINTENDED EFFECT NOTED

PROPOSED CHANGES

Policies,acts,strategiesandplansrelatingtoOVCs

Programmefocus• Sustainance• Development• Other

Programmedesign• Activities• Approach• Targetgroup

ProgramAdministration• Timeliness• Support• Organisation

M&E• Design• Usability• Datauseforplanning

Coord.ofOVCinterventions• Centralgvttolocalgvt• Inter-ministerial• GvttoCSOs• CSOtoCSO

Governmentcapacity• Systems• Structures• Knowledgeandskills• Infrastructure

CSOcapacity

Caregiver/parentcapacityKnowledgeandskills

Inclusion• OVCs• Childrenwithhandicapsetc

GvtownershipofprogrammeIntervention,systems,structures,infrastructure

Localownershipofintervent.

Sustainability

Others


84

PIA QUESTIONNAIRESWHAT WORKED WELL WHAT DID NOT WORK WELLFood basket, psycho-social support, Special Dispensation Education Programme

Other support than what is mentioned above

WHAT WORKED WELL HOW DID IT IMPROVE YOUR DAILY LIFE1.

2.

3.

WHAT DID NOT WORK WELL HOW DID IT AFFECT YOUR DAILY LIFE – WHICH PROBLEMS DID YOU FACE

1.

2.

3.

DATE: _________________________LOCATION: ________________________________

GROUP: _____________________________________________________________________________________


85

PIA QUESTIONNAIRESWHAT WORKED WELL WHAT DID NOT WORK WELLFood basket, psycho-social support, Special Dispensation Education Programme

Other support than what is mentioned above

WHAT WORKED WELL HOW DID IT IMPROVE YOUR DAILY LIFE1.

2.

3.

WHAT DID NOT WORK WELL HOW DID IT AFFECT YOUR DAILY LIFE – WHICH PROBLEMS DID YOU FACE

1.

2.

3.

DATE: _________________________LOCATION: ________________________________

GROUP: _____________________________________________________________________________________

ANNEX 4


86

Findings


87A

nnex

4A

: In

terv

iew

- Lo

cal G

over

nmen

t (12

)

ITEM

WHA

T HA

S W

ORK

ED W

ELL

POSI

TIVE

IMPA

CT

CHA

NG

ES N

OTE

DW

HAT H

AS

NO

T WO

RKED

SO

WEL

LN

EGA

TIVE

IMPA

CT

UNIN

TEN

DED

EFFE

CT N

OTE

DPR

OPO

SED

CHA

NG

ES1

Polic

ies,

act

s,

stra

tegi

es

and

plan

s re

latin

g to

O

VCs

•Children’sA

ct

compreh

en-

sive,re

leva

nt

(9)

•Actprotect-

ingOVC

•Lan

dalloca

-tionPo

licy

•Improved

the

workwithchildren

(6)

•Em

powered

espe

ciallyth

efa-

thersa

smaterna

linhe

ritan

cewas

noto

bviousany

long

er(3)

•Ha

sred

uced

prop

ertygrap-

ping

byrelatives

•·Helpsvulne

rable

grou

ps.O

rpha

ns

casesc

anbe

treated

faster

•·Staying

ato

wn

land

reduc

esan-

gera

ndim

plicitly

disp

utes

•Children’sA

ctnot

know

nan

d/or

respec

tedbyothe

rau

thorities,e.g.p

olice

andMag

istrate(6)

•Children’sA

cthasno

(ava

iled)regu

lations

(8)

•OVCfram

ework

usesto

otech

nica

llang

uage

•Noimplem

entation

guidelines(3)

•Children’sA

ctand

othe

rsdono

tgivethe

care-givingfunc

tion

toth

efather,w

hen

themothe

rdiesw

hen

theyarenotm

arried

orliv

ingtoge

ther(1)

•Re

leva

ntActs(e.g.

SexualOffe

nceAct

andChildren’sA

ct

noth

armon

ised(3)

•App

roac

hforc

ustody

agreem

entsnot

effective(2)

•ShortTermPlanof

Actionused

forsom

eyearsw

asverylim

ited:

definitionswereun

-clea

rand

itwasvery

ambitious(1)

•Ra

pedchildrenno

tque

s-tione

dinse

paratero

om,

theftc

asesonlyab

out

pena

ltyetc.

•Makesitdifficu

lttoim

ple-

men

tthe

Act(2),e.g.The

roleso

frespe

ctivelyVCPC

an

dDACnotclear

•The

Actdoe

snotsp

ecify

know

ingtheiden

tityof

thefather’sapp

earo

utof

nowhe

reonc

ethech

ildren

areen

rolledinOVC

•Onc

eOVCre

ache

s18,

someca

regiverscha

se

thech

ildrenaw

ayorw

hen

theyre

ach18th

atiswhe

ntheystarte

nquiringab

out

thech

ild’sfa

ther’swhe

re-

abou

ts

•Re

sulting

inillog

icalde-

cisio

nsand

unn

ecessary

disp

utes

•Fewagree

men

tsare

reac

hed

•Mad

eea

chstaffhav

eow

ninterpretationmakingthe

approa

chverydifferen

teven

withinth

esame

district(1)

•Cap

acitydevelop

men

tofrelevan

tuserso

fChildren’sA

ct

•Enforcem

ento

fthe

Act

•Ha

rmon

isationofchildre

lated

Actse

.g.w

ithre

gardto

definition

ofachilde.g.b

eing

16years

(Sexua

lOffe

nceAct)a

nd18years

(Children‘sA

ct),drivinglicen

seat

age16

•CleardefinitionforO

VCand

vul-

nerablech

ildnee

dstobe

devel-

oped

and

mustd

efine

vulne

rability

•Implem

entationgu

idelineforthe

OVCprogram

me

•·Assessthe

situationofth

epa

rent

thatisstillalivetose

eiftheycan

takecareofth

ech

ildbec

ause

food

cou

ponmay

notbereleva

nt

fore

veryhou

seho

ld

•Thereshou

ldbesomething

binding

forp

aren

tsenteringpa

renting

agreem

ent

•MakeChildren’sA

ctdefinitions

andintentionsfo

rmth

efra

mefor

allchildre

latedpolicies,ac

tsre

g-ulationsetc.sothate.g.Educ

ation

Policean

dothersa

pplyChildren’s

Actnormsa

ndstan

dards

•Children’sA

ctnee

dto

be

updated

tore

flectre

centlaws

andre

gulationse.g.the

paterna

lpa

rentho

od

•Paterna

lparen

thoo

dnee

den-

forcem

ent


88A

nnex

4A

: In

terv

iew

- Lo

cal G

over

nmen

t (12

) Con

t’d

ITEM

WHA

T HA

S W

ORK

ED W

ELL

POSI

TIVE

IMPA

CT

CHA

NG

ES N

OTE

DW

HAT H

AS

NO

T WO

RKED

SO

WEL

LN

EGA

TIVE

IMPA

CT

UNIN

TEN

DED

EFFE

CT N

OTE

DPR

OPO

SED

CHA

NG

ES2

Prog

ram

me

focu

s &

desig

n•

Sust

e-na

nce

• De

velo

p-m

ent

• Ta

rget

gr

oup

• O

ther

Sust

ena

nce

:•

InitiallyOr-

phan

Care

Prog

ramme

focu

sedon

food

basket

(3)

•Sepa

rate

packag

efor

orph

ansa

nd

sepa

ratefo

rvulnerab

le

althou

ghan

orph

an c

an

bevulne

ra-

ble(1)

De

velo

pm

ent

:•

Sinc

e2009

attemptsto

offerp

sy-

chosoc

ial

coun

selling

(PSS)(9)

•Offe

rtra

iningfor

officersu

sing

themon

ey

alloca

tedto

psycho

so-

cialsu

pport

(1)

•Dec

line

inOVC

registration

asfa

thers

aretaking

on

respon

si-bilityofth

ech

ildren(1)

Sust

ena

nce

:•

Acc

eptanc

ean

dcareof

orph

ansm

ade

easie

r(1)

•Nee

dfo

rfoo

d

wasinitially

rampa

nt(1)

•-

De

velo

pm

ent

:•

PSS-thefew

includ

edare

hand

linggrief

andth

inking

ah

ead(4)

•·-

Sust

ena

nce

:•

Allreg

istered

orpha

ns

getfoo

dbasket

whe

thernee

dyor

not(9)

•Asign

ifica

ntnum

-be

rofc

areg

ivers

exch

ange

food

and

un

iform

swithalcoh

ol

andclothingforo

wn

children(9)

•Coo

rdinatorse

mph

a-siseon

food

basket(1)

•Develop

men

t:

•NotallSoc

ialW

ork-

ers(SW

)areableto

providepsycho

social

coun

selling(5)

•PSSdoing

poo

rly(7)

•PPSon

lywhe

nha

ving

aca

se(3)

Spe

cia

l Dis

pe

nsa

tion

Ed

uca

tion:

•The5up

frontm

arks

enab

ledisq

ualified

stud

entsto

enrol(1)

•Somepa

rentsw

ho

areassistedwith

costsh

aringexpe

ct

theirc

hildrentobe

enrolledinte

rtiary

scho

olsthrou

ghth

espec

ialdisp

ensation

whileth

eirc

hildren

areno

tOVC(1)

Targ

et g

roup

:•

Coversa

llOVCupto

18yea

rs

Sust

ena

nce

:•

Createschilddep

enden

cy

(9)

•Destro

ystrad

ition

ofun-

supp

ortedcareforfam

ily

mem

bersorfam

ilyinterest

(5)

•Theva

lueofth

ein-kind

supp

ortc

anbequ

es-

tione

d.

•Theaimofthe

supp

ortfar

fromach

ieved(1)

•Makingitdifficu

lttoen-

gage

ine.g.cou

nselling(1)

De

velo

pm

ent

:•

Thistoge

therwithavast

rang

eofotherta

sks.SW

sha

velittletimeforPSS(3)

•Notprioritise

dbyman

age-

men

tmakingfocu

sbeon

othe

rtasks,m

ainlyin-kind

activitiesand

flag

ship

projec

ts(4)

Spe

cia

l Dis

pe

nsa

tion

Educ

atio

n:•

Tooman

ydropo

utsw

hich

areno

tdisc

overed

,as

thereisno

system

mon

itor-

ingtheirp

erform

ance

(2)

Targ

et g

roup

:•

OnlyregisterOVCsw

hen

parents/ca

regiversfa

ce

prob

lemsa

ndnee

dassis-

tanc

e.Sofulltarge

tgroup

no

tkno

wn(1)

•Familie

ssho

uldgetassistan

cebased

on

need

sand

afte

rhou

seho

ldassessm

ent

(3)

•Thereshou

ldbeastan

dardise

dbud

get

andamou

ntfo

reac

hOVC

•Totalorpha

nsnee

dprofessiona

lshe

lter

•OVCstud

entscou

ldbegivenaseco

nd

chan

ceto

re-writepa

persinwhich

they

failed

•Whe

ntheOrpha

nca

rewaslaun

ched

it

hadacon

notationof“bighe

art”fo

rthe

OVC,w

hich

mad

eprofessio

nalismbeless

prioritise

d.Itistimetocha

ngethis.

•Cou

nsellingpa

ramou

ntfo

rtho

sewithou

tpa

rents(3)

•MoEDand

MoLGsh

ouldcoo

rdinatethe

collabo

rationbe

twee

ngu

idan

cecou

n-sellingteac

hersand

socialworkers

•Psycho

socialsu

pportsho

uldbedon

efor

bothcareg

iversa

ndchildren

•Samepa

ckag

eforo

rpha

nsand

vulne

ra-

blech

ildrenwithth

esamebu

dge

t

•Investincha

ngingmind-setsa

crossa

llstakeh

oldersrathe

rtha

ninhan

d-outs

•Ea

chsu

pportedindividua

lsho

uldhav

edefine

dexpec

tationsto

liveup

toor

face

someco

nseq

uenc

es

•Designshou

ldbeba

sedonaho

listic

approa

chfo

cusingon

develop

men

tof

individua

lsan

dnotonfood

and

uniform

salon

e(5)

•Establishtu

torialsup

portofsc

hool-going

ch

ildrentogivethem

equ

alopp

ortunities

•Ra

ngeofava

ilablesupp

ortsho

uldbe

muc

hwider

•Arra

ngetutorialstosu

pportinho

mework


89A

nnex

4A

: In

terv

iew

- Lo

cal G

over

nmen

t (12

) Con

t’d

ITEM

WHA

T HA

S W

ORK

ED W

ELL

POSI

TIVE

IMPA

CT

CHA

NG

ES N

OTE

DW

HAT H

AS

NO

T WO

RKED

SO

WEL

LN

EGA

TIVE

IMPA

CT

UNIN

TEN

DED

EFFE

CT N

OTE

DPR

OPO

SED

CHA

NG

ES3

Prog

ram

A

dmin

istra

-tio

n•

Timeli-

ness

•Su

p-po

rt•

Organ

-isa

tion

Org

ani

satio

n o

f th

e w

ork

:•

Cou

pon

system

helps

info

rcing

respon

sibility

amon

gpa

r-en

ts/ca

regiv-

ers(2)

•C

oupo

n system

muc

hbe

ttertha

nvouc

hers(3)

•Implem

enta-

tionisoverall

good

(1)

•Well-designe

d

prog

ramme,

activities(1)

Spe

cia

l Dis

pe

nsa

-tio

n Pr

g.:

•Stud

entsable

to c

atch

up

withordinary

stud

ents

•-6

Sup

po

rt:

•Getsu

pport

fromstake-

holderssuc

haspolitician

s,NGOs,minis-

tries,p

rivate

sectorand

co

mmun

ity

lead

ers(3)

•Thepro-

gram

meis

well-fun

ded

(1)

•Allc

hildren

assessed

be

foregiven

supp

ort(1)

•Cen

tralgvt

disb

urses

mon

eyon

time(1)

Org

ani

satio

n o

f th

e w

ork

:•

Thefeelingof

respon

sibility

may

helpthe

OVCinth

elong

run(1)

•Ensurestimely

supp

ort(1)

•Allowsfor

purcha

seof

freshfo

od

items(1)

•Givesfree

-dom

and

dignity(1)

•Man

yfamilie

sarereac

hed

(1)

•Spec

ial

Disp

ensation

Prg.:

•Minimise

sprob

lemsin

society(5)

•Supp

ort:

•Addto

the

OVCsu

pport

(1)

•-

•Su

ppor

t on

lygiven

tonee

dy

children,but

man

yne

eds

unmetdue

to

prog

ramme

supp

ortlimita

-tions(1)

•Gen

eral-

lytimely

paym

entto

familie

s(1)

Tim

elin

ess

•Attimeslatetran

sferofc

ashforfoo

dbe-

causeofproblem

sgvtInternetsystem

(1)

•Proc

essingofsc

hooluniform

softe

ndelay

sbe

causetend

ersa

regiven

toproviders

underth

ePo

vertyEradicationProg

ramme,

who

hav

einsufficien

tcap

acity(m

oney,skills

etc)(7)

Org

ani

satio

n o

f the

wo

rk:

•Nofollow-upo

nthesupp

ort

•Cou

ponsystem

misusedbysomepa

rents/

caregivers(9)

•Shop

swhe

recou

ponscan

beused

more

expe

nsive.Clothingan

duniform

ssho

uldbe

includ

ed(1)

•Careg

iversreg

isterOVCbased

onpa

pers

alon

e.The

ydono

tbringthech

ild

•(1)

• •Staffskillsnotusedinareasofe

xpertise.E.g.

stafftrained

inCom

mun

ityDevelop

men

tun

ableto

provideco

unselling(7)

•Inco

mpe

tentoffice

rsand

cum

bersom

ebu

reau

crac

y(1)

•Su

ppor

t

•Theea

sy-to

-getsu

pportm

akepa

rents/ca

re-

giverscreateprob

lem,e.g.splittingsib

lings

tohav

esupp

orttomorefamilym

embe

rs(7)

•Man

ych

ecksfo

rtranspo

rtationtose

cond

-aryscho

olnotpicked(1)

•Thebu

dge

tbeing

ava

iledisfa

rfromsu

ffi-

cien

tforkeyactivities(9)

•Dea

dlinefora

pplicationforspe

cialdisp

en-

sationprog

rammeno

tfixed(1)

•Re

treatcam

pshav

eno

follow-up(2)

•Afte

rage

18OVCareleftwithou

tsupp

ort

(8)

•Provisio

nofsu

pportina

deq

uate(9)

Tim

elin

ess

•Therearepe

riodso

fnofood

inth

eho

mes(1)

•Thelackofuniform

makech

ildrenca

n-no

tgotosc

hool(1)

Org

ani

satio

n o

f the

wo

rk:

•Dono

tkno

wre

sultsofw

orkorperfor-

man

ceofthe

supp

ortedchildren

•Thisisno

trec

orded

makingthelifeof

theOVCsb

emise

rabledespitesu

pport

(6)

•Theshop

ping

islessand

food

willno

tlastfo

ranen

tiremon

th(1)

•Re

gistrationofdetailsoftenwan

ting.

Impo

ssiblefo

rthe

SWto

assessthe

sta-

tuso

fthe

child(1)

•Aloto

fservice

opp

ortunitiesw

asted(1)

•Makeco

mpe

tentstafflea

veorsur-

rend

eraffe

ctingtheservicedelivery

nega

tively(1)

Sup

po

rt•

Adverseeffectonch

ildrenwho

hav

erece

ntlybee

nbe

reav

ed(4)

•Theun

picked

che

ckssho

wth

atsu

pport

toallm

aybewastere

source

s,which

co

uldotherwise

hav

ebe

enadded

to

thepo

oloffun

ds(1)

•Theprog

rammeremainsasu

sten

ance

prog

rammecrea

tingno

tcha

nges(5)

•Thisco

nfuseschildrenan

dm

akethem

disreg

ardth

eSW

s(1)

•Childrenwho

hav

efinallyope

nedup

duringtheretre

atareleftwithou

tany

actionon

wha

tthe

yha

vesh

ared

(1)

•Con

tinue

inaneg

ativeca

reerpath

develop

ingane

gative,m

aybe

even

destru

ctive,iden

tity(6)

• Fam

iliesd

on’tgetwha

tthe

yne

edth

emosttoco

pewithOVCcha

lleng

es(8)

•Ho

meca

pac-

ityassessm

ent

requ

iredto

determineifan

d

which

supp

ort

may

berequ

ired

inth

eindividua

lho

mes(3)

•Threestaff

withdifferen

tspec

ialisation

(hom

eec

onom

-ics,co

mmun

ity

develop

men

tan

dso

cialpro-

tection)sh

ould

sharethree

village

s,instea

d

ofeac

hha

v-ingon

ewhe

re

theyonlyha

ve

expe

rtiseto

pro-

vide1/3ofth

erequ

iredse

rvice

•Spec

ialisationof

staff(9)

•Lifeskillstrain-

ingshou

ld

beoffe

redin

after-sch

ool

classes

•Cou

ponssh

ould

workasVisa

ca

rdand

be

applicab

leinall

shop

s(6)

•Teen

clubswitha

blen

doflea

rning

andleisuretime

occu

pationsfo

ralltee

nswou

ld

enab

leara

nge

ofsu

pport–

directlyorin

disg

uise


90

Ann

ex 4

A:

Inte

rvie

w -

Loca

l Gov

ernm

ent (

12) C

ont’d

ITEM

WHA

T HA

S W

ORK

ED W

ELL

POSI

TIVE

IMPA

CT

CHA

NG

ES N

OTE

DW

HAT H

AS

NO

T WO

RKED

SO

WEL

LN

EGA

TIVE

IMPA

CT

UNIN

TEN

DED

EFFE

CT N

OTE

DPR

OPO

SED

CHA

NG

ES4

M&E

• De

sign

• Us

abili

ty•

Data

use

for

plan

ning

•Re

portson

quarterly

basis(1)

•Goo

dre

port-

ingstructures

(2)

•Childrengiven

questionn

aires

tofind

outth

eimpa

ctofthe

retre

at(1)

•Rep

orting/sta-

tisticsu

sedfo

rplan

ning

(1)

•NoM&Esystem

(10)

•Nobu

dge

tforupd

atingdata(1)

•Nomon

itoringofindividua

lcha

nge(1)

•Freq

uentlym

ovingfamilie

smake

reco

rdingbe

difficu

lt

•Currentdatainac

curate

(10)

•Lackofd

atamakesth

eworkbe

rand

omand

ine

fficien

t(8)

•ThelackM&Esystem

smakesitpossib

lefo

rfam

i-liestorece

ivesupp

ortfrom

severaldistricta

tthe

same

time–althou

ghonlyco

u-po

nfro

mone

district(1)

•Moreo

ver,itisno

tkno

wn

which

assistan

ceisgiven

an

dto

who

m(7)

•Datareleva

ncean

d

q

ualitylow

•·Develop

men

tofnation-

al,com

puterised

M&E

system

(8)

•·Estab

lishM&Edep

art-

men

twithprofessiona

lsem

ployed

•·Too

ltomon

itora

nd

evalua

teto

guidethe

M&Eco

untrywide

•M&Etra

iningforstaff


91A

nnex

4A

: In

terv

iew

- Lo

cal G

over

nmen

t (12

) Con

t’d

ITEM

WHA

T HA

S W

ORK

ED W

ELL

POSI

TIVE

IMPA

CT

CHA

NG

ES N

OTE

DW

HAT H

AS

NO

T WO

RKED

SO

WEL

LN

EGA

TIVE

IMPA

CT

UNIN

TEN

DED

EFFE

CT N

OTE

DPR

OPO

SED

CHA

NG

ES5

Coo

rd. o

f OVC

in

terv

entio

ns•

Cen

tral g

vt to

lo

cal g

vt•

Inte

r-m

inist

eria

l•

Gvt

to C

SOs

• C

SO to

CSO

•NGOsd

omorethan

thego

vernmen

t,who

ha

snotim

eforc

hild

welfare(1)

•Offe

rtraining(1)

•Callthe

mto

assess

andeva

luatethe

OVC(1)

•NGOsw

orkwithMinis-

triesofH

ealth,Educ

a-tion,Administrationof

Justice,Hom

eAffa

irs

toacc

essw

hatthe

ministriesp

rovide(1)

•Initiativesto

hav

eall

NGOsm

eetingwith

gvt.(1)

•Atthe

inter-m

inisterial

levelthe

yuseea

ch

othe

rwhe

nne

edbe–

mainlyreferra

l(5)

•Tech

nica

lAdvisory

Com

mittee

works(1)

•Assistan

ceava

il-ab

le,b

utnot

coordinated

(1)

•NGOsc

ometo

know

eac

hothe

r(1)

•-

•Gvtcom

esto

know

which

activ-

itiesareinplace

an

dth

eextentof

them

(1)

•-

•Enab

leallstake-

holderstomee

tan

dhav

eba

sic

coor

din

atio

n

•-

•NGOsn

otalway

skno

wnby

gv

t.(1)

•NGOsa

reveryfew(1)

•DistrictC

hildProtection

Com

mittee

(DCPC

)and

Villa

geChildProtection

(VCPC

)Com

mittee

snot

working

(4)

•Thereareno

coo

rdinatingor

common

-footstep

mee

tings

betwee

nthereleva

ntloca

lministries(1)

•Assistan

cecan

hav

eover-

laporgap

s(1)

•Re

sultsnotkno

wnby

gvt

•(1)

•OVCloseopp

ortunityfo

rbe

ingad

equa

telysup

-po

rted(1)

•Opp

ortunitieslost(1)

•Effectiven

essa

ndefficien

-cylowerth

atnec

essary

(2)

•Nooverview

overw

hich

familyre

ceivessu

pport

andfrom

whe

re–and

whe

therth

eco

mbina

tion

ofsu

pportisrelevan

t(1)

•Toagree

onindep

en-

den

tchild(friend

ly)

clinicsw

hich

wou

ldhelp

SWs,po

licean

dhea

lth

officersinprac

tising

childprotection

•InvolvetheVDCto

work

wellw

ithth

eOVCpro-

gram

me

•Fullc

oordinationofall

child-re

latedeffo

rtse.g.

betwee

nOrpha

nCare

Prog

rammean

dYou

th

Fund

s/Po

vertyEradica-

tionProg

ramme/Allo-

cationofgovernm

ental

land

toindividua

ls.This

shou

ldinclud

etech

nica

ltra

ininginsu

bjec

tsre

-latingtoth

emen

tione

d

IGAsu

pport

•NGOssho

uldbe

licen

sedand

pub

licly

mon

itoredto

berele-

vantpartnersforth

egv

t


92

Ann

ex 4

A:

Inte

rvie

w -

Loca

l Gov

ernm

ent (

12) C

ont’d

ITEM

WHA

T HA

S W

ORK

ED W

ELL

POSI

TIVE

IMPA

CT

CHA

NG

ES N

OTE

DW

HAT H

AS

NO

T WO

RKED

SO

W

ELL

NEG

ATIV

E IM

PAC

TUN

INTE

NDE

D EF

FEC

T NO

TED

PRO

POSE

D C

HAN

GES

6G

over

nmen

t ca-

paci

ty

• Sy

stem

s•

Stru

ctur

es•

Know

ledg

e an

d sk

ills

• In

frast

ruct

ure

•NGOsd

omorethan

•

System

sareinplace

an

darefunc

tioning

well(1)

•Assistan

ceava

il•

Helpsineffective

delivery(1)

Infra

stru

ctu

re:

•Nope

rman

ento

ffice

(8)

•Shareofficeinvilla

ges(2)

•No/scarce

mea

nsoftrans-

port(8)

•NoChildren’sC

ourt(2)

•Com

puternotprocu

redto

ape

rson

(4)

•Lowabsorptionofnew

SW

s(7)

•Socialprotectionco

mplex.

Requ

iresd

iverseand

(1)

multip

lecap

acities(1)

•Workoverwhe

lmingfor

SWs(8)

Kno

wle

dg

e:

Teac

herstreatOVCstud

ents

nega

tively(1)

Infra

stru

ctu

re:

•Neg

ativeimpa

ctonef-

fectiven

essa

ndefficien

-cyofthe

workan

dth

us

implicitlyon

workqu

ality

andre

sults.A

ffectm

otiva-

tion(3)

•Office

sharingdoe

snot

allowfo

rthe

requ

ired

privac

yindisc

ussio

nwith

familie

s(2)

•Staffb

ringow

nlaptop

s(2)

•Re

cruitm

enttoo

lowaf-

fectingtheworkloa

d(3)

•SW

sbeing

una

bletoat-

tend

toOVCsthe

way

the

Children’sA

ctintend

s(9)

•Notim

eforM

&Ean

d

othe

ractivitiesenh

ancing

effectiven

essa

nd

efficienc

y(8)

Kno

wle

dg

e:

•Stud

entsexperienc

estig-

matisa

tion(1)

•Ba

sicinfra

structure

shou

ldbeinplace

•Sufficien

tnum

bero

fstafftoserveallvilla

ges

professio

nally

•Know

ledge

and

skills

relatingtohan

dlingof

OVCand

theirc

halleng

-essh

ouldbeshared

toa

widerfo

rumofp

rofes-

siona

ls(7)

•Establishre

gulationsfo

rho

wm

anyho

useh

oldsa

socialworkssh

allserve

•Thereisne

edfo

r2offi-

cerspervilla

ge

•Provideon

eofficepe

rofficer

•Usemotorbikesforfield

work

•Em

poweringofficers

throug

hseminarsa

nd

worksho

ps

•Morestaffa

ndim

proved

workco

ndition

sletting

staffw

orkwithinth

eirline

ofsp

ecialisationwhich

wou

ldensurequ

alityse

r-vice

and

implicitlyhigh

levelofe

ffectiven

ess

andefficien

cy(8)

•Re

viveDDCsa

ndm

ake

them

respon

siblefo

rco-

ordinationofdevelop

-men

tinc

lusiveofNGO

perfo

rman

ce(3)


93

Ann

ex 4

A:

Inte

rvie

w -

Loca

l Gov

ernm

ent (

12) C

ont’d

ITEM

WHA

T HA

S W

ORK

ED W

ELL

POSI

TIVE

IMPA

CT

CHA

NG

ES N

OTE

DW

HAT H

AS

NO

T WO

RKED

SO

W

ELL

NEG

ATIV

E IM

PAC

TUN

INTE

NDE

D EF

FEC

T NO

TED

PRO

POSE

D C

HAN

GES

6G

over

nmen

t ca-

paci

ty

• Sy

stem

s•

Stru

ctur

es•

Know

ledg

e an

d sk

ills

• In

frast

ruct

ure

•NGOsd

omorethan

•

System

sareinplace

an

darefunc

tioning

well(1)

•Assistan

ceava

il•

Helpsineffective

delivery(1)

Infra

stru

ctu

re:

•Nope

rman

ento

ffice

(8)

•Shareofficeinvilla

ges(2)

•No/scarce

mea

nsoftrans-

port(8)

•NoChildren’sC

ourt(2)

•Com

puternotprocu

redto

ape

rson

(4)

•Lowabsorptionofnew

SW

s(7)

•Socialprotectionco

mplex.

Requ

iresd

iverseand

(1)

multip

lecap

acities(1)

•Workoverwhe

lmingfor

SWs(8)

Kno

wle

dg

e:

Teac

herstreatOVCstud

ents

nega

tively(1)

Infra

stru

ctu

re:

•Neg

ativeimpa

ctonef-

fectiven

essa

ndefficien

-cyofthe

workan

dth

us

implicitlyon

workqu

ality

andre

sults.A

ffectm

otiva-

tion(3)

•Office

sharingdoe

snot

allowfo

rthe

requ

ired

privac

yindisc

ussio

nwith

familie

s(2)

•Staffb

ringow

nlaptop

s(2)

•Re

cruitm

enttoo

lowaf-

fectingtheworkloa

d(3)

•SW

sbeing

una

bletoat-

tend

toOVCsthe

way

the

Children’sA

ctintend

s(9)

•Notim

eforM

&Ean

d

othe

ractivitiesenh

ancing

effectiven

essa

nd

efficienc

y(8)

Kno

wle

dg

e:

•Stud

entsexperienc

estig-

matisa

tion(1)

•Ba

sicinfra

structure

shou

ldbeinplace

•Sufficien

tnum

bero

fstafftoserveallvilla

ges

professio

nally

•Know

ledge

and

skills

relatingtohan

dlingof

OVCand

theirc

halleng

-essh

ouldbeshared

toa

widerfo

rumofp

rofes-

siona

ls(7)

•Establishre

gulationsfo

rho

wm

anyho

useh

oldsa

socialworkssh

allserve

•Thereisne

edfo

r2offi-

cerspervilla

ge

•Provideon

eofficepe

rofficer

•Usemotorbikesforfield

work

•Em

poweringofficers

throug

hseminarsa

nd

worksho

ps

•Morestaffa

ndim

proved

workco

ndition

sletting

staffw

orkwithinth

eirline

ofsp

ecialisationwhich

wou

ldensurequ

alityse

r-vice

and

implicitlyhigh

levelofe

ffectiven

ess

andefficien

cy(8)

•Re

viveDDCsa

ndm

ake

them

respon

siblefo

rco-

ordinationofdevelop

-men

tinc

lusiveofNGO

perfo

rman

ce(3)

Ann

ex 4

A:

Inte

rvie

w -

Loca

l Gov

ernm

ent (

12) C

ont’d

ITEM

WHA

T HA

S W

ORK

ED W

ELL

POSI

TIVE

IMPA

CT

CHA

NG

ES N

OTE

DW

HAT H

AS

NO

T WO

RKED

SO

WEL

LN

EGA

TIVE

IMPA

CT

UNIN

TEN

DED

EFFE

CT N

OTE

DPR

OPO

SED

CHA

NG

ES7

CSO

cap

acity

•Notcloseeno

ughwith

them

yetto

assess

theirc

apac

ity

•NoNGOsinthearea

(2)

- -

•Supp

orto

fNGOs

•DDCdorman

t.Nee

dto

app

rove

NGOsa

ndallthe

irworkinclusiveof

rece

ivingqu

arterly

prog

ressre

ports

(2)

8 C

areg

iver

/par

ent

capa

city

• Kn

owle

dge

and

skill

s

•Training

ofp

aren

ts(8)

•Qua

rterlym

eetingswith

caregivers

•Traine

dparen

tscreatea

cond

ucivech

ildenviron-

men

t(6)

•Traine

dparen

ts’a

ttitude

•invitefo

rchildrento

talk(3)

•Traine

dparen

tsdomore

oftenseekassistan

ce(3)

•Traine

dparen

tsta

ke

partinhan

dlingissue

s(4)

•Goo

dworking

relation-

shipwithcareg

ivers/

parents

•Pa

rents/ca

regivers

rega

rdOVCasthe

respon

sibilityofth

eSW

(8)

•Pe

rtradition

paren

ts/

caregiversdono

tdis-

cussse

nsitivesu

bjec

ts

withchildren(2)

•Pa

rents/ca

regivers,

who

areofte

nold,

sticktooldvalue

sand

tra

dition

swhe

nraising

an

OVC(4)

•Oldcareg

iversa

reof-

tenun

ableto

supp

ort

theOVCwithhom

e-work,atte

ndsc

hool

func

tions(5)

•Pa

rents/ca

regiverne-

glec

tthe

OVC(4)

•Traum

atise

dchildren

beco

mean

gry,provoc-

ativeoradop

tother

nega

tivebe

haviou

rout

offrustra

tion

•Createsadua

lrea

lity

(the

oldand

theac

-tual)forachild,w

ho

isalread

ych

alleng

ed.

TheOVCm

aynothav

eresource

stoha

ndleth

is

•Pa

rentsn

eed

traininginre

leva

nt

rightsa

ndplights

andbegiventools

tohan

dleOVC

challeng

es(4)

•Pa

rentssho

uld

haveprofessiona

lassistanc

etobe-

comeprofessio

nal

caregivers(7)

•Thereco

uldbea

poolofe

duc

ated

fosterparen

ts,

who

cou

ldbe

involved

whe

nach

ildisato

tal

orph

an

9In

clus

ion

• O

VCs

• C

hild

ren

with

ha

ndic

aps

etc

•Socialinclusionisoverallfine

•Ha

ndicap

sareassisted

work-

ingwithotherMinistriessuc

hasEduc

ationan

dHea

lthand

eq

uipm

entp

rovided

throug

hOVCprogram

me

•Office

rsdono

thav

etheca

-pa

cityto

han

dlehan

dicap

s

•Whe

nplan

ning

forO

VC,chil-

drenareinvolved

and

both

gend

ersa

rere

presen

ted

throug

htheVilla

geChildPro-

tectionCom

mittee

s(VCPC

)

•Ha

ndicap

pedchildrenat-

tend

spec

ialsch

ools

•OVCre

garded

as

stud

entsbystud

ents

–bu

tdooftenrega

rd

them

selvesasO

VCand

blam

edifficu

ltiesonthe

factth

atth

eyhav

eno

pa

rents

•Theeffectofhan

dicap

sarereduc

edand

chil-

dren’slivesarecloserto

norm

al

•-

•-

•-

•Atthe

highe

rlevel

ofeduc

ation,whe

re

OVCstud

entm

aynot

alway

squa

lity,te

ach-

ersa

pplyaneg

ative

attitud

e

•Noed

ucationav

ail-

ablefo

rchildrenwith

hand

icap

s(5)

•Thisresultsinstigmatisa

-tionsand

ultimatelyin

drop-ou

ts

•Child-re

latedActsn

ot

fullyim

plem

ented

•--


94

Ann

ex 4

A:

Inte

rvie

w -

Loca

l Gov

ernm

ent (

12) C

ont’d

ITEM

WHA

T HA

S W

ORK

ED W

ELL

POSI

TIVE

IMPA

CT

CHA

NG

ES N

OTE

DW

HAT H

AS

NO

T WO

RKED

SO

WEL

L

NEG

ATIV

E IM

PAC

TUN

INTE

NDE

D EF

FEC

T N

OTE

DPR

OPO

SED

CHA

NG

ES10

Gvt

ow

ners

hip

of p

rogr

amm

e In

terv

entio

n, s

ys-

tem

s, s

truct

ures

, in

frast

ruct

ure

•Fullo

wne

rship(10)

•Gvthasprovided

exten

-sivesupp

ort,althou

gh

thisha

sdec

lined

in

rece

ntyea

rs(8)

•Sufficien

tfun

ding(1)

- -

- -

- -

11

Loca

l ow

ners

hip

of in

terv

entio

ns•

Whe

nch

ildrenarrivefro

m

trainingtheyarewelco

med

by

loca

llead

ers

•Thereissupp

ortfromth

eloca

lstakeh

olders

•Societyknow

swha

tha

sbee

ndon

eforthe

ch

ildren

•NGOowne

rshipno

tknow

n

•Pa

rents/ca

regivers

feelnoow

nership(9)

•Lackofo

wne

rship

Re

sultsin

dep

enden

cy(9)

-

12Su

stai

nabi

lity

--

•Itwilltaketime

•Non

e(5)

•Gradua

tesc

ome

backto

SWto

askfo

rfood

(5)

-•

Bette

rand

more

family-owne

d/

releva

nt

com

bina

tionof

sup

port(6)

•MorePSStoboth

caregivera

nd

child(re

n)(9)

13

Oth

ers

--

--

-


95A

nnex

4B:

Inte

rvie

w –

NG

Os

(4)

ITEM

WHA

T HA

S W

ORK

ED W

ELL

POSI

TIVE

IMPA

CT

CHA

NG

ES N

OTE

DW

HAT H

AS

NO

T WO

RKED

SO

W

ELL

NEG

ATIV

E IM

PAC

TUN

INTE

NDE

D EF

FEC

T NO

TED

PRO

POSE

D C

HAN

GES

1.•

Policies,ac

ts,

strategiesand

plans

relatingtoOVCs

•Gvtgoo

datm

aking

policies(1)

•OVCre

lateddoc

scom

preh

ensive(1)

•Children’sA

cthasgiven

po

werto

thech

ildrenan

d

theirp

aren

ts(2)

-•

Policies,ac

tsetc.not

turned

intoim

ple-

men

tabledoc

s(2)

•Nogu

idelines(1)

•Children’sA

ct-Nob

ody

canha

verigh

twithou

tob

ligations/com

mitm

ent

(1)

•Focu

sonthech

ildren(1)

•Children’sA

cthasloop

-ho

les(1)

•Notclearwhich

ministry

shalldeliverwha

t(1)

•Noen

forcem

ent(1)

•Childrenclaimwithou

tco

ntributingoreng

ag-

inginownfuture

•Pa

rentsd

on’tkno

w

thatth

eyhav

erights

andobligations(1)

•Costingofpolicies

•Implem

entation

plan

s

•Alld

evelop

men

tshou

ldinvolve

andcom

mitthe

peop

le

•Training

ofp

aren

ts

andotherstake-

holdersinch

ild

releva

ntlegisla

tion

isrequ

ired.This

includ

eslegisla

-tionco

ncerning

ed

ucation,hea

lth

etc.

2.

•Prog

rammefocu

s•

Sustaina

nce

•Develop

men

t•

Other

• Su

ste

nanc

e:

•Fina

ncialsec

urityofO

VC

familie

s

• D

eve

lop

me

nt:

•Provision

ofPSSverygo

odProvision

ofPSSverygo

od

•Ithe

lpsthe

ch

ildinse

lf-ac

-tualisa

tion

•Noprep

arationfor

coping

withlife,nolife

plan

s→•

Dep

enden

cy

•Childand

you

thpas-

sivity

•Em

phasison

reha

-bilitationinstea

d

ofcon

tinue

d

susten

ance

3.Su

stai

nabi

lity

•Disp

ensationprog

ramme

overallgoo

d.Som

eyouths

areno

tserious

•Po

sitiveforthe

OVCth

atth

eOVClabe

lis

removed

and

thathe/shewill

applyforjob

son

equ

alte

rms

withally

outh

•Distributionoffo

odta

kes

toomuc

htim

efro

mSo-

cialW

orkersto

dosocial

work

•Re

portsonab

useoffo

od

baskets

•SocialW

orkersarebusy

withfo

oddistributionan

d

haslittletimeprovide

psycho

socialcareor

trainand

supp

ortC

SOsin

providingtheservice

•Notallstuden

tsund

erth

edisp

ensationprog

ramme

areserious.

•Vulne

rablech

ildren

andwom

enarenot

beingassisted

•TheOVCdoalway

srece

ivetheprovided

supp

ort

•Psycho

socialsu

pport

islim

itedand

inad

e-qu

ate–thelatte

rdue

tolackoftrainingan

d

continue

dsu

pporto

fproviders

•Can

ham

perthe

repu

-tationofth

eed

ucation

•Theoc

cupy

ase

at

fromwhich

others

couldben

efit

•Givethefood

distributiontask

toCBO

soro

thers

andletthe

SWs

enga

geinas-

sistingdistressed

ch

ildren

•LookatH

ouseho

ld

need

acom

pose

releva

ntpac

kage

•Nee

dbothsocial/

develop

men

tal

andfina

ncialem-

powermen

t


96A

nnex

4B:

Inte

rvie

w –

NG

Os

(4) C

ont’d

ITEM

WHA

T HA

S W

ORK

ED

WEL

LPO

SITIV

E IM

PAC

TC

HAN

GES

NO

TED

WHA

T HA

S N

OT W

ORK

ED S

O W

ELL

NEG

ATIV

E IM

PAC

TUN

INTE

NDE

D EF

FEC

T NO

TED

PRO

POSE

D C

HAN

GES

4.•

Prog

ram

Adm

inist

ra-

tion

• Tim

elin

ess

• Su

ppor

t•

Org

anisa

tion

•-

•-

•-

•-

•-

5.

• M

&E•

Desig

n•

Usab

ility

• Da

ta u

se fo

r pla

nnin

g

•-

•-

•Fewdataareco

llected

,but

notverified

.E.g.the

exten

tand

effectofa

buseoffoo

dbasket

isno

tdoc

umen

ts

•Wha

thasnotworkedwellis

poorm

onitoringan

dtraining

inim

plem

entationofth

epro-

gram

mean

dM&Erepo

rting

ne

edstobe

don

einastan

-dardise

dand

clearm

anne

r.

•Governm

entn

othav

ingM&E

spec

ialistsand

doing

adhoc

evalua

tionsisabigloop

hole

•Pe

oplewho

don

’tdoM&Eare

notp

enalise

dand

clearcom

-mun

icationwithstaffnee

dsto

bem

adesoth

atexpec

tations

aremet.

•Governm

entd

oesn’tm

easure

perfo

rman

cecou

pled

with

poorplann

ingofprogram

mes

fore

xample,pilotp

rogram

mes

keep

runn

ingforyea

rswithou

teverbeing

eva

luated

•Makespromptand

releva

ntre

actionan

d

inform

edplann

ingren-

derdifficu

ltwithriskof

misa

ppropriatingfund

s

•Develop

web

-ba

sedsystem

ca

pturingkey

statisticsa

nd

explan

atoryqu

ali-

tativedata

•Therene

edto

be

acco

untabilityat

allle

vels

6.•

Coo

rd. o

f OVC

inte

r-ve

ntio

ns•

Cen

tral g

vt to

loca

l gvt

• In

ter-

min

ister

ial

• G

vt to

CSO

s•

CSO

to C

SO

•-

•-

•N

o co

ord

inat

ion

at

presen

t(2)

•Overlapp

ingan

dgap

sinsu

pporto

fOVCs

•Develop

men

tof

system

which

can

co

ordinateeven

ts,

transpo

rtationto

samemee

tings,

supp

orto

ffam

ilies

etc.(2)


97A

nnex

4B:

Inte

rvie

w –

NG

Os

(4) C

ont’d

ITEM

WHA

T HA

S W

ORK

ED

WEL

LPO

SITIV

E IM

PAC

TC

HAN

GES

NO

TED

WHA

T HA

S N

OT W

ORK

ED S

O W

ELL

NEG

ATIV

E IM

PAC

TUN

INTE

NDE

D EF

FEC

T NO

TED

PRO

POSE

D C

HAN

GES

7.•

Gov

ernm

ent c

apac

ity•

Syst

ems

• St

ruct

ures

• Kn

owle

dge

and

skill

s•

Infra

stru

ctur

e

•-

•-

•Socialworkersarehiredas

socialwelfareoffice

rs-the

se

job

descriptionsaredifferen

t

•Thereforethesocial

workere

ndsu

pdoing

a

differen

tjob

notre

lat-

edto

theirtraining-ev-

eryone

working

in

•Governm

enta

lso

need

stoaskitself

howlong

can

it

runprog

rammes

beforeeva

luating

them

•go

vernmen

tne

edsa

clearjob

descriptioninlin

ewithth

eirtraining

8.

• Se

e se

para

te a

naly

sis

9.•

Car

egiv

er/p

aren

t ca

paci

ty•

Know

ledg

e an

d sk

ills

•-

•-

•Pa

rent/careg

iverisnotaware

ofrigh

tsand

plights

•Abu

singpa

rentsa

renotheld

answ

erab

leasstip

ulated

in

thelaw

•Itoftenresultsincon

-flictsb

etwee

nch

ild

andadulta

ndinabu

se

ofchildofc

hildsu

pport

•Asa

bove

•Nee

dto

app

ly

thereleva

ntlaws

asintend

ed

10.

• In

clus

ion

• O

VCs

• C

hild

ren

with

han

di-

caps

etc

•-

•-

•Lackofp

aren

talkno

wledge

an

dskills

•Noca

refo

rchildrenwith

disa

bilities

•Pa

rents/ca

regiversdo

nota

ppreciateed

uca-

tionan

dareth

erefore

notsufficientlysu

pport-

iveofth

ech

ild

••

-

•-

•Providereleva

nt

parental/careg

iv-

erskills

• •Providequ

ality

educ

ation,also

in

theruralareas

11.

o G

vt o

wne

rshi

p of

pro

-gr

amm

e In

terv

entio

n•

Thereisfulla

nd

verycom

mitted

ow

nership

•Thisbe

nefits

allstake-

holdersa

nd

bene

ficiaries

•-

•-

•-

12.

o L

ocal

ow

ners

hip

of

inte

rven

t.•

-•

-•

Gen

erallackofskillsand

un

derstan

dingofth

ene

cessity

andben

efito

fdevelop

men

t

•Ed

ucated

peo

pleoftenha

ve

self-sufficien

tattitude

•Com

mun

itiescan

not

commitan

deng

age

sufficien

tlyindevelop

-men

tactivities

•Makesitdifficu

ltto

commitan

deng

age


98

Ann

ex 4

B: In

terv

iew

– N

GO

s (4

)Con

t’d

ITEM

WHA

T HA

S W

ORK

ED

WEL

LPO

SITIV

E IM

PAC

TC

HAN

GES

NO

TED

WHA

T HA

S N

OT W

ORK

ED S

O W

ELL

NEG

ATIV

E IM

PAC

TUN

INTE

NDE

D EF

FEC

T NO

TED

PRO

POSE

D C

HAN

GES

13.

o Su

stai

nabi

lity

•Po

liticiansre

viving

voluntarism

•May

make

peop

leta

ke

respon

sibility

ford

evelop

-men

tofself,

othe

rsand

society

•Po

liticalinterestindoing

goo

d •

OVClifelon

gpa

ssivity

anddep

enden

ce

•Em

phasison

reha

-bilitation

•Governm

ent

need

stoinvestin

empo

weringca

re

giversand

ben

efi-

ciaries(2

•Privatesector

partn

ershipsn

eed

tobefostered

so

thatth

eseOVC

childrenca

nbe

em

ployed


99

3C. PIA findings per type of stakeholder


100

BOYS IN SCHOOL (5 groups)WHAT WORKED WELL IMPACT

INPUTS IN KIND SCORE (36)Food 14 • Providesenergy,

• Reservesmoneyforotheruses(2)• Keepsushealthy+nothungry(4)• Helpsinperforminginschool• Lookbeautifullikeothergirls(2)

Uniforms 7 • Providesencouragement• Canparticipateinschoolandenjoy(3)

Toiletries 3 • Providescomfortinschool(2)

Shelter 3 • Provideaplacetosleepandkeepthings• Neednothanginthestreets

Clothes 7 • Fitwellinsociety

Transport 1 • Helpthestudentstopursuetertiaryeducation

Blankets 1 • Wedon’tfreezeandfallsick

DEVELOPMENT SCORE (13)Freeeducation 10 • EnablesOVCstogotoschoolliketherestandthey

can(7)• Welearntoreadandwriteandgrowuptofendfor

ourselves

Assistancewithtertiaryeducation 1 • OVCgraduateandcanapplyforjobsonequaltermswithothers

PSS 2 • Welearntoacceptourselves• Thegriefwasrelieved• Mostorphanschangebehaviour

ADMINISTRATION SCORE (0)- - -

WHAT DID NOT WORK WELL IMPACTINPUTS IN KIND SCORE (13)Clothes 2 • Clothesarepricyandoflowquality

• Havenoclothesforwinter• havetoweartheiroldclothes

Shelter 2 • Shelterimportantasweneedaplacetoputourthings

Toiletries 4 • Deoprovidedmakesarmpitssmell• ·Thesoapgivesskinrashes(3)

Blankets 1 • Notprovidedhencesowefallillduringthecoldseason

Others 1 • Needbagsforschoolandfortravellingwiththeschool

Food 3 • Thepeoplewestaywitheatthefood• Don’tgetfoodthatwelike(e.g.fruitandvegeta-

bles)


101

DEVELOPMENT SCORE (13)PSSwasneveroffered 3 • Feelabandoned

• Difficulttoperforminschoolwhennotatease

Norelevanteducation/skilledtraining 2 • Makesushanginthestreetsaswehavenofuture

Nofacilities/clubsforchildrenhavingproblemsinschools

2 • Forceustohanginthestreets

Poorassistancetodisabledchildren 1 • Noequalopportunities

Poorassistancefortertiaryeducationpensionfee

1 • ·Forcedrop-outs

Nofollow-uponchildrenwithtertiaryeducation

1 • Jobsarefewsotheyengageinrobberiesgrievingthecaregiver

At18yearstheyareremovedfromtheprogramme

1 • Theyengageinotheractivitiessuchasprostitutionanddrugdealing

Nohelpwithhomework 1 • Failsimportantsubjects

Nosupportforpurchaseofschoolbooks 1 • Buyformoneywhichshouldhavebeenusedforotherpurposed

ADMINISTRATION SCORE (24)

Couponsystem 4

• Moneypaidlate,givesaperiodwithoutfood• Theshopsforcouponshoppingareveryexpensive,

wedon’tgettheamountofitemsthatweneed(2)• Lackoffoodandthereforenoconcentrationin

school

Schoolfeespaidlate 3• Senthometocollectmoneyinsteadoflearningin

class(2)

Clothescomelate 4 • Endupbuyinguniformonly

Clothescomeat1-2years 5• Clothesdoesnotfitfor1or2years.Affectsschool

attendanceandresults(2)

Toiletriescomelate 2 • Childrencannotgetwashed

Transportmoneypaidlate 1• Senthometocollectmoneyinsteadoflearningin

class

Noshelterfortotalorphans 2• Childrennegativelyaffectedbythefactthatthey

don’thaveahome

SWneglect 2• Isangrywhencollectinguniform• Promisesclothes,butitdoesn’t

Schooluniformscomelate 1• Wefeeluncomfortableandcannotconcentrate

andmayfail


102

GIRLS IN SCHOOL (5 groups)WHAT WORKED WELL IMPACT

INPUT SCORE (12)Food 4 • Helpinnotbeinghungry

• Helpsinperforminginschool

Clothes 4 • Preventsstrugglewiththefamilyonclothing• Lookbeautifullikeothergirls(2)

Uniforms 3 • Canparticipateinschoolandenjoy

Blankets 1 ·Wedon’tfreezeandfallsick

Toiletries 0 -

Shelter 0 -

DEVELOPMENT SCORE (1)Freeeducation 1 • EnablesOVCstogotoschoolliketherestandthey

can

PSS 0 -


WHAT DID NOT WORK WELL IMPACTINPUTS IN KIND SCORE (3)Don’tgetfreshfood(fruits,veggies)Don’tgetfoodwelike

2 • Wegetmalnourishedandcannotperforminschool

Toiletries 1 • Soapgivesrashes

Shelter 0 • Shelterimportantasweneedaplacetoputourthings

Blankets 0 • 5Notprovidedhencesowefallillduringthecoldseason

DEVELOPMENT SCORE (2)Nohelpwithhomework 1 • Failsimportantsubjects

Nosupportforpurchaseofschoolbooks 1 • Buyformoneywhichshouldhavebeenusedforotherpurposed

ADMINISTRATION SCORE (11)Clothescomelate 2 • Moneypaidlate,givesaperiodwithoutfood

Clothescomewith1-2yearsinterval 3 • Theshopsforcouponshoppingareveryexpensive,wedon’tgettheitemsthatweneed

SWneglect 2 • Isangrywhencollectinguniform• Promisesclothes,butitdoesn’tcome

Schoolfeespaidlate 1 • Senthometocollectmoneyinsteadoflearninginclass

Schooluniformscomelate 1 • Wefeeluncomfortableandcannotconcentrateandmayfail

Couponmoneycomelate 1 • Lackoffoodandthereforenoconcentrationinschool

Noshelterfortotalorphans 1 -


103

GIRLS OUT OF SCHOOL (3 groups)WHAT WORKED WELL IMPACT

INPUTS IN KIND SCORE (7)Food 3 • Helpinnotbeinghungry

• Childrenareoutofpoverty

Clothes 2 • Havedignity• Beinghappy

Transportmoney 1 • Enablesschoolattendance• Putslesspressureonthecaregiver

Shelter 1 -

DEVELOPMENT SCORE (0)- - -


WHAT DID NOT WORK WELL IMPACTINPUTS IN KIND SCORE (3)Don’tgetfreshfood(fruits,veggies) 2 ·Wegetmalnourishedandcannotperforminschool

Don’tgetfoodwelike

Toiletries 1 ·Soapgivesrashes

DEVELOPMENT SCORE (1)Wedon’tlikebeingorphans(PSS) 1 Nothappywithourlives

ADMINISTRATION SCORE (7)Noshelterfortotalorphans 2 Orphanshavenoplacetostay

Orphansstayingwithcaregiversareabusedbyrelatives

Packagestopsatage18 1 • Someturn18whileinschoolandhavetdropout

SWneglect 1 -

Couponmoneycomelate 1 • Can’tbuybasicthings

Schoolfeespaidlate 1 • Senthometocollectmoneyinsteadoflearninginclass

Schooluniformscomelate 1 • Wefeeluncomfortableandcannotconcentrateandmayfail

FEMALE CAREGIVERS (5 GROUPS)WHAT WORKED WELL IMPACT

INPUTS IN KIND SCORE (15)Food 5 • Reducestheamountofmoneyspentonfood

• Makescaregivingpossible

• Keepchildrenhealthy

Clothes 2 • Thechildrencanattendschool

Uniforms 2 • Thechildrencanattendschool

Toiletries 1 • Hygiene–childrenstayshealthyandfeelgoodinschool

DEVELOPMENT SCORE (5)Freeeducation 3 ·Childrencanattendschool

Assistancewithtertiaryeducation 1 ·OVCgraduateandcanapplyforjobsonequaltermswithothers

PSS 1 ·Mostorphanschangebehaviour



104

WHAT DID NOT WORK WELL IMPACTINPUTS IN KIND SCORE (1)Toiletriesnotgood 1 • Soapgivesrashes

DEVELOPMENT SCORE (2)Nofollow-uponchildrenwithtertiaryeducation

1 • Jobsarefewsotheyengageinrobberiesgrievingthecaregiver

At18yearstheyareremovedfromtheprogramme

1 • ·Theyengageinotheractivitiessuchasprostitutionanddrugdealing

ADMINISTRATION SCORE (11)Onlyallowedtobuyincertainshops 4 • Pricesareveryhighandfoodwillnotbeenoughfor

amonth

Clothescomelate 2 • Childrengrowoutofclothesandfeeluncomfortable


Transportmoneypaidlate 1 • Senthometocollectmoneyinsteadoflearninginclass


Noshelterfortotalorphans 1 • Childrennegativelyaffectedbythefactthattheydon’thaveahome

MALE CAREGIVERS (4 GROUPS)WHAT WORKED WELL IMPACT

INPUTS IN KIND SCORE (5)Food 2 • Childrencangotoschoolandconcentrate

• Thecaregiverdoesnotgohungry

Uniforms 2 • Idon’tspentthemoneyIearnonuniform

• Childrenfeelthattheyfitwellinclass

Clothes 1 • Childrencanwearprivateclothingathomelikeothers

DEVELOPMENT SCORE (4)Specialdispensationprogramme 2 • HasimprovedOVCaccessibilitytotertiaryeducation

–andtolivingafullerlife

Freeeducation 2 • Childrencanattendschool

PSS 1 • ·Mostorphanschangebehaviour

ADMINISTRATION SCORE (1)Couponsystemsbetterthanearliersystem 1 • ·Itiseasyandhasreducedstigmatisation

WHAT DID NOT WORK WELL IMPACTINPUTS IN KIND SCORE (1)Unabletousesoap 1 • Soapgivesrashes


ADMINISTRATION SCORE (12)Onlyallowedtobuyincertainshops 2 • Lessfoodforthemoney

• Stockoftenoutandchildrengowithoutfood

Noshelterfortotalorphans 2 • Abandonedchildrenhavenoalternativeandendasstreetchildren

Clothescomelate 2 • Thechildgrowsoutoftheprovidedclothesanddoesnotfitin



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Transportmoneypaidlate 1 • Senthometocollectmoneyinsteadoflearninginclass


SWsshouldworkwellwiththecaregiversandnotjustbelievethestoryofthechild

1 -

Budgetforclothestoolow 1 • Childrenhavegrownoutoftheclothesbeforenewareavailedwhichcreatesstigma

Childrenmovedfromtheprogrammeatage18withoutbeingresponsible

1 ·Theyengageinbadactivitiesandendasstreetchil-drenmakingtheprovidededucationbeuseless

LOCAL LEADERS (4 GROUPS)WHAT WORKED WELL IMPACTINPUTS IN KIND SCORE (9)Food 3 • Improveschildren’sparticipationinschool

• Improvestheiradultlife• Theydonottaketothestreethuntingforfood

DEVELOPMENT SCORE (6)Specialdispensationprogramme 3 • Givesthemopportunitytolearn

• Keepsthembusy• Makethemsocialise• Canaccomplishgoals

PSS 3 • HelpsOVCtochooseacareer• Improvestheirbehaviour• Helpscommunitytounderstandorphans

ADMINISTRATION SCORE ()- - -

WHAT DID NOT WORK WELL IMPACTINPUTS IN KIND SCORE (0)- - -


ADMINISTRATION SCORE (9)Onlyallowedtobuyincertainshops 2 • Lessvalueformoney

• Pricesforgoodshigherwhenusingcoupons• Dealersdonothavestock

PSSscarce 2 • Theyendupgettingintodrugs,childpregnancyandHIV/AIDS.

• Streetchildrenabusetheircaregivers

2 • WorkingrelationshipbetweenSACDparents,keystakeholdersandchildislacking

Noregularhome-visits

Lackofinformation

Noshelterfortotalorphans 1 • Streetchildrenemergefromlackofshelter.Theyareexposedtoharshweather

Lackofmonitoring 1 • Somecaregiversexchangethefoodwithalcohol

TheprogrammedidnotcoverdestitutechildrenascomparedtoOVC

1 • Makedestituteendupstayingathomeduetoschoolfees

• MisbehaviourresultinginteenagepregnanciesandHIV/AIDS


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ASSEMENT OF THE ORPHAN CARE Programme, …...Despite its rapid economic growth and high per capita...

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