Early Detection of Cancer Cell Optical Sensor

Dr.Asok K.Dikshit

Glocal UniversitySaharanpur, UP

Cancer pathology

● It is a generic group of diseases● It can affect different parts body

Why Cancer occurs?

It is mutations in genes that control cell cycles

Types of cancer cell

Four types● Uncontrolled growth of Cell● Invasion of adjacent tissue● Merastasis-spreading to other locations in the body● Immortality -protection against programmed cell death

All cancer cells show irregular cell cycle control

Tumor has size grown 1 mm, it develops new blood vessels (angiogenesis)

Nanoparticles applications in three major area:

● Drug and gene delivery● Biosensing● Bioimaging

Protein–nanoparticle conjugation by Electrostatic targeting of ChT by anionic NP;

Nanoparticles effectively binds with protein

Nano particles in Biosensing

Complexation of ChT with anionic nanoparticles and its release mechanisms by addition of various surfactants

Nanoparticles makes them excellent materials for Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-Nanoparticles makes them excellent materials for Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based biosensorsbased biosensors

In this approach, the dye molecule is on the surface of the nanoparticle surface in the In this approach, the dye molecule is on the surface of the nanoparticle surface in the absence of the target DNA strand /cell due to hairpin structure of the attached DNA, resulting absence of the target DNA strand /cell due to hairpin structure of the attached DNA, resulting in fluorescence.in fluorescence.

Silica NP

Silica NP

(A) Normal cells only have a

small amount of HER2 on their

surface.

(B) In 25% of invasive breast

cancers, cells have a

malfunctioning gene that

causes too much HER2 on

their surface.

Biomarkers of cancer include proteins over expressed in blood and serum or at the surface of cancer cells that facilitate diagnosis.

HER2 is a receptor of tyrosine kinase family

No biomarker has been established as an‘‘ideal’’ cancer screening tool because of the lack of sensitivity and specificity of the current tests.

Ref: A.K.Dikshit, Optical Materials, 34,1054,2012

TEM images of the enzyme labelled SiNP probes (a) and bare SiNPs (b)

FE SEM images of the insitu fabricated silica nanoparticles (SiNP)

TEM images of the labelled silica naoparticles ( SiNP)

TEM diffraction images of the SiNP

Fluorescence: A light emission is provoked by the excitation of certain

molecules called fluorophores. Biological imaging using fluorophores for

the diagnostic and imaging of cancer cells in microamounts for earlier

detection.

When conjugated with target molecules, fluorophores can be attached to

cancer biomarkers or cancer cells allowing the detection of cancer.

Reference: (1) A.K.Dikshit, Optical Materials, 34,1054,2012(2) A.K.Dikshit et al, Optical Materials, 35, 78, 2013

Silica nanoparticles

Silica NPs (SiNPs) are electroactive and have been used for biomarker detection

Proposed Sensor probe

Laser dye attached Silica nanoparticles

Laser dye attached

Cancer cells can produce on their surface an abnormal quantity of proteins, receptors or specific enzymes.

These over expressed components can be detected and bound in order to detect, isolate, quantify and destroy tumour cells by Si NP.

As an example, HER2 is a receptor of tyrosine kinase family.

An over expression of HER2 is present in 25% of invasive breast cancer cells.

The detection of cancer cells via the use of nanoparticles is an emerging sensor

The interaction of antigen and antibody provoked an emission of fluorescence

from silica NPs. This fluorescence has been analysed by laser scanning

microscopy and Fluorescence spectrophotometer.

Advantages:

(I)Low Cost, and low quantity sample needed

(II)NPs can be incorporated into user-friendly devices

(III) Immunoassays using NPs are very specific and sensitive

This Optical Sensor probe can detect cancer cell in

micro amounts by optical imaging in the early stage.

Looking forward collaboration with

1.Mastrict Clinic, Netherland2. National Cancer Institute(NCI),USA

.

Thank you